OPENING OF WINTER TUNNELS IN
UNB SAINT JOHN CAMPUS
FINAL REPORT
TEAM LEADER:
EWHRO OGHENETEJIRI - 3761393
ENGINEERING TEAM:
IAN TETTEH - 3749235
OWEN YESUF – 3755739
Table Of Contents
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................................. 3
BODY.................................................................................................................................................................. 4
CHALLENGES OF WINTER TUNNEL OPENINGS....................................................................................................................4
STRATEGIES AND IMPLEMENTATION OF WINTER OPERATIONS...............................................................................................5
BENEFITS OF IMPLEMENTING TUNNELS............................................................................................................................6
STUDENT SURVEY............................................................................................................................................... 6
VISUAL REPRESENTATION................................................................................................................................. 13
ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................................................... 15
CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................................................... 16
List Of figures
List Of Tables
INTRODUCTION
In the college environment, the winter season can pose logistical challenges for students' movements
across campus. Referencing insights from Smith's (2019) review on "Winter Maintenance of Tunnels," it
becomes evident that adverse weather conditions necessitate a targeted focus on maintaining
operational tunnels. The strategic opening of these tunnels during winter becomes a critical factor in
ensuring unimpeded student mobility. By adhering to guidelines outlined in the Department of
Transportation's (2022) "Winter Tunnel Operations Guidelines," colleges can implement systematic
measures to address winter-related obstacles, allowing students to navigate the campus safely and
efficiently.
Smith's (2019) scholarly review emphasizes the need for tailored approaches to address winter
challenges in tunnel maintenance. Applying these engineering principles to a college setting,
administrators can implement proactive strategies for opening and maintaining tunnels during winter.
The Department of Transportation's (2022) guidelines offer a practical framework for adapting these
principles to campus-specific scenarios, ensuring that tunnels within the college environment remain
operational and facilitate seamless student movement, regardless of weather conditions.
The opening of tunnels in a college setting during winter is not merely a logistical necessity but a crucial
factor in enhancing the overall student experience. Drawing on Smith's (2019) insights and the
Department of Transportation's (2022) guidelines, colleges can prioritize the systematic and timely
maintenance of tunnels. This proactive approach not only ensures the safety of students navigating
campus but also contributes to the creation of a conducive learning environment. By acknowledging the
significance of winter tunnel accessibility, colleges can actively support students in their daily
movements, fostering an inclusive and resilient campus infrastructure.
BODY
Challenges Of Winter Tunnel Openings
Winter tunnel openings pose significant challenges related to the effects of snow and ice on tunnel
operations. Snow accumulation on entrance and exit ramps can disrupt traffic flow, leading to
congestion and delays. Additionally, the alternating freezing and thawing cycles can lead to dangerous
situations, requiring effective snow removal and deicing methods for safe and seamless tunnel
operations. In addressing these challenges, tunnel operators must implement proactive measures, such
as real-time weather monitoring and deployment of snow removal equipment, to minimize disruptions
caused by winter weather conditions.
The impact of low temperatures on tunnel infrastructure is a critical concern during winter. Cold
temperatures can compromise the structural integrity of tunnel components, including concrete and
steel. Contraction and expansion due to temperature fluctuations may result in cracks and other forms
of deterioration (Johnson, 2020). To mitigate these effects, rigorous inspection and maintenance
programs are essential. Regular assessments and prompt repairs can help identify potential issues and
ensure the stability and longevity of the tunnel structure, safeguarding against structural failures and
costly repairs in the long run.
Safety concerns for both commuters and maintenance staff further compound the challenges of winter
tunnel openings. Cold weather conditions increase the risk of accidents, such as slippery surfaces and
reduced visibility. It is vital to enforce thorough safety measures, including regular weather monitoring,
timely communication with commuters about risks, providing training and protective gear for
maintenance staff working in challenging winter conditions. By addressing safety concerns, tunnel
operators contribute to a safer and more secure environment for all stakeholders involved in winter
tunnel operations.
Strategies and Implementation of Winter Operations
Implementing winter tunnels for schools involves careful planning and consideration of various factors
to ensure effectiveness and safety. Here are strategies for the successful implementation of winter
tunnels:
Assessment of Needs: Conduct a thorough assessment of the school's needs during winter,
considering factors like heavy snowfall, extreme cold, and potential disruptions to regular
activities.
