Department of Mathematics

Dr. Hossam M. Hassan

Mathematics II
for Business informatics Students (BSIN 104)
WorkSheet No. (3) – Solution
Problem 1:

Use Cramer’s rule to solve the following systems:

5𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = −7
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = −4
(i) (ii) 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0
12𝑥 + 7𝑦 = 1
3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 17
Solution:

2 −3
(i) det(𝐴) = | | = 50
12 7
−4 −3
det(𝐴1 ) = | | = −25
1 7

2 −4
det(𝐴2 ) = | | = 50
12 1

det(𝐴1 ) −25 −1 det(𝐴2 ) 50

∴𝑥= = = and 𝑦= = =1
det(𝐴) 50 2 det(𝐴) 50

5 2 −1
(ii) det(𝐴) = |1 −2 2 | Using the elements of the first row
0 3 1
−2 2 1 2 1 −2
= 5| | − 2| | + (−1) | | = −45
3 1 0 1 0 3

−7 2 −1
det(𝐴1 ) = | 0 −2 2 | Using the elements of the second row
17 3 1

−7 −1 −7 2
= −2 | | − 2| | = 90
17 1 17 3
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 5 −7 −1
det(𝐴2 ) = |1 0 2| Using the elements of the second row
0 17 1

−7 −1 5 −7
= −| | + 0 − 2| | = −180
17 1 0 17

5 2 −7
det(𝐴3 ) = |1 −2 0| Using the elements of the third row
0 3 17

5 −7 5 2
= −3 | | + 17 | | = −225
1 0 1 −2

det(𝐴1 ) 90 det(𝐴2 ) −180 det(𝐴3 ) −225

∴𝑥= = = −2 , 𝑦= = =4 and 𝑧= = =5
det(𝐴) −45 det(𝐴) −45 det(𝐴) −45

Problem 2:
Solve the following two systems using matrix inverse:
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1
(i) 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1 (ii) 𝑥−𝑦+𝑧 =1
2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3 −2𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 1
Solution:
1 2 3 𝑥 2
(i) System has the matrix form [1 1 2] [𝑦] = [1]
0 2 1 𝑧 3

𝑥 1 2 3 −1 2 −3 4 1 2 1
∴ [𝑦] = [1 1 2] [1] = [−1 1 1 ] [ 1] = [ 2 ]
𝑧 0 2 1 3 2 −2 −1 3 −1

4 −3 1 𝑥 1
(ii) System has the matrix form [ 1 −1 1 ] [𝑦] = [1]
−2 2 −1 𝑧 1

𝑥 4 −3 1 −1 1 1 1 2 1 4
∴ [𝑦] = [ 1 −1 1 ] [1] = [1 2 3] [1] = [6]
𝑧 −2 2 −1 1 0 2 1 1 3

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Problem 3:
1 1 2 −6 7 −2
If 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝑰 where 𝐴 = [1 2 2] and 𝐵 = [−1 1 0 ], then complete the following:
0 4 1 4 −4 1

(i) 𝐵−1 = ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯

𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1 𝑥 …
(ii) Solution of the system 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2 is [ 𝑦 ] = [ … ].
𝑧 …
4𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3
Solution:

(i) 𝐵−1 = 𝐴
1 1 2 𝑥 1
(ii) System has the matrix form 𝑦
[ 1 2 2] [ ] = [ 2]
0 4 1 𝑧 3

𝑥 1 1 2 −1 1 −6 7 −2 1 2
∴ [𝑦] = [1 2 2] [2] = [−1 1 0 ] [ 2] = [ 1 ]
𝑧 0 4 1 3 4 −4 1 3 −1

Problem 4:

Solve the next systems using Gauss-Jordan elimination method:

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =5 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 2 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 2
(i) 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 8 (ii) 6𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 9𝑧 = 6 (iii) 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 3
4𝑥 + 5𝑧 = 2 7𝑥 + 14𝑦 − 21𝑧 = 13 4𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 8𝑧 = 4

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =3
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =0 𝑥+𝑦+ 𝑧 =0
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4
(iv) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 (v) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 (vi)
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 4
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 10

𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 𝑧 + 𝑤 = 3
(vii)
4𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 5 𝑧 + 4𝑤 = 2

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Solution:

(i) The augmented matrix of the system is as the following:

1 1 1 5
(2 3 5|8)
4 0 5 2

We will perform row operations until we obtain a matrix in reduced row echelon form.

