Chapter 31 Principles Related to Practical Chemistry Revision Notes Lasaigne's Test for Nitrogen - Sulfur -Halogens Lasaigne's test is used for the detection of elements Nitrogen (N), Sulfur (S), Chlorine (Ch, Bromine (B:) and Indine (). Ths test involves following two steps. (i) preparation of sodium fusion extract (SFE) lassaigne extract. (i Detection of elements using SFE. (reparation of SFE lassaigne extract Asnall amount of organic substance is fused with a small sqanty of sodium metal in a fusion tube. The red hot fon tube is then plunged into distilled water and the contents are boiled for a few minutes, then cooled and ‘tered. Thefitrate obtained is called sodium fusion extract (SFE) or Lassaigne’s extract. It is usually alkaline. If it is not allan, a few drops of NaOH solution may be added to makeit alkaline, (i) Detection of elements using SFE Thus obtained SFE is used to detect the presence of ements like N, S, Cl, Brand I. Theclements in the organic compound react with sodium Clting fusion reaction as follows: Mtcen Nass (ifNNispresent) 5 NaS (if Sis present) Se+S4+C+N ——_ NaSCN (if both N and re present and insufficient amount of Na is used) 8 +X—__, Nax (if halogens are present) fheeX = cua Hence sre may contain any of oF all of ionic forms of ‘tive elements, ——>_ Nac signe Tesi Test for Nitrogen Fesof Sion of SFE, freshly prepared ferrous sulphate, pein is added and warmed. Then about 2 t0 3 Hcl hth solution are added and acidified with cone. "he pege: PPeArance of a Prussian blue colour indicates “Ce Of nitrogen, | Popic [Detection of Elements FeSO, + NaOH — Fe(OH), + Naso, 6NaCn + Fe(OH), — —Na(iFe(CN),) sodium ferrocyanide 3Na,[Fe(CN),] + 4FeCl, —> Fe(Fe(CN),, +12NaCl Ferric Ferro cyanide (Prussian blue) Note: (1) In Lassaigne’s test, fresh solution of FeSO, must be used. Otherwise, itis oxidised to ferric sulfate due to-aerial oxidation. @) HClis added to convert ferrous hydroxide, a green precipitate to ferrous chloride, which is soluble in water. Otherwise the green precipitate may interfere with Prussian blue colour. Fe(OH); + 2HC_—» FeCl, + 2,0 ‘When both N and S are present: However, if both N and $ are present in the organic compound and SFE is prepared with insufficient amount of Na metal, the thiocyanate (SCN*) is formed instead of cyanide ion (CN*. The thiocyanate, SCN reacts with Fe®* to give a blood red colouration due to formation of [Fe(SCN)}*. Fo + SCN" > [Fe(SCN)}?* Note: However, if sodium fusion is carried out with excess of sodium, the thiocyanate, SCN" is decomposed to give CN" and $*, Hence in this case, sulfur and nitrogen are to be identified in separate test. Lassaigne’s Test for Sulfur (i) The appearance of a deep violet colour upon addition ofa few drops of sodium nitroprusside to sodium fusion extract (SFE) indicates the presence of sulfur. $+ [Fe(CN),NOP” —> [Fe(CN),.Nos|* Nitroprusside ion Violet colour (ii) Sulphurcanalsobe detected by addinglead acetate to SFE, acidified with acetic acd. The formation of 1 black precipitate (PbS) indicates the presence of sulfur.32 PH(CH,COO), +8* —+ Pus! +2CH,COO back, ppt Lassaigne’s Test for Halogens ‘The sodium fusion extract, SFE can be used to detect the presence of chlorine, bromine and iodine but not fluorine. To detect their presence, the SFE is first acidified with HINO, and then added with AgNO, solution. i) The formation of a curdy white precipitate that is soluble in NH,OH indicates the presence of chlorine in the organic compound. Cr+AgNO, — —> Agcil+No, white ppt ‘AgCl+2NH,OH —> [Ag(NH,),JCl+2H,0 soluble complex (ii) The formation of a pale yellow precipitate that is, ‘Osi NET (UG) Soled Papers Chapterwise & Topiwise FEENEY )Where as the formation of a yellow precipitate insoluble in NH,OH confirms the presence of iodine in the organic compound. T+agNo, —> Aglt #NO, yellow ppt. Note: (1) tis not possible to det since the solubility of AgE is precipitate is formed. If nitrogen or sulfur are present in the organic compound, the formation of black predpiates OF AgCN or AgS may interfere during the test ar telogens: Hence the CN” and S® have tobe removed from the SEE, This is done by boiling the SFE with conc. HINOs or glacial acetic acid to almost dryness. The CN and S* ions are removed lect the presence of forine ‘more and thus no ) rtlly sein NOH confi the presence slat dees. The Ch Br+AgNO, —> AgBrl +NO, NaCN+HNO; ———> NaNO; +HCN teed NajS+2HNO, ———> 2NaNO3 + H3S Summary Sheet of Lassaigne’s Test Test Observation Tnterference @ Nitrogen is confirmed. SFE + FeSO, + FeCl; + HCL (SFE + Sodium nitroprusside (i) SFE + CHyCOOH + Pb(CH;COO) SFE + HNO, + AgNO; {@) A prussian blue colour is formed. (i) Blood red colouration is observed. | (i) Both nitrogen and sulfur are confirmed, () Avviolet colouration is observed. _| Sulfur is confirmed (ii) A black precipitate is formed. (A white ppt. soluble in NH,OH is formed, (ii) Appale