DOI: 10.1002/sres.

2704

RESEARCH PAPER

Smart factory in Industry 4.0

Zhan Shi1 | Yongping Xie1 | Wei Xue2 | Yong Chen3 | Liuliu Fu4 |
Xiaobo Xu5

1
School of Economics and Management,
Xidian University, Xi'an, China
Abstract
2
School of Foreign Studies, Xi'an The transformation from traditional manufacturing to intelligent manufactur-
University, Xi'an, China ing intrigues the profound and lasting effect on the future manufacturing
3
Texas A&M International University, worldwide. Industry 4.0 was proposed for advancing manufacturing to realize
Laredo, Texas, USA
4
short product life cycles and extreme mass customization in a cost-efficient
California State University-Los Angeles,
Los Angeles, California, USA
way. As the heart of Industry 4.0, smart factory integrates physical technolo-
5
School of Business Administration, gies and cyber technologies and makes the involved technologies more com-
American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, plex and precise in order to improve performance, quality, controllability,
United Arab Emirates
management, and transparency of manufacturing processes. So far, leading
Correspondence manufacturers have begun the journey toward implementing smart factory.
Yongping Xie, School of Economics and However, most firms still lack insight into the challenges and resources for
Management, Xidian University, Xi'an
710126, China.
implementing smart factory. As such, this paper identifies the requirements
Email: [email protected] and key challenges, investigates available new technologies, reviews existing
studies that have been done for smart factory, and further provides guidance
Wei Xue, School of Foreign Studies, Xi'an
University, Xi'an 710065, China.
for manufacturers to implementing smart factory in the context of Industry
Email: [email protected] 4.0.

Funding information KEYWORDS

Soft Science Research Project of Shanxi
Industry 4.0, intelligent manufacturing, smart factory
Province, Grant/Award Numbers:
2018KRM040, 2019KRM006; Humanities
and Social Sciences General Project of the
Ministry of Education of China, Grant/
Award Number: 20YJA790033; National
Natural Science Foundation of China,
Grant/Award Numbers: 71502090,
71972153, 71672143, 71804147, 71472144

1 | INTRODUCTION recombine manufacturing units dynamically in their pro-

duction lines (Arnold, Kiel, & Voigt, 2017). To meet such
In the dynamicly and rapidly changing world, the challenges, manufacturing must have sufficient function-
demands of customers change dramastically. The ality, scalability, and connectivity with customers and
manufacturing process is required to be capable of suppliers.
adjusting product type and production capacity in real However, traditional manufacturing lacks the capa-
time for handling small batches and multiple varieties bilities of monitoring and controlling automated and
(Chen et al., 2017). In addition, a shortened innovation complex manufacturing to produce customized and
and technology life cycle and a demand for custom prod- small-lot products efficiently and profitably. Applications
ucts at the cost of large-scale production require man- in traditional manufacturing are stand-alone and segre-
ufactuers to reconfigureate their process paths and gated. The integration of production system, product life

Syst Res Behav Sci. 2020;37:607–617. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/sres © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 607
608 SHI ET AL.