Budgeting and Funding: Develop a budget for the construction, maintenance, and operation of
winter tunnels. Seek funding through school budgets, grants, or community partnerships.
Collaboration with Experts: Consult with architects, engineers, and other experts in tunnel
construction to ensure the design meets safety standards and local building codes.
Design Considerations: Design tunnels that provide a safe and efficient passage for students and
staff. Consider the placement of tunnels to connect important areas like classrooms, entrances,
and recreational spaces.
Accessibility and Inclusivity: Ensure that winter tunnels are accessible to all students, including
those with disabilities, by incorporating ramps or elevators as needed.
Energy Efficiency: Implement energy-efficient heating systems to keep the tunnels at a
comfortable temperature. Consider alternative energy sources to minimize environmental
impact.
Maintenance Planning: Develop a maintenance plan for the winter tunnels to address issues
such as snow accumulation, ice formation, and general wear and tear. Establish a schedule for
regular inspections and repairs.
Safety Protocols: Establish safety protocols for the use of winter tunnels, including guidelines
for behavior, emergency procedures, and proper maintenance of tunnel facilities.
Community Engagement: Keep the local community informed about the benefits of winter
tunnels for the school and seek input to address any concerns. Encourage community
involvement in maintaining and supporting the tunnels.
Educational Programs: Integrate educational programs that teach students about the
importance of winter preparedness and the role of the tunnels in ensuring a safe learning
environment.
Regulatory Compliance: Ensure compliance with local building codes, zoning regulations, and
any other relevant regulations governing the construction of winter tunnels.
By following these strategies, schools can create winter tunnels that enhance safety, accessibility, and
overall resilience during challenging weather conditions.
Benefits Of Implementing Tunnels
Implementing tunnels for winter movement in schools can offer various benefits, enhancing safety,
convenience, and overall efficiency during challenging weather conditions. Here are some key
advantages:
Enhanced Safety: Tunnels provide sheltered pathways, minimizing exposure to slippery surfaces
and reducing the risk of accidents.
Uninterrupted Operations: Tunnels enable students and staff to move between buildings
without disruptions, ensuring that educational activities proceed smoothly during winter
weather.
Weather Resilience: Tunnels shield students, faculty, and staff from extreme winter conditions,
including heavy snowfall, freezing temperatures, and icy surfaces.
Efficient Traffic Flow: By offering designated paths for movement, tunnels can help manage
traffic flow around school premises, preventing congestion on entrance and exit ramps.
Time Savings: Tunnels provide direct routes between buildings, saving time for students and
staff who would otherwise have to navigate outdoor paths.
Accessibility for All: Well-designed tunnels can include features like ramps and elevators,
ensuring accessibility for individuals with disabilities, creating an inclusive environment.
Comfortable Movement: The presence of tunnels contributes to a more comfortable and
conducive learning environment by minimizing exposure to harsh winter conditions.
Adaptability to Climate Change: Considering the increasing unpredictability of weather
patterns, tunnels provide a forward-looking solution to potential challenges posed by climate
change.
Implementing winter tunnels in schools requires careful planning and investment, but the benefits
contribute to a safer, more efficient, and resilient learning environment, especially during adverse
winter weather conditions.
BUDGETING AND FUNDING
Budget for Winter Tunnels Implementation:
1. Construction Cost:
Excavation and Tunnel Construction: $1,000,000 - $3,000,000
Structural Framework: $500,000 - $1,500,000
Insulation and Ventilation Systems: $300,000 - $800,000
Lighting and Electrical Work: $200,000 – 500,000
Heating Systems: $400,000 - $1,000,000
Accessibility Features (e.g., ramps, elevators): $300,000 - $700,000
Estimated Total Construction Cost: $4,100,000
2. Design and Engineering:
Architectural and Engineering Fees: 8% - 12% of total construction costs
Permits and Approvals: $50,000 - $150,000
Estimated Total Design and Engineering: $200,000
3. Safety and Security:
Surveillance Systems: $100,000 - $300,000
Emergency Exit Systems: $150,000 - $400,000
Safety Signage: $20,000 - $50,000
Estimated Total Safety and Security: $510,000
4. Maintenance and Repairs:
Regular Inspections: $50,000 - $100,000 per year
Snow and Ice Removal Equipment: $100,000 - $300,000
General Repairs and Upkeep: $50,000 - $150,000 per year
Estimated Total Maintenance and Repairs: $375,000 per year.