yellow ppt. partially soluble inNH,OH is formed. (ii) yellow ppt. insoluble in NH,OH (i) Chlorine is confirmed. Gi) Bromine is confirmed, (ii) Iodine is confirmed. is formed Preparation of Inorganic Compounds ‘A double salt is a substance made of two different salts ‘which erystallise together asasinglesubstance. The double iit ionises in water to give ions of both the sales. These are prepared by mixing definier molecular proportions of evn different salls having same anions but different cctions. Alums are the common examples of double salts. ‘Alums are double sulphates having general formula X2504Mp (504) 2440 where, X = monovalent cation such as Na*, K*, NH,*, etc. M = trivalent metal cation such as AP*, Cr+, Fe™, etc. ‘Alums are isomorphous crystalline solids which are Soluble in water. They undergo hydrolysis, thus their aqueous solutions are acidic in nature. ‘Another example of double salt is Mohr’s salt. Its formula is FeSO,(NH,)250s 64,0. does not lose water of ‘crystallisation on exposure nor its oxidised in ar. So itis tused as primary standard in volumetric analysis. The double salts are prepared by the process of crystallisation Mohr's Salt Mobis satis prepared by dissolving equimolar quantities of hydrated ferrous sulphate and ammonium sulphate in water containing a small amount of dil. H,SQ,. The function of dil, H3S0 is to prevent hydrolysis of Fe" ions ‘The resulting solution is then concentrated and allowed to cool for crystallisation when light blue or green crystals of ferrous ammonium sulphate (Mohe's salt) are formed. FeSO, 7 H,0 +(NH,):S0, ——> FeSO, (NH);S0, 6H,O+H,0 see Potash Alum Potash alum is a double salt of potassium and aluminium. It is prepared by dissolving an equimolar quantity of hydrated aluminium sulphate and potassium sulphate in minimum amount of water containing alittle of sulphuric acid. The purpose of adding dil. HSO, is to prevent the hydrolysis of Al'* ions. The resulting solution is concentrated to crysalization by boling, The solution lowed to cool, colourless octahedral crystals of potash alum are obtained. rete K,S0, + Al{S0,)y° 18 H,O + 6 HO ——+ K,SO,Ah (80,)3- 24 H;0IPRINGIPLES RELATED TO PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY 33 Preparation of Organic Compounds Acetanilide Acetanilide isan acetyl derivative of aniline. Ibis prepared by acetylation of aniline with acetic anhydride in the presence of glacial acetic acid, The chemical equation involved ° ° ° Nity"+ cy ll I ] lh + CH; —C—O—C—cH, —> NH—C—CH, + CH,COOH Aniline Acetic anhydride ‘Acetanilide prnitro acetanilide ‘The direct nitration of aniline is difficult to carry out with nitrating mixture (a mixture of cone. H,S0, and cone. HNO3) because nitric acid oxidises the amino group. Therefore, amino group is first protected by acetylation to form acetanilide land then the acetanilide is nitrated with a mixture of conc. HS, and HINO, The nitration of acetanilide sedesin formation of p-nitro acetanilide as a major product and o-nitro acetanilide as a minor product. On recrystallisation with ‘ethanol, the derivative dissolves in ethanol while p-nitro acetanilide separates as fine crystals. ‘The chemical reaction involved is NHCOCH NHCOCH; NHCOCH; NO; Cone. HNOyConc. HsS0, = Below 206-0 ‘Acetanilide | NO, (Major) (Minor) pritroacetanilide _o-nitroacetanilide Aniline yellow 2-Naphthol aniline is a scarlet red dye. It belongs tothe family of azo dyes which are characterised by the presence of ‘NuRulinkage. This dye is prepared by diazotisation of aniline with a mixture of NaNO3 and HCl at 0-9°C. The salting Giazonium salt undergoes coupling reaction with Z-naphthol to give 2-naphthol aniline dye. . ra fang Coe me + a, EE CO) ssa m0 ao Sua eee oer won) N =NC OLY OOS ve 2Naphthol aniline dye Reduction is the process which involves the gain of Titration Concepts of Oxidation and Reduction electrons, €.g., Oxidation is the process which involves the loss of Fete Fe electrons, e.g. (Ferricion) (Ferrous ion) coo" ==9 200,#26° MnO, +8H'+5c —> Mn + 44,0 i (Permanganate ion) (Manganous ion) Coo” > Fe* +e" C10" +4H' +6 —> 2Cr* + 7H,0 Fe (Dichromate ion) (Chromium ion)34 Redox reactions In these reactions, one substance is oxidised and 1e substance is oxidised and other is reduced, ie, the oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously, eg, Moo, +Sfe"+si | Ma 98" AHh0 2MnO, +5C,0 +16" 2255 2M 410C0, +80 Oxidising agent isa substance which oxdises others but itself gets reduced, Any substance which readily reduced act as an oxidising agent, eg., KMnO,, K,Cr,07, etc. Reducing agent is a substance which reduces the other substance but itself gets oxidised. Any substance which can loss electrons can act as reducing agent, e.g, Mo's salt, oxalic acid. [Redox Titrations In redox titrations, the reducing agent is titrated against an oxidising agent and vice versa. The oxidants used fare KMn0, » K:Cr.O;, ete. while reductants are ferrous sulphate, Mohs salt, oxalic acid, etc, Potassium permanganate acts as an oxidising agent in the presence of dilute sulphuric acid due to liberation of nascent oxygen. 