Simplified Method to Include Cumulative Damage in the

Seismic Response of Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems

Edoardo Cosenza1; Gaetano Manfredi2; and Maria Polese3

Abstract: In this paper a consistent method including damage criteria in the seismic response of single-degree-of-freedom systems is
proposed. The method allows the determination of suitably modified strength or displacement inelastic spectra through the introduction of
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an equivalent damage factor pdam that accounts for earthquake damage potential; analogously capacity spectra could be obtained. Three
types of damage indices are considered 共Park and Ang index DP&A, energy index DE, and low-cycle fatigue index DF兲 and derivation of
pdam is pursued for all these cases. Moreover approximate simplified expressions in the function of Cosenza and Manfredi seismological
ID index, which accounts for cyclic damage potential of an earthquake, are also proposed. In this way damage capacity spectra are
obtained to improve the seismic assessment of existing structures including damage effect.
DOI: 10.1061/共ASCE兲0733-9399共2009兲135:10共1081兲
CE Database subject headings: Ductility; Fatigue; Damage; Seismic effects.

Introduction reduction factor R␮ that depends on the available displacement

ductility ␮.
Performance based engineering has become a well established In the displacement-based approach 共Calvi and Kingsley
concept in all recent design and assessment provisions in seismic 1995兲, the evaluation is based on the use of elastic deformation
regions 关Structural Engineers Association of California 共SEAOC兲 spectra derived for suitable values of equivalent damping; how-
1995; Comitée Européen de Normalisation 共CEN兲 2003; Fédéra- ever, as shown in 共Chopra and Goel 2001兲, the use of highly
tion international du béton 共fib兲 2003a,b; ASCE 2000兴; it is ac- damped spectra can be nonconservative and more reliable results
cepted that structures may experience significant plastic behavior are obtained if inelastic displacement spectra, obtained with the
under severe ground motions, while for more frequent moderate aid of displacement modification factor RD of the elastic spectra
accounting for the nonlinear response, are used.
intensity earthquakes the systems should perform at a serviceabil-
These methods are introduced in current seismic provisions
ity limit state. In this framework, design/assessment methods
and are deemed to ensure the prescribed performance objectives.
should account for the different performance objectives; the most
However, they suffer a conceptual limitation; indeed, the inelastic
widespread approach adopts a multistep methodology. The first
strength spectra and the inelastic displacement spectra are signifi-
phase allows determining the global seismic demand 共base shear,
cant only on the maximum demand of ductility and/or displace-
target displacement兲 for the single-degree-of-freedom 共SDOF兲
ment and they do not provide any information about the effect of
system equivalent to the real structure; to this aim, suitably modi-
the cumulative damage in the long duration earthquakes. In the
fied strength or displacement or capacity spectra are adopted. capacity spectrum method 关Applied Technology Council 共ATC兲
Next, analyzing the performance of complete multidegree of free- 1996兴 it is possible considering the effects of system dissipative
dom structural model, it is possible to determine the presumed characteristics through a kappa coefficient that influences equiva-
actions on the structural members and to design/check the struc- lent damping. However, the number of plastic cycles is a more
ture for a chosen performance objective. robust indicator of the destructive capacity of the shaking with
This paper deals with the problem of spectral reduction factors respect to the earthquake duration; Hancock and Bommer 共2005兲
and the proposed method is applicable to determine the seismic recently made an extensive review of the existing definitions of
actions on SDOF systems, i.e., for global predesign/assessment the number of plastic cycles.
of the structures. In a force based approach, the smoothed inelas- Cyclic damage plays a significant role in varying the seismic
tic strength response spectra are obtained through the use of a resistance of the systems and it should be accounted for if seismic
behavior has to be evaluated 共Iervolino et al. 2006兲. The idea of
1
Professor, Dept. of Structural Engineering, via Claudio 21, 80125 introducing cyclic damage potential in the usual spectral evalua-
Naples, Italy. E-mail: [email protected] tion procedure is not new 共Krawinkler and Nassar 1992; Cosenza
2
Professor, Dept. of Structural Engineering, via Claudio 21, 80125 et al. 1993; Fajfar 1992; Cosenza and Manfredi 1996兲, and there
Naples, Italy. E-mail: [email protected]
3
are also very recent proposals 共Malhotra 2002; Kunnath and Chai
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Structural Engineering, via Claudio 21, 2004; Chai 2005兲 for the development of cyclic demand spectra
80125 Naples, Italy 共corresponding author兲. E-mail: [email protected]
that can integrate classic amplitude spectrum for a more complete
Note. This manuscript was submitted on October 17, 2006; approved
on June 4, 2009; published online on September 15, 2009. Discussion
definition of the seismic action. Teran-Gilmore and Jirsa 共2005兲
period open until March 1, 2010; separate discussions must be submitted showed that available ductility decreases with the increase of
for individual papers. This paper is part of the Journal of Engineering plastic energy demand, and underline the importance of the trans-
Mechanics, Vol. 135, No. 10, October 1, 2009. ©ASCE, ISSN 0733- parent use of damage functional in an evaluation procedure that
9399/2009/10-1081–1088/$25.00. accounts for structural damage; while Lu and Wei 共2008兲 incor-

JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS © ASCE / OCTOBER 2009 / 1081

J. Eng. Mech. 2009.135:1081-1088.

 porated performance considerations in the definition of a damage ␮dam,alw = 共xy + ⌬xmax兲/xy
based strength reduction factor. Bozorgnia and Bertero 共2003兲
proposed the adoption of damage spectra based on a combination = 1 + 共⌬x1,alw/xy兲 · D␮ = 1 + 共␮1,alw − 1兲 · D␮ 共3兲
of normalized hysteretic energy and deformation ductility and, At the collapse the ductility damage index D␮ assumes a value
through the development of suitably derived attenuation laws, equal to 1 and the reduced allowable ductility is equal to the
prefigure the use of near real-time contour maps for damage spec- maximum allowable ductility for monotonic loading
tra that can provide useful information on the spatial distribution
of the damage potential of ground motions. ␮dam,alw = ␮1,alw 共4兲
In this paper a consistent method to account for damage in the obtaining the standard design method based on the ductility col-
seismic design or assessment is proposed. Aiming to introduce lapse criteria.
cyclic damage criteria in a simplified procedure, damage con- The introduction of the reduction factor R␮, representing the
trolled strength response spectra are defined; this approach gen- ratio between the elastic and the inelastic spectrum for fixed val-
eralizes the inelastic spectra methods, introducing the definition ues of elastic period and inelastic ductility, allows the definition
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of “equivalent ductility” and allowing the use of the well-known of the ductility inelastic spectra
concept of structural ductility, modified on the basis of some fun-
damental data regarding the earthquake and the structure R␮ = 共msSa,e/Fy兲 共5兲
共Cosenza and Manfredi 1997兲. In the same way, the displacement-
where Fy = inelastic strength; Sa,e = elastic acceleration spectra;
based method can be modified to take into account the damage
and ms = structural mass.
phenomena; damage controlled inelastic displacement spectra are
The introduction of a function that allows determining R␮,
introduced, that represents the modified demand of displacement
given allowable ductility ␮, can avoid performing nonlinear
due to the cyclic damage.
analysis. The definition of reliable expressions of R␮ is still an
Modified strengths 共ordinates Sa兲 and displacements 共abscissas
open question 共Miranda and Bertero 1994; Krawinkler and Nassar
Sd兲 allow also defining damage controlled inelastic capacity
1992兲 and different proposals exist.
spectra, whose coordinates are joined at the given limit state
In this paper a simple relation for R␮, determined through a
共Sd = Sa / ␻2, where ␻ is the angular frequency兲. The explicit for-
statistical analysis 共Cosenza and Manfredi 1997兲 and suitable in
mulation of the method in the function of damage indexes Di
the case of rock and low depth alluvium grounds, is used
has the advantage of linking directly the performance objective to
the accepted damage level for the system response. Appropriate R␮ = 1 + 1.5 · ␶3/4 · 共␮ − 1兲4/5 共6兲
damage factors pdam, representing the reduction of available duc-
tility due to different sources of structural damage, are derived. with ␶ = T / T1 for T ⱕ T1, and ␶ = 1 for T ⬎ T1 关T = elastic period, T1
Structural damage is introduced by means of the well-known initial of medium periods range in Newmark-Hall spectral repre-
damage indexes of Park and Ang 共Park and Ang 1985兲, hysteretic sentation 共Newmark and Hall 1982兲兴.
energy, and plastic cycle fatigue; correspondingly three different This formulation provides a useful tool because of its indepen-
damage factors pdam, are defined. Finally, an approximate formu- dence from the period in the field of the medium and long period
lation for pdam, based on the assessment of the number of plastic range, and provides results similar in average with the results of
cycles and on their average value 共Manfredi 2001; Manfredi et al. more complex formulations 共Miranda and Bertero 1994兲. The
2003兲, is proposed for both far field and near source conditions. mean and standard errors of the estimate obtained with Eqs. 共6兲
are 0.085 and 0.4, respectively.
In the displacement-based approach it is required the definition
Inelastic Capacity Spectra of inelastic displacement spectra Sd,i. The latter can be related
with the elastic spectra Sd,e by Eq. 共7兲 that gives a first order
The seismic-resistant assessment of structures that is not sensitive approximation of Sd,i 共Miranda 2001兲:
to cumulative damage phenomena can be performed using the Sd,i = RD · Sd,e ⬇ 共␮/R␮兲 · Sd,e 共7兲
well-known criterion of ductility
where RD = modifying factor taking into account the nonlinear be-
D␮ = 共␮ − 1兲/共␮1,alw − 1兲 = ⌬xmax/⌬x1,alw ⬍ 1 共1兲 havior 共RD ⬇ ␮ / R␮兲. Accounting for different performance levels
where D␮ = ductility index; ⌬xmax = xmax − xy = maximum plastic ex- Sd,dam = RD,dam · Sd,e ⬇ 共␮dam,alw/R␮,dam兲 · Sd,e 共8兲
cursion 共xmax maximum displacement and xy displacement at the
elastic limit兲; and ⌬x1,alw = x1,alw − xy = ultimate plastic excursion where R␮,dam is evaluated with expression 共6兲 considering allow-
the system can accommodate when it is subjected to a state of able ductility ␮dam,alw.
increasing lateral deformation. This approach links the structural The assessment of seismic performance of a SDOF sys-
damage level with the maximum demand of displacement and is tem may be alternatively pursued evaluating reduced allowable
appropriate for well-detailed structures with a stable hysteretic displacement
behavior. Accordingly, it is possible to evaluate the maximum
allowable plastic displacement ⌬xmax for a prefixed level of ac- xmax,dam = xy · ␮dam,alw
cepted damage 共D␮ = 1 represents the collapse, while values of and comparing this modified displacement capacity with inelastic
D␮ ⬍ 1 represent lower damage levels related to required perfor- demand Sd,i.
mances levels兲 By combining the “reduced” inelastic strength and displace-
ment spectra the capacity spectra are obtained. In Fig. 1共a兲
⌬xmax = ⌬x1,alw · D␮ 共2兲
the reduced inelastic capacity spectra at the collapse 共D␮ = 1兲 ob-
In terms of allowable ductility, if the structure shows ductility for tained with the proposed expression of R␮ 共6兲 are represented for
monotonic loading at the collapse ␮1,alw, it is possible to define a Eurocode 8 关Comitée Européen de Normalisation 共CEN兲 2003兴—
reduced ductility for lower level of accepted damage Class B subsoil 共ag = 0.35 g兲 and for ␮1,alw = 2 to ␮1,alw = 6. Elastic