1 1 1 5 −2𝑅 1 +𝑅2
−4𝑅1 +𝑅3
1 1 1 5 −𝑅2 +𝑅1
4𝑅2 +𝑅3
1 0 −2 7
(2 3 5|8) → ( 0 1 3 | −2 ) → (0 1 3 | −2 )
4 0 5 2 0 −4 1 −18 0 0 13 −26

1 2𝑅3 +𝑅1
𝑅 1 0 −2 7 1 0 0 3
13 3 −3𝑅3 +𝑅2
→ (0 1 3 | −2 ) → (0 1 0| 4 )
0 0 1 −2 0 0 1 −2

The unique solution of the system as follows:

𝑥=3 , 𝑦=4 and 𝑧 = −2

(ii) The augmented matrix of the system is as the following:

1 2 −3 2
(6 3 −9 | 6 )
7 14 −21 13

We will perform row operations until we obtain a matrix in reduced row echelon form.

−6𝑅1 +𝑅2
1 2 −3 2 −7𝑅1 +𝑅3
1 2 −3 2
(6 3 −9 | 6 ) → ( 0 −9 9 | −6 )
7 14 −21 13 0 0 0 −1

The last row of the last matrix produces a false equation where 0 = −1, then the system
has no solution.

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(iii) The augmented matrix of the system is as the following:

0 1 4 2
( 2 −2 6|3)
4 −5 8 4

We will perform row operations until we obtain a matrix in reduced row echelon form.

0 1 4 2 𝑅1⟷𝑅2 2 −2 6 3 1 𝑅1 1 −1 3 1.5
2
( 2 −2 6 | 3 ) → (0 1 4|2) → (0 1 4| 2 )
4 −5 8 4 4 −5 8 4 4 −5 8 4

−4𝑅1 +𝑅3 1 −1 3 1.5 𝑅𝑅2+𝑅 1 1 0 7 3.5

2 +𝑅3
→ (0 1 4 | 2 ) → ( 0 1 4| 2 )
0 −1 −4 −2 0 0 0 0

The output of the system is the following two equations:

𝑥 + 7𝑧 = 3.5
𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 2

Since the number of equations is 2 and the number of variables is 3, then we have 1 free variable
(The variable which is not a pivot, i.e. 𝑧).
Let 𝑧 = 𝑡
∴ 𝑥 = 3.5 − 7𝑡 and 𝑦 = 2 − 4𝑡

Then the solution vector can be written as the following:

𝑥 3.5 − 7𝑡 3.5 −7
[ 𝑦 ] = [ 2 − 4𝑡 ] = [ 2 ] + 𝑡 [ −4 ]
𝑧 𝑡 0 1

This linear system of equations has an infinite number of solutions. Since, by using different values
of 𝑡 ∈ ℝ, we can reach different solutions.

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 1 1 1 0 −𝑅 1 +𝑅2
−𝑅1 +𝑅3
1 1 1 0 −𝑅2+𝑅1 1 0 1 0
(iv) (1 2 1| 0) → ( 0 1 0| 0) → ( 0 1 0| 0)
1 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

−𝑅3 +𝑅1 1 0 0 0
→ ( 0 1 0| 0)
0 0 1 0

The unique solution of the system as follows:

𝑥=𝑦=𝑧=0 (Trivial solution)

−𝑅1 +𝑅2
1 1 1 0 −2𝑅 1 1 1 0 −𝑅 2 +𝑅1 1 0 1 0
1 +𝑅3 −𝑅2 +𝑅3
(v) (1 2 1| 0) → ( 0 1 0| 0) → ( 0 1 0| 0)
2 3 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

The output of the system is the following two equations:

𝑥+𝑧 =0
𝑦=0

which means there is one free variable. If we let 𝑧 = 𝑡, then 𝑥 = −𝑡.

𝑥 −𝑡 −1
𝑦
∴ [ ] = [ 0 ] = 𝑡[ 0 ] (Nontrivial solution)
𝑧 𝑡 1

−𝑅1 +𝑅2
1 1 1 3 −𝑅1 +𝑅3 1 1 1 3 −𝑅2+𝑅1 1 0 1 2
1 2 1 4 −3𝑅1 +𝑅4 0 1 0 1 −𝑅2+𝑅4 0 1 0 1
(vi) ( | ) → ( | ) → ( | )
1 1 2 4 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
3 4 3 10 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 1
−𝑅3 +𝑅1 0 1 0 1
→ ( | )
0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0
We get the unique solution:
𝑥=𝑦=𝑧=1

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 1 −2 −1 1 3 −4𝑅1+𝑅2 1 −2 −1 1 3
(viii) ( | ) → ( | )
4 10 5 4 3 0 18 9 0 −9