2KMnO, + 3H;SO, —— K,50 + 2MnSO. + 3H,0 + 5{0] This represents the key equation. In acid solution, 2 mmoleceles of potassium permanganate produce 5 atoms ‘of oxygen for oxidation. It oxidises: (a) Ferrous sulphate to ferric sulphate FeSO, + [0] + 80, ——* Fex160s + #20 ‘ial NEET (UG) Soe Papers Chanter & Topics EERIE cooH t+ coon fo) —» 2€0,+H,0 ions of oxalic acid and ovalates are Hiigon of earbon disxide gas which accompa in cold solution. It does not allow the reaction t5 Proceed to. completion. Therefore, this eae te ereeat at GD70FC to expel carbon diosde gas from the solution Ie wotasum permanganate soluions, only, dilute 1 pais ued to acy the solution Because {ite sulphuric aid doesnot react with polasston caer ngorate when arecucingagentisnotadd (iy ydeochloric ac iftsed, wil rect with potas permanganate More KMnOy titration. trie acid if used, i itself an oxidising agent and sri fafere withthe oxidation actin of KMnO, {un aalne solution, the oxidation is accompariee 2 the separation of MnO, a8 2 dark brownish precipitate. “Thesolution whichisin process of titration with potassium ‘etsanganate must be sufcently acdc to prevent the Perma of manganese dioxide or ptasium manganate Indicator Used in KMnO, Titrations ‘Auidified solution of potassium permanganate is a deep janple coloured solution In KMnO, titrations no exer) Putkator potassium permangate acts as its own indicator reas talFindicator and the end point is the appearance St permanent pink colour in solution withthe lst single The oxidation react accompanied by evo will be consumed in the redox ii) {b) Onalicaci to carbon dioxide at 06° - 70°C drop of KMnO, solution. Test Observation Interference SFE + FeSO, + FeCh + HCl (A prossian blue colour is (Nitrogen is confirmed. formed, w observed, (i SFE + Sodium nitroprusside {i SFE + CHsCOOH + Po(CH,COO), SFE + HNO; + AgNOs is formed. Blood red colouration is ‘A violet colouration is observed. ‘A black precipitate is formed. ‘A white ppt. soluble in NH,OH_ A pale yellow ppt. partially soluble in NH,OH is formed, A yellow ppt. insoluble in NH,OHis formed (ii) Both nitrogen and sulfur are confirmed. Sulfuris confirmed (i) Chlorine is confirmed. (i) Bromine is confirmed. (ii) Iodine is confirmed. Detection of Functional Groups aa t 5; z BG SF stk of Common Cations (Basic Radicals) for Salt cae Sa “Analysis rou) Mg! ‘Group Cations > List of Common Anions (Acidic Radicals) for Salt Group NH Analysis Group 1 ree Group [Anions Group2 cut Group? | COs", NOx, S05", 5 Group Be, Feet, ANY Group? | Cr, Br, F,CHxCOO-, NOs, 00" Group Co, Mn? N24, Za? Group3 | PO,*,s02- ‘36 ist NEE (VO) Soves Papers Chartres & TON TET ‘ota white precipitate which iy Bulphate GOS)” PAdd aqueous barium chtoride (Bach) to | Forms the water extract 7 insotubl trated hydrochloric acid «ich rraopnate ho,ty |Add ane nite asi INO.) am | Freatlon of gee crystalline 2 Anoniam mots alate (NEL): MoO) te | PReAPHNE the water estract and boil the resulting, oe | solution. for Group 4 Cations aperiment, Adkl_ solid NEWCL ond exes EXTeS tthe original solution, Now pass His pos tirough it Tositive Resa [esirosilire Resta Formation of abd pesos | Shortcut; Ammonium bromide (NH,U) is. the Preliminary most common salt containing the bromide ion it School Laboratories. It you confirm the presence of promi one inthe sat, your can inumedtiately ty, 2 voi cation (NEY ") confirmatory test tor the > Preliminary Test for Cations In salt analysis. prelinminaty tests te conducted in order to check for the presence of vAfforent cations in the inorganic salt, Thisis done in si anner that is sinilar to the peckiminary tests for for cations must ‘both contirmat Manganese (Mt A skin-coloured precipitate is a ote that some cation groups (uel 38 Tyna group 6 cations) do not Hy formed feate For these cations, confi Zine 20°") ‘A greyish-white precipitates conducted directly Note: The original solution (OS) of the prepared by musing a small amount of th Enieheith water and acid formed ‘Fest for Group 5 Cations + Preliminary ‘ammonium carbonate Experiment: Add + Preliminary Test for Group 4 GOT {NI).CO}), ammonium chloride (NHCD, ang Experiments Add a few drops of, dilute Ls hydrochloric acid (HCD to the original solution. Gmmonium hydroxide to the original <1Nb 2 : a Tega obtain a white precipitate, the cation Cation _| Positive Result night be a group S ation. Add dilute acetic 203 = aa {CHRCOOH) to dissolve the white presitte Lead (PO**) | Formation ofa white presipiete Gone do the following tests in the same order followed in the tabular column provided below. © Preliminary Test for Group 2 Cations renee pan: Ada fee drops oft HCL and ; : Farogen sulphide (H,S) tothe