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J. Eng. Mech. 2009.135:1081-1088.

 1 hardening and/or degrading patches can be included 关FEMA 306
Elastic spectrum a) regulations 共ATC 1998兲 already proposed some practical expres-
0.8 sions to take into consideration the effect of degrading behavior兴
and have to be specifically addressed in further studies.
0.6
Sa (g) μ1,alw=2

Park and Ang Damage Approach

0.4
μ1,alw=4 The analytical expression of the Park and Ang index DP&A is
0.2
μ1,alw=6 xmax EH
0
DP&A = +␤ 共9兲
Sd (cm) x1,alw Fyx1,alw
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
where x1,alw = ultimate displacement; xmax = maximum displace-
ment; EH = hysteretic energy; and Fy = elastic strength. ␤ is an em-
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1
pirical constant that depends on structural characteristics. An
Elastic spectrum b)
0.8 alternative expression of Eq. 共9兲 can be considered

再 冋 册冎
D4=0.2
0.6 1 ⌬xmax EH
DP&A = 1 + 共␮1,alw − 1兲 +␤
␮1,alw ⌬x1,alw Fy⌬x1,alw
Sa (g)

0.4 D4=0.5
共10兲
0.2 with symbols already defined.
D4=1.0 In the case of elastoplastic behavior, a different form of the
0 index could be considered

再 冊冎
Sd (cm)

冉
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
n−1
1 ⌬xmax
Fig. 1. Capacity spectra for Eurocode 8—Class B subsoil 共ag
= 0.35 g兲: 共a兲 at the collapse 共D␮ = 1兲; 共b兲 for different performance
DP&A =
␮1,alw
1 + 共␮1,alw − 1兲
⌬x1,alw
1 + ␤ + ␤ ␮ⴱi
i=1
兺
levels 共␮1,alw = 4兲
共11兲
where the dimensionless ratio ␮ⴱi = ⌬xi / ⌬xmax is introduced.
spectrum has Sa,e as abscissa and the corresponding displacement Hence, if the effect of the cumulative damage 关expressed by
Sd,e = Sa,e / ␻2 as ordinate, while the inelastic spectra represent the second term in Eq. 共9兲兴 is considered, only a fraction of the
yield strengths and the corresponding limit displacements given ultimate plastic excursion ⌬x1,alw may be used
the allowable ductilities. Analogously, in Fig. 1共b兲 inelastic re-
duced capacity spectra are represented for different performance 共DP&A␮ 1,alw−1兲⌬x1,alw