cycle, and intercompany value chain is weak (Ivanov, Dolgui, Sokolov, Werner, & Ivanova, 2016). It
(Park, 2016). As a result, reuse of systems and the inte- requires horizontal integration through value networks, verti-
gration between real system and virtual system represen- cal integration and networked manufacturing systems, and
tations in traditional manufacturing is poor (Harrison, end-to-end digital integration of engineering across the entire
Vera, & Ahmad, 2016). Therefore, traditional value chain (Wang, Ouyang, et al., 2017; Wang, Wan, Li, &
manufacturing cannot cope with the challenges gener- Zhang, 2016). Industry 4.0 integrates production facilities,
ated by rapidly growing technologies. warehousing systems, logistics, and social requirements to
Some advanced manufacturing schemes, such as establish the global value creation networks (Frazzon,
intelligent manufacturing, flexible manufacturing, and Hartmann, Makuschewitz, & Scholz-Reiter, 2013).
agile manufacturing, are proposed to overcome the draw- Essentially, Industry 4.0 is a strategy aiming for con-
backs of the traditional production lines (Wang, Wan, structing a communication system between production
Li, & Zhang, 2016). Intelligent manufacturing is a multi- equipment and products based on hyper-connected tech-
agent system that consists of task-driven intelligent nology and integrating the entire production processes
equipment, where agent is characterized by autonomy, (Aceto, Persico, & Pescapé, 2020; Civerchia et al., 2017;
heterogeneity, and decentralization (Wang, Wan, Zhang, Jiang, Chang, & Liu, 2020; Park, 2016; Peng &
Li, & Zhang, 2016). It is highly correlated, deeply and Tsan, 2020; Peruzzini, Gregori, Luzi, Mengarelli, &
dynamicly integrated, and involves huge volume of data Germani, 2017; Peruzzini & Stjepandic, 2017; Peruzzini &
(Xu & Hua, 2017). Intelligent manufacturing can be Stjepandic, 2018; Shao, Latif, Martin-Villalba, &
achienved via network technologies and manufacturing Denno, 2019; Xu, 2015, 2020; Xu, Wang, Bi, & Yu, 2012;
data (Chen et al., 2017). Materials, machines, products, Zhang & Chen, 2020). The goal of Industry 4.0 is to real-
and people communicate and negotiate with each other ize short product lifecycles and extreme mass customiza-
through the industrial wireless network (IWN) to imple- tion in a cost-efficient way (Veza, Mladineo, &
ment self-organization, and the massive data are Gjeldum, 2015; Zuehlke, 2010). Beside Industry 4.0 strat-
uploaded to and processed by the cloud with scalable egy in Germany, other countries have developed similar
storage space and powerful computing ability to imple- strategies, such as Europe 2020, Industrial Internet in the
ment system-wide coordination (Wang, Wan, Li, & United States, Manufacturing White Book of Year 2014
Zhang, 2016). Intelligent manufacturing has attracted in Japan, and Made in China 2025 (Saucedo-Martínez,