orginal solution Cation Positive Result : : Tarun [Ayallow prepares ome Cation Positive Result (@."") J Mhen KxGrO, ts added tothe Copper (Cue) | Ablack precipitate i formed solution, = strontium | A white precipitate is formed «Preliminary Test for Group 3 Caton Sugita] Ante re Prous salts (featuring Fe** fons) are green in added to the solution. {Stiri ee re sas catgium | Awhite precipitate is formed own in colour. (ce) [when aqueous (NHY):C20 smn AP on genase Neaeties cue or alumi (eta when esi amonm preety) and excess, ammonium NHOH are aed othe Androxide are added to the original sol + Contirmatory Tests for Cations Cation Confinnatory Tes ie Observation STG [Ad sodium hyronide 1 the nga solution and | Formation Sia yellow oF aa aahNesders reagent (HEL) Formation of ays Lead (PO?) {Add potassium iodide (KD tothe original solution ate nee {add pssi ote Oo he a PIE torah tet) Copper (Cu**) tn the preliminary testa black precipitate is obtai | rome adn te eee pe el Ghution, olate the black precipitate and ad me solution: Nydrenidetoit id add excess | tron Fe) hdd eoncenzatedriic acid 10 the orginal A ceri A brown precipate wil Semaad Hel] eae estore | . porns ferrocyanide (Ry Fe(CN)) |JRRINGIPLES RELATED TO PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY ‘Aluminium (AL?) Cobalt (Co**) Nickel (Ni*) Ma inganese (Mn?*) Barium (Ba?*), Strontium (Sr*), and is white precipitate is obtained when NICL ess NULOH are added to the original solution, Isolate the precipitate and dissolve it in HCL Now add blue Titus ancl NH,OH to it drop-by-drop. slid NCL and excess NH,OH to the original and pass HS gas through it, Dissolve the resulting blue residue in water and add dilute CH,COOH and KNO, to it, Now warm the misture, ‘Add solid NH,CI and excess NH,OH to the original solution and pass H,S gas through it, Dissolve the resulting yellow residue in water (you will now obtain a green-coloured solution). Add NaOH and bromine swater to this mixture and boi To the skin-coloured precipitate obtained in the preliminary test, add dilute HICI and boil off the HS. Now add NaOH. ‘Add NaOH (in excess) to the greyishavhite precipitate ‘obtained in the preliminary test Flame test: Make a paste of the salt by mixing it with 1 few drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid. Now 37 A floating, blue lay formed on the st clear solution ofthe A yellow precipitate is ‘obtained A lack precipitate is formed Formation of a white precipitate that turns brown ‘or black when bromine water isadded ‘The white precipitate is dissolved Ba?*: Green-coloured flame Se: Crimson red flame Calcium (Ca**) ‘kim off some of the paste with a glass rod and expose | ¢,2+, Brick red flame ittoa Bunsen Burner's flame, Magnesium (Mg?) | Add NH,Cl, (NH)sPO, (ammonium phosphate) and | A white precipitate is ‘excess NH,OH to the original soation obtained. [dentification of Functional Groups SNe. | Experiment Inference Confirmation 1. [Action of sodium hydroxide (a) Ammonia evolved, | Presence ofamides. solution {) Alitde ofthe substanceiisboiled with dil. | &) Substance dissolved. | Presence of acidic substances NaOH. (i Substance is boiled strongly with 20% NaOH | (@) White crystalline ppt. | Presence of aromatic amides. solution. Then cooled & aciified with di Ha. 2. | Action of NaHCO, Brisk effervescence with | Presence of aids. Toa few mL ofthe saturated NaHCO, solution | th liberation of CO, taken ina test tube, little ofthe substance is added. 3. | Action of FeCl, solution Violet colour Presence of phenols. oa little ofthe substance in water or alcohol a few drops of neutral FeCl solution isadded. 4. | Action of Schitt’s reagent Violet colour developed | Presence of aldehydes A little of the substance is added to 1 mL of the within 2 minutes, Schif’s reagent. 5. | Action of Borsche's reagent. yellowish orange ppt. | Presence of aldehydes or [Alitte of the substance in methanol is heated ketones ‘vith few drops of Borsches reagent in a water bath 6. | Diazotisation Rapid foaming. Presence of primary aliphatic Dissolve a litle ofthe sample in 2 ml cone HCI amines. Giluted with water and cool in ice. Dissolve Sodium nitrite in water and add the solution ropuise tothe cold solution nitrtein water and dat the solution drop wise to the cold solution.38 ‘Test of Aldehydes ‘ation af Tollen's reagent ‘Alittle of the substance is boils! with few drops of Tollen’s reagent | Action of sodium bisulphite solution: ‘Two drops of the aklehyde is shaken with saturated solution of NaHSOy Tests for Ketones [ Nitroprusside test: ‘Add a few drops of sod Ketone. Then add NaOH solution in excess. Tests for acids = “Trick prt White crystalline ppt Cw NEET (UG) Solved Papers Chapters 8 Teed ETI Presence of aldehydes Presence of methyl ketone] —! Presence of dicarboxylic Fluorescein Reaction: 'A little of the substance is heated with Cone. H3SO4 & Resorcinol ina dry