5. Energy Efficiency:
Energy-efficient Heating Systems: $200,000 - $500,000
Lighting Efficiency Measures: $50,000 - $150,000
Estimated Total Energy Efficiency: $450,000
6. Contigency:
Reserve for Unforeseen Expenses: 10% - 20% of total project cost
Roughly $820,000 (20% of the total project cost)
ESTIMATED TOTAL COST (excluding Maintenance and Repairs after the first year): $6,455,000.
Funding Plan:
1. School Budget:
Allocate funds from the school's annual budget to cover a portion of the
construction and ongoing maintenance costs.
2. Government Grants:
Research and apply for grants from local, state, or federal government
agencies that support infrastructure improvements in schools.
3. Community Fundraising:
Organize community fundraising events, such as charity auctions, bake sales,
or crowdfunding campaigns, to involve parents, local businesses, and
community members.
4. Corporate Sponsorships:
Seek partnerships with local businesses or corporations willing to sponsor or
contribute to the construction of winter tunnels in exchange for recognition.
5. Philanthropic Foundations:
Explore grants and donations from philanthropic foundations or organizations
that support educational infrastructure projects.
6. Public-Private Partnerships:
Explore partnerships with private entities where the school and a private
organization collaborate on funding and implementing the winter tunnels.
7. Alumni Contributions:
Engage with alumni networks to solicit donations or contributions towards the
project.
8. Energy Efficiency Grants:
Research grants specifically focused on energy-efficient projects to support
the implementation of sustainable and energy-saving features in the winter
tunnels.
9. Loans or Bonds:
Consider low-interest loans or municipal bonds to finance the project,
ensuring a structured repayment plan.
10. Local Community Support:
Encourage community members to voice support for the project at town
meetings, potentially leading to additional municipal funding.
Monitoring and Evaluation:
Establish a monitoring and evaluation framework to track expenditures
against the budget.
Regularly update stakeholders on fundraising progress and budget
allocations.
Adjust the funding plan as needed based on changes in costs or available
funding sources.
This budget and funding plan template can be customized based on the
specific needs, size, and location of the school, as well as local regulations
and opportunities for financial support.
STUDENT SURVEY
A survey was carried out to know the students of UNB opinions on opening of tunnels here are the
results which listed in table and pie chart format.
On a scale What factors How Do you think Would you like if
S/N NAME of 1 to 5, do you think confident there is a there were
how are most are you in need for tunnels leading to
necessary important the safety increased other places of
do you when measures communicati the school? e.g.,
believe it is deciding implement on and Library?
whether to ed during awareness
to open
open tunnels winter about safety
tunnels
during the tunnel measures
during the
winter? openings? during
winter for winter
public use? tunnel
openings?
1. Okeriere 5 Safety of Somewhat Yes Yes
Akpomeday commuters confident
e
2. Davida 5 Safety of Neutral Yes Yes
Otokhine commuters
3. Adam Spray 3 Safety of Neutral Yes Yes
commuters
4. Tyler Bishop 3 Safety of Somewhat No Maybe
commuters confident
5. Abhilakshay 3 Traffic Somewhat Yes No
Abhilakshay congestion confident
6. Eniola Busari 5 Infrastructu Neutral Yes Yes
re
maintenanc
e
7. Leah McHarg 5 Infrastructu Neutral Yes Yes
re
maintenanc
e
8. Dylan Van 5 Safety of Neutral Yes Yes
Der Sluys commuters
9. Pranavadity 5 Safety of Neutral Yes Yes
a Naren commuters
10. Victor 3 Safety of Neutral Yes Yes
Habiyamber commuters
e
11. Simbarashe 5 Safety of Somewhat No Yes
Watungwa commuters confident
12. Justine Louie 1 Traffic Extremely No Yes
Salazar congestion not
confident
13. Mia Doiron 3 Safety of Neutral Yes Yes
commuters
14. Zondi 5 Safety of Neutral Yes Yes
Gyamfua commuters
Osei
15. Nana Afriyie 5 Safety of Extremely Yes Yes
Boateng- commuters confident