冋 册
objectives 关i.e., calculating ␮dam,alw in Eq. 共3兲 for D␮ = 0.2 and 0.5 ⌬xmax = n−1
and considering this reduced value for the evaluation of spectral 共␮ 1,alw−1兲 1 + ␤ + ␤ 兺 ␮ⴱi
reduction factor R␮兴 and for ␮1,alw = 4. i=1

共DP&A␮ 1,alw−1兲
= · ⌬x1,alw · pdam,P&A 共12兲
Allowable Ductility in Presence of Cyclic Damage 共␮ 1,alw−1兲
with

冋 冉 兺 冊册
The use of ductility as collapse criterion is very common in the
seismic design, although it is acceptable only when the crisis is n−1 −1
due to a limit of displacement. For this reason it seems useful to pdam,P&A = 1 + ␤ + ␤ ␮ⴱi ⬍1
extend this concept to the cases in which the cyclic damage has i=1
a significant influence on the structural collapse, introducing the
The introduction of the damage factor pdam,P&A allows to
definition of equivalent ductility already proposed by Fajfar
consider the damage concept in the seismic performance assess-
共1992兲. Hence, it is fundamental to define effective criteria of
ment in an easy manner. In fact, in terms of allowable element
collapse for cyclic actions in the development of a consistent
characteristics, if the element shows an allowable ductility ␮1,alw
seismic evaluation approach. In particular, it is necessary to intro-
under monotonic action, it is possible to define, by means of
duce appropriate damage indices that, in their normalized form,
pdam,P&A, a reduced equivalent ductility ␮dam,P&A that the structure
assume the value 0 in the absence of plastic damage and the value
can supply under a cyclic displacement history
1 at the collapse 共Cosenza et al. 1993兲.
Apart from the already mentioned index of 共cinematic or cy-
␮dam,P&A = 1 + 共DP&A · ␮1,alw − 1兲 · pdam,P&A 共13兲
clic兲 ductility, the most used damage indices are the Park and Ang
damage index 共Park and Ang 1985; Park et al. 1987兲, the index of Therefore, for example, the common strength based seismic
hysteretic energy, and low-cycle fatigue index. In the following, evaluation can be performed considering a reduced allowable
those damage indexes will be introduced and relative damage ductility capacity.
factor pdam for reduction of available ductility will be found. Elas- Introducing the number of plastic cycles n and their average
toplastic behavior is assumed; therefore, the formulation proposed value m 共defined as the mean value of the amplitudes of the
is applicable only to systems that show negligible or low strain n − 1 cycles smaller than the plastic cycle of maximum amplitude,
hardening in the nonlinear field. The influence of system’s strain scaled to ⌬xmax兲

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J. Eng. Mech. 2009.135:1081-1088.

 n−1
␮E,1alw − 1 = ␮1alw − 1 = ⌬x1alw/xy
m = 共n − 1兲−1 · 兺 ␮ⴱi 共14兲

冉 冊 冉 冋 册冊
i=1 n n−1

it can be shown that apart from the Park and Ang parameter ␤, the ␮E − 1 = F y 兺
i=1
⌬xi · 共Fyxy兲−1 = ⌬xmax 1 + 兺
i=1
␮ⴱi · x−1
y
equivalence factor pdam,P&A depends on the cyclic characteristics
of the ground motion and a simplified expression for its formula- = 共⌬xmax关1 + 共n − 1兲 · m兴兲 · x−1
y 共25兲
tion can be found. In fact, from Eqs. 共12兲–共14兲, it follows:
It follows:
pdam,P&A = 共1 + ␤关1 + 共n − 1兲m兴兲−1 共15兲
DE = 共␮E − 1兲/共␮E,1alw − 1兲 = 共⌬xmax关1 + 共n − 1兲 · m兴兲 · ⌬x1alw
−1
and therefore the assessment of pdam,P&A is related to the evalua-
tion of n and m. 共26兲
To obtain a reliable assessment of n and m, an extensive sta-
tistical study has been conducted both in the far field 共f f兲 and in ⌬xmax = ⌬x1alw · 关1 + 共n − 1兲 · m兴−1 · DE = ⌬x1alw · pdam,E · DE
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the near fault 共nf兲 共Manfredi 2001; Manfredi et al. 2003兲. Results 共27兲
allowed numerically determining n and m; for equivalent damp-
ing ␰ = 5% the expressions are As Eq. 共27兲 shows, the introduction of the energy damage index
leads to an expression of the damage equivalence factor equal to
nnf = 1 + 1.25 · ␶−2/3 · 共R␮ − 1兲1/2 · I4/5
d 共16兲
pdam,E = 关1 + 共n − 1兲m兴−1 共28兲
mnf = 0.19 · ␶ 1/6
· 共R␮ − 1兲 −1/10
· I1/5
d 共17兲 By substituting Eqs. 共18兲 and 共19兲 or Eqs. 共16兲 and 共17兲 in
Eq. 共28兲 共␶−0.05 ⬵ 1兲 an expression of pdam,E in the function of ␮
nff = 1 + 1.05 · ␶−2/3 · 共R␮ − 1兲4/5 · I4/5
d 共18兲 and ID, both for the far field and near fault conditions, is derived
pdam,E,ff = 关1 + 0.23 · ID共␮ − 1兲0.5兴−1 共29兲
mff = 0.17 · ␶1/6 · 共R␮ − 1兲−1/5 · I1/5
d 共19兲
where Id = dimensionless index defined as pdam,E,nf = 关1 + 0.28␶−0.2ID共␮ − 1兲0.32兴−1 共30兲