1
𝑅 2𝑅2 +𝑅1
18 3 1 −2 −1 1 3 1 0 0 1 2
→ ( | )→ ( | )
0 1 0.5 0 −0.5 0 1 0.5 0 −0.5

The output of the system is the following two equations:

𝑥+𝑤 =2
𝑦 + 0.5𝑧 = −0.5

which means there are two free variables. If we let 𝑧 = 𝑡 and 𝑤 = 𝑠, then:

𝑥 2−𝑠 2 0 −1
𝑦 −0.5 − 0.5𝑡 −0.5 −0.5 0
[ ]=[ ]=[ ]+𝑡[ ]+𝑠[ ]
𝑧 𝑡 0 1 0
𝑤 𝑠 0 0 1

Problem 5:

1. Find the inverse of 𝐴 (using Gauss-Jordan elimination method)

1 1 2
𝐴 =[1 2 3]
0 2 1
2. Hence, solve the following two systems

𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1
(i) 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1 (ii) 𝑥−𝑦+𝑧 =1
2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3 −2𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 1

Solution:

1 1 2 1 0 0 −𝑅1+𝑅2 1 1 2 1 0 0
1. ( 1 2 3| 0 1 0) → (0 1 1 | −1 1 0)
0 2 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 1

−𝑅2 +𝑅1
−2𝑅2 +𝑅3
1 0 1 2 −1 0 −𝑅3 1 0 1 2 −1 0
→ (0 1 1 | −1 1 0 ) → ( 0 1 1 | −1 1 0 )
0 0 −1 2 −2 1 0 0 1 −2 2 −1

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 −𝑅3 +𝑅1
−𝑅3 +𝑅2
1 0 0 4 −3 1
→ (0 1 0 | 1 −1 1)
0 0 1 −2 2 −1

4 −3 1
−1
∴ 𝐴 = [ 1 −1 1 ].
−2 2 −1
2.
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1
(i) The system 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1 is the same as 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2 .
2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3

So, it has the matrix form

1 1 2 𝑥 1
[ 1 2 3 ][ 𝑦 ] = [ 2 ]
0 2 1 𝑧 3

𝑥 1 1 2 −𝟏 1 4 −3 1 1 1
∴ [𝑦]=[1 2 3] [2]=[ 1 −1 1 ] [ 2 ] = [ 2 ].
𝑧 0 2 1 3 −2 2 −1 3 −1

(ii) The second system has the matrix form

4 −3 1 𝑥 1
[ 1 −1 1 ][ 𝑦 ] = [ 1 ]
−2 2 −1 𝑧 1

𝑥 4 −3 1 −𝟏 1 1 1 2 1 4
∴ [ 𝑦 ] = [ 1 −1 1 ] [ 1 ] = [ 1 2 3 ] [ 1 ] = [ 6 ].
𝑧 −2 2 −1 1 0 2 1 1 3

Problem 6:

For the system 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝒌 and 𝑥 + 𝒉 𝑦 = 2. Determine the value(s) of 𝒉 and 𝒌 such that the system
has:

(i) No solution (ii) Unique solution (iii) Many solutions

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Solution:

1 1 𝑘 −𝑅1+𝑅2 1 1 𝑘
( | ) → ( | )
1 ℎ 2 0 ℎ−1 2−𝑘

(i) No solution: if ℎ − 1 = 0 and 2 − 𝑘 ≠ 0 ⇒ ℎ = 1 and 𝑘 ≠ 2.

(ii) Unique solution: if ℎ − 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ ℎ ≠ 1.

(iii) Many solutions: if ℎ − 1 = 0 and 2 − 𝑘 = 0 ⇒ ℎ = 1 and 𝑘 = 2.

Problem 7:

Complete the following table:

1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
rref(𝐴|𝐵) 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 3 0 1 −1 2
0 0 1 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0

𝑥=1 No solution 𝑥=1

Solution
𝑦=2 𝑦 =2+𝑡
𝑧=3 𝑧=𝑡

Problem 8:

Given the following matrices such that

3 −2 2 −2 2 1 𝑥1 𝑦1
𝑥2 𝑦2
1 2 2 3 2 −2 0
𝐴= 2 2 −2 2 3 , 𝐴 𝐴𝑇 = 𝑰 , 𝐵 = 0 , 𝑋 = 𝑥3 and 𝑌 = 𝑦3 .
5 𝑥4 𝑦4
2 2 −2 −3 −2 0
[ 2 −3 −2 2 −2 ] [1] [ 𝑥5 ] [ 𝑦5 ]

i. Solve the system 𝐴𝑇 𝑋 = 𝐵. ii. Solve the system 𝐴 𝑌 = 𝑶. iii. Find 𝐴−1 .