enormous interest from government, enterprises, and Pérez-Lara, Marmolejo-Saucedo, Salais-Fierro, &
academic researchers. Vasant, 2018; Xu & Hua, 2017). These strategies aim at
The transformation from traditional manufacturing to creating a national industrial sector with the ability to
intelligent manufacturing intrigues the profound and lasting compete in the global market by creating high value-
effect on the future manufacturing worldwide (Xu, Cai, added products through the innovation of products and
Zhao, & Ge, 2016). Industry 4.0 was initially proposed for services (Mabkhot et al., 2018).
advancing manufacturing by the German government in Smart factory is a technology initiative by German
2011 (Haleem & Javaid, 2019; Jerman, Pejic Bach, & government in 2010 aiming at establishing a common
Aleksic, 2020; Kim, 2017; Lu, 2017, 2018, 2019a; Reinhardt, workshop to innovate in manufacturing techniques
Oliveira, & Ring, 2020; Roblek, Meško, & Krapež, 2016; (Zuehlke, 2010). It is the heart of Industry 4.0 (Mabkhot
Vogel-Heuser & Hess, 2016; Xu, Xu, & Li, 2018). It is et al., 2018; Wagire, Rathore, & Jain, 2019). So far, lead-
expected with the signicant advancements in information ing manufacturers have begun the journey toward
technologies and articial intelligence technologies, including implementing smart factory (Sjödin, Parida, Leksell, &
cyber-physical systems (CPS), Internet of things (IoT), Inter- Petrovic, 2018). However, most firms still lack insight
net of Services, cloud computing, big data, mobile Internet, into the challenges and resources for implementing smart
machine learning, Semantic Web, and virtualization factory. As such, this paper identifies the requirements
(Chen, 2017, 2020; Finogeev, Finogeev, Fionova, Lyapin, & and key challenges, investigates available new technolo-
Lychagin, 2019; Gorkhali & Xu, 2016, 2017, 2019; Ivanov & gies, reviews existing studies that have been done for
Muminova, 2017; Ivanov & Prokopiev, 2019a, 2019b; smart factory, and further provides guidance for manu-
Mabkhot, Al-Ahmari, Salah, & Alkhalefah, 2018; facturers to implementing smart factory in the context of
Viriyasitavat, Da Xu, Bi, & Hoonsopon, 2019; Wang, Ouyang, Industry 4.0. This paper provides a big picture of the cur-
Li, & Liu, 2017; Xu, He, & Li, 2014). The key aspects of rent body of knowledge on smart factory under study,
Industry 4.0 are devices, connectivity, well-targeted services, identifies some research trajectories, summarizes the
and appropriate data (Harrison et al., 2016). Industry 4.0 rep- experience gained to date regarding implementing smart
resents a smart manufacturing networking where machines factory, and generates an agenda for future research that
and products interact with each other without human control encompasses the dynamic evolution of smart factory.
SHI ET AL. 609