冕
tE
By equating Eqs. 共15兲 and 共28兲, it is possible to obtain the value
Id = a2共t兲dt · 共PGA · PGV兲−1 共20兲 of coefficient ␤ of Park and Ang damage index that provides the
0
same result of energy method
共PGA= peak ground acceleration; PGV= peak ground velocity;
a共t兲 = ground acceleration time history兲. 共n − 1兲m 0.23ID共␮ − 1兲0.5 − 1
␤= = 共31兲
The mean and standard errors of the estimate 共versus the 1 + 共n − 1兲m 0.23ID共␮ − 1兲0.5
mean兲 obtained with Eqs. 共16兲 and 共17兲 are 0.46 and 0.53 for
Varying ID between 7 and 20, ␤ varies 共for ␮ = 4兲 between 0.73
n, and 0.36 and 0.50 for m, respectively. The same values for
and 0.88, confirming the values suggested in Cosenza et al.
Eqs. 共18兲 and 共19兲 are 0.11 and 0.46 for n, and 0.15 and 0.47
共1993兲. In terms of allowable structural characteristics, the re-
for m, respectively. The errors are slightly greater in the near
duced equivalent ductility ␮dam,E for an elastic perfectly plastic
fault, probably due to the major complexity of the phenomenon
system is
near the source and to the difficulty describing it.
By introducing Eqs. 共16兲–共19兲 in Eq. 共15兲 it is possible to ␮dam,E = 1 + 共␮1,alw − 1兲 · pdam,E · DE 共32兲
obtain the following relation for pdam,P&A, for far field and near
fault regions, respectively 共␶−0.05 ⬵ 1兲:
Low-Cycle Fatigue Approach
pdam,P&A,ff = 共1 + ␤ · 关1 + 0.23 · Id共␮ − 1兲0.5兴兲−1 共21兲
The analytical expression of the low-cycle fatigue index DF is
pdam,P&A,nf = 共1 + ␤ · 关1 + 0.28␶−0.2Id共␮ − 1兲0.32兴兲−1 共22兲
冉 冊 兺冉 冊
n n
␮i − 1 b
⌬xi b
DF = 兺
i=1 ␮1,alw − 1
=
i=1 ⌬x1,alw
共33兲
Energy Approach
where b = damage parameter. The case DF = 0 represents the ab-
In general terms the energy criterion for damage evaluation sence of damage and the case DF = 1 the collapse under cyclic
requires actions.
EH ⬍ EH,1,alw The value assumed by this damage index is defined through
the only constant b, depending on the structural material and ty-
where EH = hysteretic energy, and EH,1,alw = maximum hysteretic pology, and on the amount of the different plastic displacements,
energy that can be dissipated in a single cycle test. independently from the exact order. Typical values of b, obtained
Introducing the hysteretic ductility ␮E by experimental data for steel structures 共Krawinkler and Zohrei
␮E = 1 + EH/共Fyxy兲 共23兲 1983兲 and RC structures 共Stephens and Yao 1987兲, are 1.5 to 2.0
and 1.8, respectively; in the damage analysis, sometimes the con-
energy damage index may be expressed as servative value 1.5 is assumed. For b = 1 the index gives the same
weight to each plastic displacement, independently from its
DE = 共␮E − 1兲/共␮E,1alw − 1兲 共24兲
amount; hence, DF coincides with the energy based index DE for
In the case of elastoplastic behavior and recalling the definition of the EPP model. For high values of b 共greater than 5兲 the low-
average amplitude of plastic cycles 关Eq. 共14兲兴 cycle fatigue index provides results similar to the ductility index.

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J. Eng. Mech. 2009.135:1081-1088.