test tube. tis cooled and then poured into ‘a beaker containing excess of NaOH. Anhydride formation: [A litle of the acid is heated in gn inverted funnel whose stem is closed. Itis the ‘a dry china dish covered with sn cooled. “Aredsolution with intense igreen fluorescence, White shiny needles are deposited on the sides of the funnel, acid. Presence of dicarboxylic acid. “Tests for amides: Tiuret reaction: Cn heating smell of | Presence of diamide. srinulcof the substance s heated frst genlyin a dry tet tube followed SUN evolved Along heating. The solid residue is warmed with! ml. 10% NaOH and violet colour on then cooled and one drop of dil CuSO, added. adding CuSO, Hydroxamic acid test: Magenta colour. | Presence of aromatic Placea little of the substance in5 mL. water. Add few drops 3% hydrogen primary amide peroxide and 2 drops of 7 ferric chloride, Heat the solution “Tests for aromatic alcohol (Phenol): “Azo-dye formation: ‘red coloured Presence of phenol 0g ergrops of aniline in 1 mdi 1HCT well cooled ine. Substances formed Disses of saturated sodium nitrite solution are added. Then Few orePt oa well cooled solution of the phenolic compound in aqueous sodium hydroxide. Benzoylation: [A precipitate is formed. | Presence of phenols | Prroleed a litle of the substance in 5 ml. 20% NaOH solution | Dissoiv et in-a boiling tube. About 1 ml. of Benzoyl chloride | contain boiling tube is corked and shaken vigorously for about 15 minutes. — | Enthalpy of solution of solid copper sulphate (CuSO, -5H;0) In this method, a sulphate is dissolve base known weight (w g) of the solid copper ina known volume of water in eajorimeter, Rise or fall of temperature is noted. From the change in temperature, heat absorbed or evolved is Mhicalated. If Q is the heat absorbed when a gram of the Solid CuSO, 5H,0 is dissolved, then the heat of solution Js Olw * M 24.184) / mol, where M is the molecular mass ‘of CuSO, SHO. In this experiment, one mole of solute is dissoluted per 400 moles of water. For this, 7.0 g of CuSOg is dissolved in. Enthalpy of neutralisation of a strong acid with stro"s Heat of neutralisation y be defined Hi mn may be defined as the amou! of heat evolved when one gr: er aad ‘one gram equivalent of the it completely neutralis it Saat the ao ge versa in cite sao. Aceon P Archenius theory, strong acids and bases are completly ini in agucos sl of a strong acid (HCI) anc 2 snes os (HC) and strong base (NaOH)may " (H* + Ch)+(Na* + OH) sd with one gram equivalent s; ence the neutralistton Nat +Cr+ 1,0 457368) 200 mL of water taken in calorimeter A definite volume A definite volume of standard solution of acid isa alise the same volume of the base solution of 5 ud[PRINCIPLES RELATED TO PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY’ strengtlvina thermos flask, Asares the temperature rises whieh is: noted acct the help of V/10th degree thermometer. The heat evolved can be determined, From this, the heat of neutralisation of one grant equivale base can be calewlated. Preparation of Lyophobe and Lyop Ceystalloids and Colloids Based on the process of diffusion of dissolved substances through a parchment membrane animal mer Graham (1561) divided the soluble substances into crystalloids and colt pence (1) Ceystalloids: Substances which are crystalline in nature and in the dissolved state can easily pass through wearable animal membrane are called cexystalloids, e.g, sodium chloride, Urea, sugar, et @) Colloids: Substances which are non-crystalline in nature and in the dissolved state either do not diffuse or diffuse slowly through animal membrane axe called colloids, eg, starch, ghee, gelatin, ee ‘The solutions of erystalloids are termed as true solutions while the solutions of colloids are called colloidal solution. However, the above classification of solutes, proved unsatisfactory because a. particular substance behaves like crystallods in one solvent and a colloid in the other depending upon certain conditions. For example: NaClis crystalloid in water but colloid in benzene, soap iscolloid in water but behaves as crystalloid in aleohol. Therefore, 2 substance behaves as crystalloid or colloid depending tipon the particle sizeof its constituents. In the colloidal state the substance is evenly dispersed in another medium form particles of size between 1 t0 {To00 nm such that they can pass through fiter paper but cannot pass through animal or parchment membrane ‘The size of the colloidal particles lies between the true olution and a suspension. Ifthe sizeof the particles is less than T nim, the solution fs called a true solution which i homogeneous and can pass through filter paper a5 well 2obarchment membrane, On the other hand, ifthe size 2f Ene particles 1s more than 1000 nm, these can neither Shee through filter paper nor through the parchment Pass grane such a heterogencous mixture of solid and Iiguid is known