2 | SM AR T FAC TORY execution (Shu, Wan, Zhang, & Li, 2016; Zhang, Wan,
Hsu, & Rayes, 2016). The architecture of smart factory
2.1 | Definition includes physical resource layer, network layer, data
application layer, and terminal layer (Chen et al., 2017).
Smart factory has been defined by academia and practitioners Smart factory is self-adaptive. Therefore, all things in a
from multiple perspectives (Bicocchi, Cabri, Mandreoli, & smart factory will be interconnected and they exchange
Mecella, 2019; Cai et al., 2014; Rossit, Tohmé, & information, recognize and assess situations, and organi-
Frutos, 2019; Yli-Ojanperä, Sierla, Papakonstantinou, & cally fuse the physical world with the cyber world. In
Vyatkin, 2019). Howevever, a consistent and shared defini- other words, smart factory integrates physical technolo-
tion of smart factory does not exist (Radziwon, Bilberg, gies and cyber technologies and makes the involved tech-
Bogers, & Madsen, 2014). Many of the definitions are from nologies more complex and precise in orde to improve
the perspective of intelligent production centred on CPS. For performance, quality, controllability, management, and
example, Park (2016) defines smart factory as a hyper- transparency of manufacturing processes (Chen
connected network-based integrated manufacturing system et al., 2017; Mabkhot et al., 2018; Wan et al., 2016; Wan
that acquires all information on manufacturing facilities in et al., 2017). Machines and products in a smart factory
real time through the Internet, autonomously changes a communicate and negotiate with each other through the
manufacturing method, replaces raw materials, and ulti- IWN to reconfigure themselves for flexible production of
mately implements an optimized dynamic production sys- multiple types of products and production optimization
tem. Wang, Wan, Zhang, et al. (2016) define smart factory as (Lyu & Zhang, 2016; Wang, Wan, Li, & Zhang, 2016).
a manufacturing CPS that integrates physical objects such as Accordingly, smart factory can make manufacturing pro-
machines, conveyers, and products with information systems, cesses flexible, reconfigurable, and adaptive and help
such as manufacturing execution systems and enterprise manufactuers meet dynamic and rapidly changing
resource planning, to implement flexible and agile produc- demands from customers and maximize efficiency via
tion. According to Chen et al. (2017), smart factory is an intel- supporting real-time communication between the factory
ligent production system that integrates communication and the market (Lee, Bagheri, & Kao, 2015; Radziwon
process, computing process, and control process in et al., 2014; Sjödin et al., 2018; Wang, Wan, Li, &
manufacturing and services to meet the industrial demands. Zhang, 2016). Smart factory can extend the scope of inter-
Sjödin et al. (2018) define smart factory as a connected and connection beyond the factory and further strengthen the
flexible manufacturing system that uses a continuous stream relationships with suppliers and customers. Moreover, it
of data from connected operations and production systems to can provide low cost, changeability, agility, and slender-
learn and adapt to new demands. Wang, Wan, Li, and ness to increase process efficiency, product quality, sus-
Liu (2018) define smart factory as a cloud-assisted and self- tainability, and safety (Hozdic, 2015; Sjödin et al., 2018).
organized manufacturing system, in which physical entities Therefore, smart factory can implement the sustainable
organize production through intelligent negotiation and the production mode to cope with the global challenges
cloud supervises this self-organized process for fault detection (Wang, Wan, Li, & Zhang, 2016).
and troubleshooting based on data analysis. Smart factory has four intelligent features. First, sen-
Despite the various definitions, the goal of smart fac- sors, such as equipment or metres, can self-organize,
tory is to increase systematic processes reuse and improve learn, and maintain environmental and their own infor-
understandability of complex structures in manufactur- mation to analyse their behaviours and abilities. They
ing processes (Cadavid, Alférez, Gérard, & Tessier, 2015). can make decisions to adjust actions based on changes in
Smart factory aims to construct manufacturing-oriented the environment.
CPS to implement vertical integration of physical entities Second, smart factory has interoperability and real-
and information systems so that extremely flexible pro- time control of the Internet. Through the interconnection
duction and self-adaptable production processes with between devices, the coordination between devices can
machines and products that act both intelligently and be enhanced and the configuration protocols between
autonomously can be finally achieved (Brecher production modules can be more flexible.
et al., 2017; Wan et al., 2017; Wang, Ouyang, et al., 2017). Third, smart factory is highly integrated using robot
vision systems and artificial intelligence
(AI) technologies. The experts will have better control of
2.2 | Features the intelligent manufacturing system. AI enables facto-
ries to perform analysis and make decisions, which facili-
Smart factory is an engineering system that consists of tates the integration of AI and the intellectual capability
three aspects: interconnection, collaboration, and of humans (Lu, 2019b). Theoretically, the cloud-based
610 SHI ET AL.