Solution:

Note that the matrix 𝐴 is an orthogonal matrix i.e. 𝐴−1 = 𝐴𝑇

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 (i) To solve the system 𝐴𝑇 𝑋 = 𝐵, multiply both sides by 𝐴 from the left
1
0
𝐴𝐴𝑇 𝑋 = 𝐴𝐵 → 𝑰𝑋 = 𝐴𝐵 → 𝑋 = 𝐴𝐵 = 1 .
0
[0]
(ii) To solve the system 𝐴 𝑌 = 𝑶, multiply both sides by 𝐴𝑇 from the left
0
0
𝐴𝑇 𝐴 𝑌 = 𝐴𝑇 𝑶 → 𝑰𝑌 = 𝑶 → 𝑌=𝑶= 0 .
0
[0]
(iii)
3 2 2 2 2
1 −2 2 2 2 −3
𝐴−1 𝑇
=𝐴 = 2 3 −2 −2 −2 .
5
−2 2 2 −3 2
[ 2 −2 3 −2 −2 ]

Problem 9:

Find the inverse for each of the following matrices if possible (using Gauss-Jordan Elimination):

2 3 −1 1 0 1
0 −1
(i) 𝐴=[ ] (ii) 𝐵 = [ 0 0 0] (iii) 𝐶 = [ 0 4 3]
2 20
−3 −1 −2 0 0 2

1 0 0 0
1 3 5
1 1/2 0 0
(iv) 𝐷 = [100 6 2 ] (v) 𝐸 = [ ]
1 3 2 0
1 3 5
1 3 5 1

Solution:
1
𝑅1 ⟷𝑅2 𝑅
0 −1 1 0 2 20 0 1 2 1 1 10 0 0.5
(i) ( | ) → ( | ) → ( | )
2 20 0 1 0 −1 1 0 0 −1 1 0

− 𝑅2 1 10 0 0.5 −10𝑅2+𝑅1 1 0 10 0.5 10 0.5

→ ( | ) → ( | ) ∴ 𝐴−1 = [ ]
0 1 −1 0 0 1 −1 0 −1 0

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(ii) Matrix B has no inverse as it is a singular matrix. The elements in the second row are all
zeros so, the determinant is zero.

1 0 1 1 0 0 𝑅2 /4
1 0 1 1 0 0
(iii) (0 4 3| 0 1 0) ⇒ ( 0 1 3/4 | 0 1/4 0 )
0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 1

−3
𝑅 + 𝑅2
4 3
𝑅3 /2
1 0 1 1 0 0 −𝑅3 + 𝑅1
1 0 0 1 0 −1/2
⇒ ( 0 1 3/4 | 0 1/4 0 ) ⇒ ( 0 1 0 | 0 1/4 −3/8 )
0 0 1 0 0 1/2 0 0 1 0 0 1/2

1 0 −1/2
−1
∴ 𝐶 = [ 0 1/4 −3/8 ]
0 0 1/2

(iv) Matrix D has no inverse as it is a singular matrix. The first and third row elements are
identical so, the determinant is zero.

− 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 −𝑅1+ 𝑅3 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 1/2 0 0 0 1 0 0 −𝑅1 + 𝑅4 0 1/2 0 0 −1 1 0 0
(v) ( | )⇒ ( | )
1 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 2 0 −1 0 1 0
1 3 5 1 0 0 0 1 0 3 5 1 −1 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 −3𝑅2+ 𝑅3 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
2𝑅2 0 1 0 0 −2 2 0 0 −3𝑅2 + 𝑅4 0 1 0 0 −2 2 0 0
⇒ ( | ) ⇒ ( | )
0 3 2 0 −1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 5 −6 1 0
0 3 5 1 −1 0 0 1 0 0 5 1 5 −6 0 1

1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
𝑅3 /2 0 1 0 0 −2 2 0 0
⇒ ( | )
0 0 1 0 5/2 −3 1/2 0
0 0 5 1 5 −6 0 1

1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
−5𝑅3 + 𝑅4 0 1 0 0 −2 2 0 0 −2 2 0 0
⇒ ( | ∴ 𝐸 −1 =[ ]
0 0 1 0 5/2 −3 1/2 0) 5/2 −3 1/2 0
0 0 0 1 −15/2 9 −5/2 1 −15/2 9 −5/2 1

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