as suspension. ispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium ‘A colloidal solution is heterogeneous in nature in which Gne phase i dispersed into the other. The colloidal parties dispersed in the solvent constitute the dispersed Phseand the solvent in which the particles are dissolved Inealled dispersion medium. Dispersed Phase is the component present in small proportionand consistsof particles of Colloidal dimensions (1-1000 nm), Dispersion Medium in the medium in which colloidal particles are dispensed In a colloidal solution of sulphur Ih which sulphur particles constitute dispensed phase and water as dispersion medium. The dispersed phase and dispersion medium can be solid, liquid of gas. Thus, depending upon the physical state of dispersed phase and dispersion medium, eight types of colloidal Systems are possible. It may be noted that gas can form Colloidal solutions because a mixture of gasses is always a9 omogencous in nature Lyophilic and Lyophobic Sols Lyophilic sls. ln this typeof sol, the particles of dispenved phase fr altinity for the dispersion medium Th ‘d. For example: substances like ‘gum, starch and albumin readily form colloidal solutions When lated with what or other suitable solvent. Such substances form Iyophilic colloids (lyophiliclove for Tiquid). "Thus lyophillc sols are sols which are obtained by direct mixing of the substance with the dispersion mn.” These are also called intrinsic collides colloids are stable and are not coagulated easily ‘olids obtained alter evaporation of the sol may Be by simply her with, Flence, these sols are called The recoverted to the sols the dispersion medium. reversible sols. I water is the dispersion medium, these are called hydrophilic sols. Lyophobic sols. In their sols, the dispersed phase has no affinity for the dispersion medium. For example: Substances like ASS, Fe(OH)y and gold do not, form Colloidal solution when mixed with water. Their colloidal Solutions are prepared by indirect methods, These are also called extrinsic sols. These sols are relatively less Stable than lyophilic sols and are easily precipitated or ‘congulated on addition of small amounts of electrolytes, by heating, or shaking. Their precipitated or dried mass cannot be brought back into the colloidal state by simply Shaking them with the dispersion medium. They need Stabilising substances, Therefore, these colloids are known as irreversible colloids. If water is the dispersion medium, these are known as hydrophobic colloids. Study of rate of reaction between Hydrogen peroxide and iodine ion In acidic medium, hydrogen persside reacts with iodide ions according to following reaction: HO, + 2 + 2H* ——> I, + 2H,0 In this reaction, hydrogen peroxide oxidises iodide ions toiodine ‘The course of the reactions followed by adding calculated amount of sodium thiosulphate in the presence of starch Solution as an indicator to the reaction mixture, The iodine roduced by oxidation of iodide ions reacts immediately Wwiththiosulphate ions and is reduced back to iodide ions I+ 25:03 ——> §,0,° +2 ‘This continues till the whole of thiosulphate ions are oxidised to tetrathionate ions. ‘After all the $,0;* have been consumed, any iodine liberated in the reaction of hydrogen peromide with iodide ions forms deep blue coloured complex with starch, 1, + Starch > Blue coloured complex The time required for the blue colour to appear is determined by () Rate of formation of iodine. (i) Amount of two sulphate jons added ‘The concentration of the thiosulphate ion is kept constant. Since the time taken for the appearance of the blue colour indicates the rates of reaction, the reaction is called a clock reaction. As the amount of thiosulphate added is fixed, therefore, the rate of reaction changes with change in concentration of iodide.40 ‘Ovi NEET (UG) Solved Papers Chapter ero BITES in 10. n. 2 13. In borax bead test, which of the following compound is formed {a) Meta borate (6) Double oxide The metal that does (b) Tetra borate (a) Ortho borate t give the boray-beadd testis () Nickel (2) Manganese of the following is coloured compound? (a) CuFy (b) Cul (©) Nach (a) MgCl, ‘The alkaline earth metal that imparts apple grec colour to the bunsen flame when introduced in it in the form ofits chloride is (2) Chromium, (@) Barium () Strontium (©) Calcium (@) Magnesium, Which gives violet coloured bead in borax bead test? () Feet () Ne (o) Co (a) Mn?