multirobot systems promote industrial applications, such elements. It specifies 35 standard KPIs, including their defini-
as smart factory, smart farm, and smart retail. Cloud tions, formulas, and benefits.
robotics solutions in smart factory can manage the entire
production and supply chain process and thus provide
support to business processes. However, there are still 2.4 | Digital factory
issues about safety, health, and environmental regula-
tions. At the same time, resources are heterogeneous in Digital factory is the foundation of smart factory in
terms of processing power and energy consumption. Industry 4.0. It is a new production method which simu-
Therefore, researches about allocating computing lates, optimizes, and evaluates the entire production pro-
resources to minimize service delay, resource consump- cess and even the entire product life cycle in a virtual
tion, and execution costs have been carried out for smart environment. Specifically, digital factory can rationally
factory's robot workflows management (Afrin, Jin, plan and control the production process, reduce the
Rahman, Tian, & Kulkarni, 2019). impact of labour on the production line, and use IoT to
Fourth, virtual reality (VR) techniques, as one key strengthen information management.
to high-level smart factories, facilitates the human– The digital business model will provide competitive
machine integration of smart factory. VR technology advantages for manufactuers and new values for cus-
consists of the computer, signal processing, animation tomers in digital economy (Solís, 2017). Digital business
technology, intelligent reasoning, prediction, simula- strategies create complex and dynamic corporate ecosys-
tion, and multimedia technologies to virtualize the tems that enable them to grow and innovate (Grube,
manufacturing processes and products. From a sensory Malik, & Bilberg, 2019). During the product design link
and visual point of view, it gives a completely real feel- in digital factory, digital technologies can build a three-
ing. The intelligent interface is a distinctive feature of dimensional model to reduce the manufacturing cost and
intelligent manufacturing. repeated labour. The model contains geometric and
nongeometric manufacturing information of the product.
Through a unified data platform, the model accompanies
2.3 | Standards the entire life cycle to ensure collaborative product devel-
opment and manufacturing integration. Based on the
Smart factory integrates automation and IT systems to synchronized data, virtual simulation technology will be
process heterogeneous data from various sources, includ- utilized to plan the production line, equipment, process
ing data from equipment, production, materials, and flow, and logistics. The digitization of this link is accom-
quality. Thus, smart factory will scientifically plan the plished by interconnecting the execution system with
plant layout to improve logistics efficiency and work other systems to ensure that all products' attributes are
comfort (Zeng & Yin, 2017). Additionally, smart factory updated and synchronized in real time.
trains their workers in related technologies, consults with Digital factory has four advantages for manufacturers.
qualified service agencies, and comes up with a reason- First, it can enhance the visibility of manufacturers. The
able blueprint. Management and technical standards are supplier relationship management system can keep track
also crucial considerations. Ignoring these standards may of material demand status. Thus, the factory can release
result in multiple codes, inadequate implementation, dif- relevant material requirements and synchronize its avail-
ferent communication protocols, increased equipment able inventory status to suppliers timely. Accordingly,
integration difficulties, and unnecessarily complex man- suppliers will be able to develop their own priorities and
agement processes. schedules. Meanwhile, suppliers can also modify their
The ISA-95 and ISO-22400 standards define manufactur- inventory, delivery, and delivery status to improve the
ing processes and performance indicator formulas in a smart overall transparency. Second, digital factory can achieve
factory (Hwang, Lee, Park, & Chang, 2017). ISA-95 is the visibility of inventory status. Real-time information is
domain-agnostic and presents a vocabulary that applies to all transparent to sales, operation, material requirements
industries of manufacture alike (Cadavid et al., 2015). It spec- planning, and work order issuance. It ensures accurate
ifies the data flows and interfaces between upper- and lower- independent demands by using the warehouse manage-
level manufacturing systems (Unver, 2013). Therefore, ISA- ment system. Third, digital factory can optimize work
95 provides manufactuers a generic performance analysis order visibility during the delivery process. According to
process and production performance model for calculating the Theory of Constraints, advanced planning and sched-
their performance (Hwang et al., 2017). ISO-22400 defines uling can meet the prerequisites to maximize resource
the application of key performance indicators (KPIs), which utilization and minimize production costs, thus to
are presented with their formulas and corresponding achieve customer satisfaction. Finally, digital factory can
SHI ET AL. 611