 In this case too, considering the effect of the low-cycle fatigue, 1
it is possible to use just a fraction pdam,F ⬍ 1 of the ultimate plastic Elastic spectrum
a)
excursion ⌬x1,alw 0.8

冉 冊
n−1 −1/b DP&A=1
0.6
⌬xmax = pdam,F · ⌬x1,alw · D1/b with pdam,F = 1 + 兺 ␮ⴱb

Sa (g)
F i
i=1 μ1,alw=2
0.4
共34兲
0.2 μ1,alw=4
where, again, ␮ⴱi = ⌬xi / ⌬xmax.
In terms of allowable structural characteristics, the reduced μ1,alw=6
0
equivalent ductility ␮dam,F in presence of low-cycle fatigue is Sd (cm)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

␮dam,F = 1 + 共␮1,alw − 1兲 · pdam,F · D1/b 共35兲

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F
1
As previously shown for pdam,P&A, it is possible to express pdam,F Elastic spectrum
b)
in a simpler manner if the statistical characterization of plastic 0.8
DP&A=0.5
displacements is known. More in detail, the optimal distribution DP&A=0.2 μ1,alw=4
of the random variable 共␮ⴱi 兲b = 共⌬xi / ⌬xmax兲b, with ␮ⴱi 苸 关0 , 1兴, has 0.6
to be defined.

Sa (g)
In Cosenza and Manfredi 共1997兲 it is shown that the following 0.4
simplified expression may be used:
0.2
pdam,F = 关1 + 共n − 1兲mb兴−1/b 共36兲 DP&A=1.0

where mb, that represents the mean of the function of random 0 Sd (cm)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
variable y = xbi truncated to 1, may be evaluated with approximate
formulation Fig. 2. Capacity spectra for Eurocode 8—Class B subsoil 共ag
= 0.35 g兲 including Park and Ang damage effect 共␤ = 0.15兲 and as-
mb = e −0.45共b−1兲
·m 共37兲
suming high cyclic content 共ID = 35兲 共a兲 at the collapse 共DP&A = 1兲; 共b兲
In cases characterized by n → 1, m → 0, or still b → ⬁, a value of for different performance levels 共␮1,alw = 4兲
pdam,F = 1 is obtained by Eq. 共35兲, therefore the criteria of the
plastic fatigue and of the ductility are coincident.
By introducing Eqs. 共37兲, 共18兲, and 共19兲 or Eqs. 共37兲, 共16兲, and Rdam,P&A = 1 + 1.5 · ␶3/4 · 共␮dam,P&A − 1兲4/5 共40兲
共17兲 in Eq. 共36兲 the following expression for pdam,F is obtained
In this way the strength spectra can be obtained at the collapse
both for the far field and the near fault conditions:
introducing in Eq. 共13兲 a value of the damage index equal to 1
pdam,F,ff = 关1 + 0.23 · ID共␮ − 1兲0.5e−0.45共b−1兲兴−1/b 共38兲 and at different performance levels assuming the value of the
damage index is lower than 1, that assure limitations of the struc-
tural and nonstructural damage
pdam,F,nf = 关1 + 0.28␶−0.2ID共␮ − 1兲0.32e−0.45共b−1兲兴−1/b 共39兲
Sa,P&A = Sa,e/Rdam,P&A 共41兲
where Sa,P&A and Sa,e = reduced inelastic and the elastic strength
Capacity Spectra Including Damage Criteria spectra, respectively.
Similarly, inelastic displacement spectrum Sd,P&A is evaluated
Considering one of the damage criteria introduced it is possible to as
suitably modify elastic spectral ordinates to account for inelastic
Sd,P&A = 共␮dam,P&A/Rdam,P&A兲 · Sd,e = RD,P&A · Sd,e
structural behavior and to obtain a reliable evaluation of the in-
elastic force or displacement in relation with the expected ground where the elastic displacement spectrum Sd,e is modified by the
motions. Using the definition of equivalent allowable ductility factor RD,P&A accounting for cyclic damage.
␮dam and the related reduction factor Rdam for the different dam- Capacity spectra 共Sd,P&A , Sa,P&A兲 are easily obtained with
age criteria 关Eqs. 共13兲, 共32兲, and 共35兲兴, the effect of the damage the simultaneous reduction of elastic displacement and strength
can be included into the inelastic strength or displacement spec- spectra.
tra, or equivalently, in the corresponding capacity spectrum. As an example, the capacity spectra for Eurocode 8—Class B
In the following, the construction of damage spectra based on subsoil 共ag = 0.35 g兲 at the collapse limit state 共DP&A = 1兲 and
the Park and Ang index in the far field condition is described as for allowable ductilities ␮1,alw ranging from 2 to 6 are shown in
example, other methods being analogous. Fig. 2共a兲; Fig. 2共b兲 shows capacity spectra for ␮1,alw = 4 and for
The damage factor pdam,P&A can be evaluated by Eq. 共21兲 for different performance objectives 共DP&A = 0.2 and 0.5兲. Parameter
the far field case, introducing the structural damageability by Id, that represents the cyclic content of an earthquake, is assumed
means of ␤ and the earthquake cyclic effect by means of the to be Id = 35 共high cyclic content; Id for 1985 Chile earthquake,
index ID. Llolleo, was 35.8兲. By comparing reduced capacity spectra at
By introducing into Eq. 共6兲 the values of the allowable equiva- the collapse and for intermediate limit states for ductility criterion
lent ductility ␮dam,P&A reduced by the effect of the cyclic damage 关Figs. 1共a and b兲兴 with those obtained with P&A criterion
关Eq. 共13兲兴, the expression of the damage reduction factor Rdam,P&A 关Figs. 2共a and b兲兴 it can be easily noticed that the latter allows a
becomes lower spectral reduction because it accounts for cumulative dam-