* When concentrated H,SO, is added to dry KNOs, brown fumes evolve. These fumes are (a) SO, () S03 (©) NO (@) NO; Which one of the following salt give green coloured. flame when the saltis tested by Pt wise? (a) Barium salt () Calcium salt (©) Borate (@) Lead salt Sodium sulphite on heating with dilute HC! liberates gas which (2) Turns lead acetate paper black (©) Turns acidified potassium dichromate paper green (0) Burns witha blue fame (2) Smells like vinegar Starch-iodide paper is used forthe tes of () lodideion (6) Reducing agent Which of the following salt gives white precipitate with solution and dil. solution and gives green flame test? (a) Coch (6) Bach, (©) PoC, (@) Cunoy, ‘Two gases when mixed give white dense fumes, the gasesare (2) NHyandS0, —(b) SOsand steam () NHyandHCl—(d) NHand N,0 Blue borax bead is obtained with (a) Zn () Co (© Cr (a) Fe ‘A colourless gas with the smell of rotten fish is (a) HS (6) PH; (0) $0, (a) None of these Objective Questions 16, 1” 18, w. 20, a 5. Which of the follow %. Ammonia reacts with excess of chlorine . Which of the following anions would 1 11,SO aulded to NaCl the gteeM yetloy MnO; yas liberated Is ach (by NU (am (a) My atement(s) Is nO cored when a mixture of NaCl and KyCr0p iy warmed with cone H3S0,? {a) A deep red vapour is evolved (b) The vapour when passed into NaOH solution ives a yellow solution of Na,Cr0, (0) Chlorine gasis evolved (4) Chromyl corde is formed Which of the following, com form a brown complex? () N30 (NO (0) NiO, (a) NOs When CO, is passed into lime water it turns milky. When excess of CO, is passed, milkyness disappears because? es with Fe (I) fons to {a} Reaction is reversed (b) Water soluble Ca(HCO}) is formed (6) Vaporisable calcium derivative is formed (@) None of the above ‘Amixture when heated with cone. H,SO, with MnO} ‘brown fumes are formed due to (a) Br (b) NO woo 0 In the test of sulphate radical, the white precipitate of sulphate is soluble in (@) Cone, HCL (b) Cone. H,S0, (©) Cone. HNO; (a). None of these ‘Which reagent is used to remove SO,e-and Cr? (@) Bas, (b) NaOH (©) POY), () KoH is formed when potassium iodide is hea witeone HO. a @) HI ty (© Hoy (@) Kio Chromyl chloride test is performed for the confirmation of the prese mixture (4) Sulphate (©) Chloride ence of the following, in a (6) Chromium () Chromium and ehtoride to form 6) NH\Cland NCI, (3) rand NCI (@) Nyand HCL (© NChand HI acidified KMinO solution? decolourise (a) So 8: (© Nos (a) CH, Coo-[RGAE eLareo TO PRACTICAL CHEMIST 25, The gas which is absorbed by ferrous sup tion giving blackish brown coloue is (a) NO ( co oN (a) Nils ak Which one of the following anions is not easly eared rom aqueous solutions by precipitation? @ co (b) S08 (@) NOx (a) COM a7, NaxCOs cannot be used to dently fa) COS (b) S07 wos (a) soe 28. The number of hydroxide ions, produced by 0 roleculeof sodium carbonate (Na;CO;) on hydroys 1 3 @ 4 2, By passing KMnO, gas in acidified HS solution, we Bet (a) KS (o) S Mat (@) MnO, $30. Which ofthe following doesnt give a ppt. with silver “ rirate solution? (©) Sodium bromide (a) Ethyl bromide Caldum chloride (d) Sodium chloride ch sulphide is soluble in (NH 2 COs? () A555 7 (a) CoS on acetic acid and K,[Fe(CN)l is added to 2 per salt, a chocolate precipitate i obtained of the a a) Copper eys (b) Copper ferrocyanide (6) asic copper sulphate (d) Basic copper cyanide 2. DA 1804 1M os ith tating IY] + KiCig0, + 11,80, -» green solation [XJand [YJ is. (@) $0*,S0, () CHC (0 Sots (8) COCO, 34. Concentrated sodium hydroxide can separate a mixture of (2) Zn2* and Pe (b) AD and Zn* (9 CPt andFe* (a) AP* and CP* 435, What product is formed by mixing the solution of K,[Fe(CN)] with the solution of FeCl? (a) Ferro-fersicyanide (b) Feriterrocyanide (9) Ferriferricyanide (a) None ofthese Answer Key 1 @)2o;3@] 4@| % @ «~@]7@| so] 2 @[ mo © 7 ol2o] Bo] 6 @ | 6 © 16. (b) | 17. (o)| 18 (a) | 1% (d) | 20.) Zi. (b) | 22 (co) | 23. (co) | 4: &) | 3. (@ 26. (c) | 27. (a)| 28. (a) | 29. ex) | 30 (a) 2 3 @| © | 5 O ‘Answers & Explanations (a) is correct. laborate is formed in borax bead test heating, borax loses water of crystllisati wells up to form fully mass. On further heating, itmelts to give a clear liquid which solidifies to 4 transparent glassy bead consisting of sodium metaborate and boric anhydride. Option (eis coreec Borax bead test is generally given by transition ‘elements, hence Cr, Ni and Mn give borax bead test ‘while Po doesnot give Option (ais correct. The Block ements having united trons form coloured compound in Cu copper is Cu* ey 1p = copper is Cu" + Option (ais comet Bet imparts ren colour the ame ins cre pa (8) ls cnsect. ‘As Ma*? has all it's electrons (5) unpaired in it's d~ antitlsoit’s extra stable configuration requires high ‘xdlation energy and so it gives violet colour nand 6. n. Option (d) is correct. NO, When nitrate saltsare treated with concentrated H,S0y it gives brown fumes of NO, Option (a) is correct. Barium salt gives green coloured fla ionisation energy. Option (b) is correct. Sodium sulphite on heating with dilute HCl iberates 2 gas which turns acidified potassium dichromate paper green ‘Option (a) is correct. From the above explanation we ca starch iodide paper is used for tt sme asit has low in conclude that the detection of txidising agents like free chlorine, nitrite, perowide, etc