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 Vijayanagar Empire

General Info about the Vijayanagar

Empire
PYQs

SANGAMA DYNASTY

SALUVA DYNASTY Founded Vijayanagar city and kingdom (R. Brought the Hoysala Kingdom under their
Tungabhadra) control

Originally feudatories of Kakatiyas of 2003-Prelims

Minister during Sangama Dynasty Saluva Narsimha (1486-1505 AD) Warangal
Then served as ministers of Kampili state
Rayas (king) had absolute authority in all 3
Well Organized
branches
Thimma Bhupala Converted to Islam by Md. Bin Tughluq Returned to Hinduism under saint Vidyaranya
Harihara and Bukka (1336-1377 AD) Harsh punishments like mutilitions and
Devlupali Copper Inscription (gives details throwing to elephants
about Saluva Dynasty) Immadi Narsimha Raya Harihara (1336-1353) Bukka eliminated the Sultanate of Madurai
Dispute with Bahmani over Raichur Doab
Bukka (1353-1377) (b/w Krishna and Tungabhadra + fertile areas
Contemporaries (Harihara): Veera Ballala III Principle of heredity was followed
of Krishna-Godavari delta) Succession
(Hoysalas), Jalal-ud-Din Ahsan Khan
(Madurai) But sometimes usurpation also occured

Contemporaries (Bukka): Reddis of Council of ministers to assist king

Kondavidu, Madurai Sultanate
Mandalams (Head: Mandaleshwara/Nayak)→ Nadus→ Sthalas→ Gramas
Administrative Units (Biggest to smallest) Hereditary Nayakship
Expansion towards east coast (Head: Mahattara and Pattakila)
Well-Organized and Efficient army
Conflict with Reddis of Kondavidu and Conquered Addanki abd Srisailam areas from Full powers to local authorities Weak village self-gov't (compared to Cholas)
Bahamani (for Belgam and Goa) Reddis Had cavalry, infantry, artillery, elephants, and
high breed horses (from foreign traders from
Administration Initially, were royal princes; later nobles were
Arab and Gulf nations)
Conflict with Velamas of Rachakonda also appointed
Harihara II (1377-1406 AD) (Telangana)
Port of Malabar was strategic
Large autonomy
During his reign, there was an alliance b/w Provincial Governors
Warangal and Bahmani Top grade officers:
Were granted land (amaram) for their services Own courts, officers, armies and at times even
Nayaks/Palaiyagars/Poligars
their own coins
Contemporaries: Mujahid Shah Bahmani, 2004-Prelims
Reddis of Kondavidu, Adi Yaduraya (Mysore) Soldiers were paid in cash
Paid a fixed amount to central authority

Dam (Tungabhadra and R. Haridra): Irrigation Collected taxes and maintained the army; Paid
Vijayanagar was more of a confederacy than a
tribute to the king
centralized empire
Secular attitude and modernized army Nayaka was responsible for expanding
Was also the commander of forts
agriculture Land Revenue: 1/6th of the produce (under
Travellers: Nicolo Conti (Italian) and Nikitin Krishna Deva Raya)
(Russian Mechant; wrote Voyage to India) Also used revenue for temple maintenance
and irrigation works
Bhandaravada (crown village; smallest
Madhura (Jain poet) was in his court Amara-Nayaka System Village income and land tenure was divided
category), Manya (tax-free village), Amara
into 3 categories
(Largest category)
Army and Military
Hazare Ram Temple construction
Brahmins, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Sudras
Devaraya I (1406-1422 AD) Initially defeated by Firoz Shah (Bahmani) Existence of 4 castes
but later he defeated Firoz Shah and invaded Mentioned by Allasani Peddanna in 2006-Prelims
Pangal Manucharitam

Wrote Dharmanathapurana (on 15th Jain Paes (beautiful houses, city, and many
Tirthankar) servants)
Patron of Kannada Literature These Nayaks by the 17th Century estd their
Poem in eulogy of Gommateshwara of own separate states that ultimately led to the Nicolo Conti (prevalance of slavery)
Shravanabelagola downfall of Vijayanagara in the Battle of
Talaikotta Foreign travellers' accounts
Barbosa (Religious freedom, tolerant attitude
Contemporaries: Velamas of Golconda, of Krishna Deva Raya)
Bahamani Sultanate, Reddis of Kondavidu,
Gajapatis of Kalinga Nuniz (Different occupations of women like
wrestling, soothe-saying, slaves etc.)
Literary wroks by him: Sobagina Sone and
Amaruk (Kannada) & Mahanataka
Clothing Silk and cotton
Sudhanidhi (Sanskrit)
Social Life Dancing, music, wrestling, gambling and
Poets: Chamarasa, Kumara Vyasa, Gunda Amusement
cock-fighting
Dimdims, Kavisarvabhauma (Emperor among
poets), Srinatha (author of Haravilasam)
Turkish and Portuguese experts trained the Sangam Dynasty: Shaivites; Virupaksha was
Use of firearms
soldiers the chief deity 2014-Prelims
Mathematician: Parameshvara
Devaraya II (1425-1446 AD) Walls of the fort were thick and special gates Others: Vaishnavites
Title: Gajabetegara (Hunter of Elephants) were constructed
Religion Tolerance towards other religions
Travellers: Abdur Razzak (Persia), Nicolo Used for canons
Conti
Parapets Ramanuja's Srivaishnavism was famous
Along with small firearms like rifles and
Extended territories upto Krishna River pistols Muslims were employed in administrations,
army etc.
Contemporaries: Bahamani, Gajapatis One of the wealthiest kingdoms in the world
(foreign accounts) Not much improved