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J. Eng. Mech. 2009.135:1081-1088.

 1 1
Elastic spectrum Elastic spectrum
a) a)
0.8 0.8
μ1,alw=2
DP&A=1 DF=1
0.6 0.6
Sa (g) μ1,alw=2

Sa (g)
0.4 0.4 μ1,alw=4
μ1,alw=4
0.2 0.2 μ1,alw=6

μ1,alw=6
0 Sd (cm) 0 Sd (cm)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
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1 1
Elastic spectrum Elastic spectrum
b) b)
0.8 0.8
DP&A=0.2 μ1,alw=4 DF=0.2 μ1,alw=4
0.6 DP&A=0.5 0.6
Sa (g)

Sa (g)
0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2 DF=0.5

DP&A=1.0
DF=1.0
0 Sd (cm) 0
Sd (cm)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Fig. 3. Capacity spectra for Eurocode 8—Class B subsoil 共ag Fig. 4. Capacity spectra for Eurocode 8—Class B subsoil 共ag
= 0.35 g兲 including Park and Ang damage effect 共␤ = 0.15兲 and as- = 0.35 g兲 including low-cycle fatigue damage effect 共b = 1.8兲 and as-
suming medium cyclic content 共ID = 5兲 共a兲 at the collapse 共DP&A suming high cyclic content 共ID = 35兲 共a兲 at the collapse 共DF = 1兲; 共b兲
= 1兲; 共b兲 for different performance levels 共␮1,alw = 4兲 for different performance levels 共␮1,alw = 4兲

age that is neglected by the ductility criterion; the P&A criterion found to be approximately 1.3 in medium and high period ranges
is more reliable for structures that may be affected by low-cycle for the Chile 1985 earthquake, and this value was assumed as the
fatigue phenomenon. representative of high cyclic content兲. As it can be seen, the pro-
However, when the cyclic content of an earthquake is negli- posed method gives results that are comparable with other exist-
gible, it becomes less important to consider explicitly its influence ing approaches.
on damage spectra; as it can be seen in Figs. 3共a and b兲, where the To test the effectiveness of the method, a number of SDOF
same representation of Figs. 2共a and b兲 is shown, but considering systems were designed for collapse and intermediate performance
the low cyclic content 共Id = 5兲 that may be representative of an levels 共DP&A = 1 and 0.5兲 according to the proposed formula-
impulsive type earthquake. tion for Park and Ang index and with reference to selected earth-
Figs. 4共a and b兲 show the capacity spectra obtained with the quake spectra. In particular, two far field earthquakes with high
low-cycle fatigue index 共Id = 35 and b = 1.8兲 for the same elastic and medium-high cyclic content were chosen 关共a兲 Chile 1985,
input spectrum as for Figs. 1共a and b兲, 2共a and b兲, and 3共a and b兲. Llolleo—LLN record with Id = 35.8 and 共b兲 Kobe 1985,
Figs. 5共a and b兲 compare the two criteria at the collapse 共dam- Okayamon—OKA record with Id = 19.9兲 and a near fault one
age indices equal to 1兲 and for intermediate and service limit 关共c兲 Kobe 1985, University record—KBU with Id = 4.85兴, see
states 共damage indices equal to 0.5 and 0.2兲 with ␮1,alw = 4; high Fig. 6共d兲. The Park and Ang damage effectively occurring in the
cyclic content 共Id = 35兲 is considered and for the case of DP&A
= 0.2 a lower bound of ␮dam,P&A = 1 is assumed. It can be noted
that generally low-cycle fatigue criterion is more conservative at 1 1
collapse; however, for noncollapse limit states 共DF ⬍ 1兲 the low- a) b)

0.8 μ=2 DF=1 0.8 Di=0.2 μ1,alw=4

cycle fatigue criterion is less conservative with respect to Park μ=4 DP&A=1 Di=0.5 D
F
and Ang because it gives lower weight to the smaller cycles with 0.6 μ=6 DP&A,Faj=1 0.6 Di=1.0 DP&A
Sa (g)

Sa (g)

respect to the larger ones.