Option (b) is correct. Flame colour of a salts green. Option (c) is correct. Tivo gases when mixed give white dense fumes, the (Cl which gives gases are NHy and HCL It forms NH, white dense fumes42 12 Option (b) is correct. ‘The blue borax bead is obtained with cobalt 13. Option (b) is correct. The properties of phosphine gas (PH) are = It is a colourless gas, smelling like rotten fish, and is a highly poisonous gas. 14. Option (a)is correct. MnO; and H,$0, added to NaCI the greenish yellow gasliberated is Cl, 15. Option (eis correct. ‘The following reaction takes place K,Cr,0, + 6H,0 + 4NaCl-+ 2KHSO, + ANAHSO, + 2CrO,Ch + 34,0 Red vapours are due to CrO,Cl,, When these vvapoursare passed through NaOH, a yellow solution ‘of NaCrO is produced, Hence, options (a), (0), (@ ae correct. 16. Option (b) is correct. [NO reacts with FeSO, to form a brown ring complex, [Fe(H,0),NO|SO,. Option (b) is correct When CO; is passed through lime water, it turns milky due to the formation of calcium carbonate ‘which i insoluble in water. However, when an excess ‘of CO} is passed through this solution, the milkiness disappears. This is due to the formation of caleium bicarbonate which is colourless and soluble in water. Ca(OH), + COs CaCO4(8) + HO CaCO, + CO,lexcess) + HO Ca(HCO,), 18. Option (a) is correct. Brown fumes are formed due to the formation of bromine gas which isin turn produce by Br” ion. Itis 1a lab method for the preparation of Bry gas. 2KBr + MnO} + H:$04—> towngastz + 2KHSO, + Mn$O, 19, Option (A) is correct. {As the sulphate radical is a strong oxidising agent, insoluble in acids and so detection of sulphate radical requires no other reagent. Option (¢) is correct. PbSO, and PCI, are insoluble in cold water hence the reagent Pb(NO3) is used to remove SO" and cr. 21. Option (b) is correct. Potassium fodide reacts with sulphuric acid to produce potassium sulphate, iodine, hydrogen Sulfide and water. Potassium iodide-solid. Sulfuric Acid-concentrated solution. The reaction takes place in a boiling solution. BKI-4+ SH;S0, + 4K:$0,+ 41, + HS + 41140 22, Option (c) is correct. When a mixture containing chloride ion is heated with KjCy0; and concentrated H,SOy deep wm 26. 2. 28. 2», (Odnill NEET (UG) Solved Papers Chaptorwise & Topics EET 1d fumes of chromylcholoride (CrO;C1,) are formed. KsChOy + ANAC + 61,504» 2KHSO, + ANalISO, + Onange-teiomes2C#O;Ch1 + 310 Wher chromyl chloride vapours are passed into sodium hydroxide solution, a yellow solution of Sodium chromate is formed, which when treated with lead acetate gives yellow precipitate of lead chromate. COC + 2NaOH > ytow statioaNNA3C1O4 + 2HCL Option (c) is correct. Chlorine reacts with excess of ammonia to form ammonium chloride and nitrogen. NH + 3Cl,—> ONHCI + Np Option (b) is correct. anions would decolourise acidified KMnO, solution and the reaction is as follows: 2KMnO, + 3H,SO, + 5H3S ~> K,SO, + 2MnSO, + BHO + 55 Option (a) is correct. The gos which is absorbed by ferrous sulphate solution giving blackish brown colour is NO. FeSO, + NO; + HySQ,-> FeSO4)s + PeSOx. NO +H0 (Bhackbon) Option (c)is correct. Nitrates ofall the metalsare water solubleand cannot be precipitated. Option (a) is correct. $052", $:" and Sg.” salts are from comparatively stronger acids (than HjCO,)in solution hence evolve CO, with Na;CO; solution and give effervesence. While COs.” does not react with Na,CO3 solution Option (a) is correct. ‘The hydrolysis of one molecule of sodium carbonate will give two molecules of sodium hydroxide. Option (6) is correct. On passing HS gas through acidified KMnO, solution, we get Sand Mn2* The redox reactions areas follows: MnO,” + BH" + 5e7 > Mn®* + 4H,0] x DHS 92H" 48426] x5 ‘The overall reaction is as follows: 2MnO,” + SHS + 6H" > 2Mn?*+ 58 + BHO Sulphur is obtained due to the oxidation of HS KMn0,, ey Option (a) is correct. Ethyl bromide doesn’t give a ppt. with silver nitrate solution because it does not provide free Br= ions to react with AgNO}, |. Option (b) is correct, ‘3s fsb in (NHL)sCOs because the following ASS, + MNH),CO, =>» 3C Ms Ans 4 NH Oy + (NH) AO}(b) is correct. acetic and K,Fe(CN), is added! to a copper ‘obtained of the copper $03 tating smell) + H50 assium dichromate oxidises sulphur dioxi green solution of chromium sulphate. Cry, +3011" COM), Which on further reactions gives C(OH),_ (green coloured solution) CHOH), + OH” -» CHOH), (green coloured solution) ‘Whereas Fe** reaction with the conc. NaOH gives the Fe (OH) precipitate. Fey, + 30H” ~> Fe(OH) (precipitate) So, as the Cr(OH)y” is in solution and Fe(OH); (precipitate) formed is not in solution so, it can be separated out from the solution ;. Option (b) is correct. With potassium hexacyanoferrate (ll) solution, Fes, gives an intense blue precipitate of iron (I) hhexacyanoferrate (Prussian blue) Fes, + 3[Fe(CN)x]y” Prussian blue Feg{Fe(CN)elst ‘This is ferric-ferrocyanide.