realize business process and financial visibility, such as develop process optimization strategies and intelligent
finance, inventory, output, and accurate delivery rate. control algorithms for an industrial centrifugal pipe pro-
Specifically, data platforms can be used to develop trans- duction in the context of smart factory. Harrison
parent and consistent plant operations using business et al. (2016) review some of the common limitations in
intelligence systems. existing automation systems engineering and present
Digital factory means to digitalize the production pro- new emerging approaches, including the CPS engineer-
cesses, production equipment, materials, process ing tools being developed by the automation systems
methods, and environmental information in smart fac- group. Ivanov et al. (2016) present a dynamic model and
tory. because data has become a vital element nowadays, an algorithm for shortterm supply chain scheduling in
enterprises can establish a data processing basis for pro- mart factory. Kang, Park, and Youm (2016) develop a
duction. Smart factory is considered as downstream of performance prediction model of a traceability system
digital factories. Smart factory can be established in sev- using big data and IoT to promote the operation of stable
eral stages: (1) the transition from the traditional factory and scalable traceability systems for supply chain in
to the mechanical factory, where machinery replaces smart factory. Li (2016) describes the technology prospect
manpower; (2) the mechanical factory generates data and blueprint of smart factory in petrochemical industry
from automated mechanical equipment in a virtual envi- with CPS and presents the technology framework of
ronment. When data is connected and controlled by the smart factory in petrochemical industry. Park (2016)
network, it is the maturity of the digital factory; (3) the identifies the success factors that are critical for the suc-
digital factory will develop the smart factory when AI cessful introduction of connected smart factory. Prinz
models and self-learning are integrated into the produc- et al. (2016) present a variety of learning modules for the
tion process. Therefore, smart factory adapts AI to the smart factory in Industry 4.0 by describing a new job pro-
industrial field. It is the upgrade of the traditional factory file of employees and thoroughly discussing the various
by the adoption of digital technologies. However, differ- learning modules with their individual learning targets
ent factories in different countries and fields and with dif- and mapped scenarios. Wang, Wan, Li, and Zhang (2016)
ferent sizes and styles do different jobs at different times. propose a framework that incorporates IWNs, cloud, and
They may be at a specific stage of automation, digitiza- fixed or mobile terminals with smart artefacts, such as
tion, or intelligentization. They must achieve different machines, products, and conveyors. Wang, Wan, Zhang,
goals. As a result, there is no universal definition of the et al. (2016) present a smart factory framework that
smart factory. For example, a repair shop and a parts fac- incorporates industrial network, cloud, and supervisory
tory perform distinct roles although they are both in the control terminals with smart shop-floor objects. Distrib-
automotive industry. Additionally, smart factory has dif- uted self-decision making and intelligent negotiation
ferent pursuits. In recent years, intelligent manufacturing mechanisms are carefully designed to implement self-
has become a trend among industries. Rüb and organized manufacturing system. Chen et al. (2017) pro-
Bahemia (2019) argue that the effectiveness of value crea- pose a hierarchical architecture of smart factory and ana-
tion is determined by how smart factory is implemented. lyse the key technologies from the aspects of the physical
Many factories closed down due to the technology devel- resource layer, the network layer, and the data applica-
opment bottleneck. Some of them were lack of capital tion layer. Hwang et al. (2017) develop an IoT-based per-
and market resources to upgrade with industrial and formance model consistent with the ISA-95 and ISO-
manufacturing technologies. 22400 standards for real-time performance measurement
in smart factory. Jung, Choi, Kulvatunyou, Cho, and
Morris (2017) present a standard and holistic model for
3 | STUDIES O N S MART FACTOR Y describing activities in smart factory and their interrela-
tionship and improving activity design for smart factory.
Given the role of smart factory in Industry 4.0, scholars Longo, Nicoletti, and Padovano (2017) propose a human-
have explored applications of smart factory frome devious centred approach along with its implementation and
perspective in recent years. Here is the summary of the deployment in order to enhance operators'
current body of knowledge on smart factory under study. capabilities/competencies in smart factory. Syberfeldt,
Paelke (2014) presents an augmented reality system that Danielsson, and Gustavsson (2017) present a step-by-step
supports human workers in a rapidly changing produc- process for evaluating and selecting the augmented real-
tion environment in smart factory. Cadavid et al. (2015) ity smart glasses (ARSG) for the shop-floor context as
propose a research agenda to integrate key model-driven well as a comprehensive review of currently available
engineering techniques in manufacturing for smart fac- products along with a recommended best buy. Wang,
tory. Aversa, Petrescu, Petrescu, and Apicella (2016) Ouyang, et al. (2017) present a cloud-centric framework
612 SHI ET AL.