Irrigation facilities Gangadevi (author of Maduravijayam)

TULUVA DYNASTY Famous ones
Construction of dams and tanks Agriculture was the chief occupation Position of women Hannamma and Thirumalamma (poets)

Aravidu Dynasty (1570-1672 AD) Nuniz mentioned constructions of canals as Sati (Sahagaman) was honored
Tuluva Narasa Nayaka Founder well
Practice of devadasis was prevalent 2015-Prelims
Vira Narasimha Raya/Immadi Numerous
Real Consolidator
Ruled from Penukonda and later Narsimha (1505-1509 AD) Polygamy was prevalent
from Chandragiri (near Tirupati) Organized into guilds
Titles: Abhinava Boja, Andhra Pitamah, Andhra Temples were extremely rich and took part in
Rulers: Thirumala Deva Raya, Sri Bhoja, Yavanarajya sthapanacharya Metal works and craftsmanship internal and overseas trade
Ranga Deva Raya, Venkata II
Fought series of wars Diamond mines: Kurnool and Anatapur distt. Industries Kalyanamandapam with carved pillars in
temples
Last Ruler: Sri Ranga III/Peda Shattered Adil Shahi forces
Venkata Raya Battles: Battle of Diwani
Defeated Gajapathi ruler Prataparudra Gold Coins: Varaha, half-varaha, pagodas,
fanam, mithkal, kopeki, pertab etc.
Economy
Invaded Odisha Construction of tall Raya Gopurams/Gateways
Silver Coin: Tar
Relations with Portuguese king Alberquerque Copper Coin: Djitel

Travellers: Domingo Paes and Barbosa

(Portuguese)
On Malabar Coast
Authored: Amukthamalyadha, Jamvati Seaports
Krishna Deva Raya Kalyanam, Usha Parinayam Chief port: Cannanore
(1509-1529 AD)
Allasani Peddanna 2016-Prelims
Arabia, Persia, South Africa, Portugal
Eight eminent scholars Commercial Contacts
Tenali Ramakrishnan Burma, Malay Peninsula and China
(Ashta diggajas)

Pingali Suranna Cotton and silk clothes, spices, rice, iron,

Exports
saltpetre and sugar
Authored Amukthamalyadha (Telugu) and
Jambavati Kalyanam & Ushaparinayam Temple building gained momentum
Horses, pearls, copper, coral, mercury, China
(Sanskrit) Imports
silk and velvet clothes
Scultpure on walls Horse motif on pillars
Founded suburban township of Nagalapuram Shipbuilding was prominent
Large mandapams had 100-1000 pillars
Temples: Vittalaswamy, Hazara Ramaswamy
and Tirupati Used for seating the deity on festive occasions

Contemporaries: Sultanate of Bijapur, 2019-Prelims

Gajapatis, Golconda Sultanate Mandapams

Younger brotehr of Krishna Deva Raya

Traveller: Fernoa Nuniz (Portuguese)

Kalyana Mandapams: for marriage

Patronized:
Achyuta Deva Raya Chatu Vittalanatha (Kannada poet),
(1529-1542 AD) Purandaradasa (father of Carnatic Music),
Rajnath Dindima II (built Achutyaraya Temple)

Temple: Tiruvengalanatha (Achutyaraya

Temple) Amman shrines were added to temples

Last ruler of Tuluva dynasty

Aliya Rama Raya constantly kept changing

Puppet Ruler in hands of his minister Aliya
sides in the Deccan region which ultimately
Rama Raya (son-in-law of KDR)
led to his execution

Sada Siva Raya (1543-1570 AD) Son of Krishna Deva Raya

Battles: Battle of Talaikotta/Rakshasi Tangadi

& Battle of Bannihatti

After Talaikotta, Caeser Fredrick visited

Vijayanagar
Hampi Vittalaswamy and Hazara Ramswamy temple

Art and Culture 2021-Prelims

Pradhani (PM)

Raysani (Recorded oral order of king)

Karikam (Accountant)

Kadaml, Irai, Vrai (Taxes)

Athavane (Land revenue department) Terms

Mahanayakachara (linkage b/w kings and

villages)

Padikaval (Selling of policing rights) 2022-Prelims

Talara (Watchman)

Kanchipuram Varadharaja and Ekamparanatha tmeple

2023-Prelims

Raya Gopurams at Thiruvannamalai and

Chidambaram

Metal images of Krishna Deva Raya and his

queens at Tirupati
2024-Prelims

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Music and Dance was also patronised

t.me/hopetush Languages Sanskrit, Kannada, Tamil and Telugu

Significant literary achievements under

Krishna Deva Raya
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