Sarpong
16. MMESOMA 5 Safety of Extremely Yes Yes
Nwajiugo commuters confident
17. Norbert 5 Safety of Extremely Yes Yes
Odiaka commuters confident
18. Ruth Tilahun 5 Safety of Neutral Yes Yes
commuters
19. Dawit 4 Safety of Somewhat Yes Yes
Getachew commuters not
confident
20. Ruth Bassey 5 Environmen Extremely No Yes
tal impact not
confident
21. Teniola 5 Safety of Somewhat Yes Yes
Gbemisola commuters confident
22. Mary 5 Safety of Neutral Yes Yes
Margaret commuters
Amakyi
23. Muminat 5 Safety of Neutral Yes Yes
Nurudeen commuters
24. Oluwatunmi 5 Traffic Somewhat Yes Yes
se Jimoh congestion confident
25. Aland 5 Infrastructu Neutral Yes Yes
Najmalddin re
maintenanc
e
26. Fady 5 Traffic Somewhat Yes Yes
Elgohary congestion confident
27. Daniella 5 Environmen Extremely Yes Yes
Uzuegbu tal impact confident
28. STEPHANIE 5 Safety of Somewhat Yes Yes
Anumba commuters not
confident
Table 1. shows the data we collected from our survey of about 30 students.
Images of a Pie Chart showing the answered questions from the survey:
Question 1.
On a scale of 1 to 5, how necessary do you believe it is to open tunnels
during the winter for public use? (1 = Not necessary at all, 5 = Extremely
necessary)
Question 2.
· What factors do you think are most important when deciding whether to open
tunnels during the winter? (Select up to three):
Traffic congestion 4
Safety of commuters 19
Infrastructure maintenance 3
Economic considerations 0
Environmental impact 2
Figure 2. A pie chart showing the response to question 2 from the survey.
Question 3.
How confident are you in the safety measures implemented during winter
tunnel openings? (1 = Not confident at all, 5 = Very confident)
Extremely confident 4
Somewhat confident 7
Neutral 13
Somewhat not confident 2
Extremely not confident 2
Figure 3. A pie chart showing the response to question 3 from the survey.
Question 4.
Do you think there is a need for increased communication and awareness
about safety measures during winter tunnel openings? (Yes/No)
Yes 24
No 4
Figure 4. A pie chart showing the response to question 3 from the survey.
Question 5.
Would you like it if there were tunnels leading to other places in the school?
e.g., library?
Yes 26
No 1
Maybe 1
Figure 5. A pie chart showing the response to question 5 from the survey.
VISUAL REPRESENTATION
Here are Diagrams or Schematics, that each group member participated in, which
correlates to our report topic “Opening of Winter Tunnels In UNB”:
DONE BY EWHRO OGHENETEJIRI
Figure 6. An image of a tunnel made using solid works (done by Ewhro Oghenetejiri):
Done by Ian Tetteh
Figure 7. Image of possible tunnel designs (done by Ian Tetteh)
DONE BY OWEN YESUF
Figure 8. Image of possible tunnel designs (done by Yesuf Owen)
ABSTRACT
In the challenging winter climate of college environments, the mobility of
students is significantly impacted. This study explores the importance of winter
tunnel accessibility, drawing insights from Smith's (2019) review on "Winter
Maintenance of Tunnels" and the Department of Transportation's (2022) "Winter
Tunnel Operations Guidelines." It is evident that adverse weather conditions
necessitate a targeted focus on maintaining operational tunnels to ensure
unimpeded student mobility. The application of engineering principles and
proactive strategies derived from these insights becomes crucial for college
administrators. By prioritizing systematic and timely tunnel maintenance, colleges
not only ensure student safety but also contribute to the creation of a conducive
learning environment, fostering inclusivity and resilience in campus
infrastructure.
CONCLUSION
In summary, making sure college tunnels are accessible in winter is crucial for
students to move freely in bad weather. Following guidelines from Smith's (2019)
review and the Department of Transportation's (2022) plan helps colleges deal
with winter challenges, making campus navigation safe and efficient. More than
just solving practical problems, taking care of tunnels in advance improves the
overall student experience by creating a better learning environment and a more
inclusive and strong campus.