that integrates industrial ethernet for the implementation integrates intercompany value chain and information
of smart factory. Wang, Zhang, Liu, Li, and Tang (2017) network (Park, 2016). Therefore, smart factory requires
present a solution using the cloud that supports high some key elements, including modular machine tools or
interconnection, dynamic reconfiguration, mass data, workstations, multiskilled workforce, reconfigurable fix-
and deep integration to assist interlayer interaction and ture and tools, standard infrastructure and communica-
interrobot negotiation for smart factory. Chekired, tion, customization and real-time capability, online
Khoukhi, and Mouftah (2018) propose a fog architecture monitoring, and control (Mabkhot et al., 2018). These
for IoT applications and introduce a scheduling model elements requires huge investement. Therefore, the cost
for IoT data processing. Ghobakhloo and Ching (2019) of implementing smart factory is high.
argues that smart factory should completely change its Third, many technical problems need to be fixed to
traditional processes and management models via self- accelerate the implementation of smart factory.
optimization, self-adaptation, and automatic production. Particilarly, high bandwidth network and communica-
Odważny, Szyma nska, and Cyplik (2018) develop an tion are fundamental requirements for implementating
evaluation sheet for building smart factory in Industry smart factory (Wang, Ouyang, et al., 2017). The contra-
4.0. Sjödin et al. (2018) identify key challenges related to dictions between rapid growth of intelligent equipment
smart factory implementation and propose a maturity and limited bandwidth of industrial networks become
model for smart factory implementation. Wang, Wan, Li, prominent in smart factory (Chen, Wan, Gonzalez,
and Liu (2018) propose a scheme to integrate knowledge Liao, & Leung, 2013; Kong et al., 2016). Moreover, large
reasoning and semantic data where the reasoning engine volume of real-time and unstructured sensor data,
processes the ontology model with real time semantic machine log, and manufacturing process data are gener-
data coming from the production process. They further ated in smart factory. These data cannot be utilized
build a benchmarking system for smart candy packing directly due to high dimension, variable metric, and high
application that supports direct consumer customization noise (Chen et al., 2017). Huge storge space, efficient data
and flexible hybrid production. Felstead (2019) develops acquisition, fast analysis capability, and high bandwidth
a conceptual framework for analysing organizational reli- network are fundamental requirements for product qual-
ance on supporting technologies such as machine learn- ity control and active maintenance in smart factory
ing, IoT, and AI for smart factory. Wan, Li, Imran, and (Song, Sun, Wan, & Liang, 2017; Wan, Li, Yan, &
Li (2019) propose a blockchain-based architecture for Zhang, 2010; Wang, Ouyang, et al., 2017). Smart factory
enhancing security and privacy in smart factory. needs to integrate data in supply chains, product data,
and logistic data into service platform. According to Xu
and Hua (2017), improving the performance of smart fac-
4 | C HA LL E N G E S F OR tory using industrial big data analytics is quite challeng-
IMPLEMENTING SMART FACTORY ing. Moreover, traditional manufactuers, small- and
medium-sized ones in particular, lack the resources for
Smart factory is human-centred, standards-based, and software development. Some manufacturers grow
semantically decoupled. It must be highly adaptable, rec- through acquisitions, which cause intermingled and het-
onfigurable, reliable, and precisely traceable throughout erogeneous databases and software systems.
and beyond the production chain (Cadavid et al., 2015; Fourth, structural chanllenges exist as well. Smart
Chen et al., 2017). Implementing smart factory should factory needs to achieve systematic processes reuse and
take into account modularity, interoperability, decentrali- improve understandability of complex structures
zation, virtualization, service orientation, and real-time (Cadavid et al., 2015). Therefore, implementating smart
capability (Hermann, Pentek, & Otto, 2015). People chal- factory requires improving production and marketing,
lenge, cost challenge, technology challenge, structural enhancing controllability of production process, and
chanllenge, and security challenge should be handled in reducing manual intervention in workshop (Lyu &
the implementation of smart factory. Zhang, 2016). Traditional routines and work processes
First, factory staff usually lack a common vision for need to be changed in digital transformation (Sjödin
and understanding of smart factory implementation et al., 2018). Manufacturing characteristics to meet rap-
(Sjödin et al., 2018). They feel uncertain about the bene- idly changing market needs should be taken into consid-
fits of smart factory. eration (Wang, Wan, Imran, Li, & Zhang, 2018; Wang,
Second, smart factory contains highly automated and Wan, Li, & Zhang, 2016). In addition, the compound tal-
IT-driven production systems (Jung et al., 2017). It must ents, multifield cooperation, the status quo, and
vertically integrate production system, customized pro- manufacturing requirements should be taken into
duction, and product life cycle and horizontally account as well (Chen et al., 2017). Furthermore, the
SHI ET AL. 613

supply chain needs to be integrated with engineering, operational activities of smart factories as well. The
marketing, and sales. According to Ivanov et al. (2016), manufacturing industry will continue to move forward
short-term supply chain scheduling in smart factory is with the development of Industry 4.0 (Jerman, Erenda, &
challenged by temporal machine structures, different Bertoncelj, 2019). Consistent with the lean production,
processing speed at parallel machines, and dynamic job smart factory inspire small to medium enterprises to
arrivals. design or redesign factory through simulation and
Fifth, compared with traditional factories, smart develop solutions in a collaborative environment.
fatory has higher security risks. Due to the limitations of
the architecture in smart factory and vulnerabilities of
the underlying equipment, a large amount of critical 6 | CONCLUSIONS
security and private data is vulnerable to attacks (Wan
et al., 2019). There is an urgent need to improve the secu- This paper contributes to the current body of knowledge
rity and privacy in smart factory. on smart factory by identifying the requirements and key
challenges, investigating available new technologies,
reviewing existing studies that have been done for smart
5 | NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR factory, and providing guidance for manufacturers to
SM ART F AC TORY implementing smart factory in the context of Industry
4.0.
The fast development of information technologies has Industry 4.0 exploits new, integrated, and connected
brought opportunities to smart factory. There are some technologies to cope with the challenges (Athinarayanan
mature industrial IoT platforms serving smart factory, et al., 2019). It integrates data flow horizontally between
such as Simens MindSphere, Schneider EcoStruxure, and partners, suppliers, and customers as well as organiza-
GE Predix (Chen et al., 2017). These platforms accom- tions frames vertically from development to final product
plish the vertical integration, horizontal integration, and (Hozdic, 2015). Industry 4.0 facilitates smart factory via
end-to-end integration and further break the information CPS by creating a virtual copy of the physical world and
isolated island problem of the equipment and realize the making decentralized decisions (Harrison et al., 2016).
integration of equipment in smart factory (Wan The increasing availability and use of CPS devices and
et al., 2019). systems could radically promote smart factory.
New technologies, such as ARSG, OLE for process Smart factory does not mean a factory without human
control unified architecture (OPC UA), software-defined beings. Instead, smart factory aims to meet the individual
networks (SDNs), device-to-device (D2D) communica- needs of the market as much as possible with reasonable
tion, and edge computing can be adopted in smart fac- costs. Consequently, the development trend of smart fac-
tory. ARSG is increasingly popular and has been tory is human–machine cooperation. In doing so, human
identified as a vital technology supporting shop-floor flexibility and machine repeatability can be well com-
operators in the smart factories of the future (Syberfeldt bined. In such a scenario, human beings still control
et al., 2017). OPC UA-based interaction can facilitate the decision making in key aspects.
coordination between intelligent agents. OpenFlow-based The Internet is an implementation platform for AI
SDN technology can provide more exible solution for net- technology. Large-scale data has become the inputs of
work conguration. D2D technology makes communica- AI. Therefore, all equipment and instruments will be
tion between devices more efcient and expands network intelligent in future smart factory. Each device will have
capacity. Edge computing denotes an open platform with its own data centre operation. They can be self-diagnostic
many features such as networking, computing, storage, and have the feature of prediction capabilities. As a
and application. It can provide agile connection, real- result, they will be able to cooperate to intelligently con-
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Buyya, 2016; Shi, Cao, Zhang, Li, & Xu, 2016). their management and maintenance methods will be
Manufacturing equipment can be equipped with the abil- evolved from passive repair to active repair by profes-
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coordination between equipment. Therefore, edge com- personnel or the central control room is required for the
puting can equip terminal system with decision-making method. Since smart factory has a secured wireless net-
ability and autonomy (Chen et al., 2017). work, personals do not need to interfere with the produc-
Other new technologies such as big data analysis, tion process under normal circumstances. Although
simulation technology, and VR can be applied to the manual operators are still needed to intervene in
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