0.4 0.4
In Fig. 5共a兲 the comparison of the proposed approach with
other existing proposals is also shown. In particular the equivalent 0.2 0.2

ductility for the Park and Ang approach was determined as sug- 0 0
gested by Fajfar 共1992兲; the medium to high periods range, where
Sd (cm) Sd (cm)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

equal displacement hypothesis apply, is considered. In Fajfar

共1992兲 the reduction of ductility due to low-cycle fatigue in the Fig. 5. Comparison of capacity spectra for low-cycle fatigue 共b
Park and Ang model is explicitly controlled by the parameter ␤ of = 1.8兲 and Park and Ang 共␤ = 0.15兲 criteria for Eurocode 8—Class B
the P&A damage index and by a factor ␥ that mainly depends on subsoil 共ag = 0.35 g兲 and assuming high cyclic content 共ID = 35兲 共a兲 at
hysteretic energy demand. In particular, high cyclic content earth- the collapse 共DF = 1, DP&A = 1, and DP&A,Faj = 1兲; 共b兲 for different per-
quakes are characterized by higher ␥ values and vice versa 共␥ was formance levels 共␮1,alw = 4兲

1086 / JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS © ASCE / OCTOBER 2009

J. Eng. Mech. 2009.135:1081-1088.

 3 3
(a) μ1,alw=4 (c) μ1,alw=4
2.5 2.5
design for DP&A=1

DP&A
DP&A
design for DP&A=1
design for DP&A=0.5
design for DP&A=0.5
2 2

1.5 1.5
CoV=0.33
CoV=0.40
1 1

0.5 0.5
CoV=0.33
CoV=0.19
0 0
T (s) T (s)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
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3 3
(b) μ1,alw=4 (d) μ1,alw=4
(c) Kobe-KBU
2.5 design for DP&A=1 2.5

Sa(g)
(b) Kobe-OKA
DP&A

design for DP&A=0.5 (a) Chile-LLN

2 2

1.5 1.5
CoV=0.43

1 1

0.5 0.5
CoV=0.45

0 0
T (s) T (s)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

Fig. 6. Damage spectra for SDOF systems designed according to the proposed method with design DP&A = 1 and design DP&A = 0.5 and for
monotonic ductility ␮1,alw = 4. 共a兲 Damage spectra for Chile 1985 earthquake, LLN record; 共b兲 damage spectra for Kobe 1995 earthquake, OKA
record; 共c兲 damage spectra for Kobe 1995 earthquake, KBU record; and 共d兲 pseudoacceleration elastic spectra for the three considered earth-
quakes. Dashed and dashed-dotted heavy lines in 共a兲–共c兲 represent design damage index 共0.5 and 1兲, whether thin lines represent the mean value
of damage index evaluated with nonlinear time-history analysis for the SDOF systems designed; relative CoV is also shown.

systems was then determined with nonlinear time-history integra- of the cumulative damage on the structural response is considered
tion of the elastoplastic oscillators. Figs. 6共a–c兲 show the DP&A by explicitly including the Park and Ang, the energy, and the
damage spectra for the three considered earthquakes and the two plastic fatigue damage indexes into the formulation of corre-
levels of seismic design. The resulting damage indices have mean sponding damage factors pdam,P&A, pdam,E, and pdam,F; these factors
values of 0.93, 1.2, and 1.02 and coefficient of variation 共CoV兲 are used to reduce elastic spectra to damage controlled inelastic
0.40, 0.43, and 0.33 for 共a兲, 共b兲, and 共c兲 cases, respectively, in the design spectra. The expression of the proposed damage factors are
case of the design based on DP&A = 1. For intermediate perfor- supported by a consistent theoretical background; moreover, sim-
mance level 共design for DP&A = 0.5兲 the damage indices have
plified “design” expression of pdam factors are proposed both for
mean values of 0.45, 0.61, and 0.55 and CoV 0.19, 0.45, and 0.33
far field and near fault conditions 关Eqs. 共21兲, 共22兲, 共29兲, 共30兲, 共38兲,
for 共a兲, 共b兲, and 共c兲 cases, respectively. It is possible to observe
and 共39兲兴 that are derived by extensive statistical analysis and, as
that the proposed simplified method provides average results
comparable to an explicit nonlinear analysis without the compu- it is shown, are correctly dependent on the influence of the dam-
tational effort. age on the structure. In fact, the three pdam factors depend on the
In relation to the scattering of the proposed formulation of cyclic work required by the ground motion by means of the ID
damage indices, note that, analogous to the methods for the de- factor; the availability of attenuation laws of the duration factor ID
termination of constant ductility spectra implemented in recent 共Iervolino et al. 2008兲 combined to the PGA allows an easy ap-
international codes, e.g., Eurocode 8 关Comitée Européen de Nor- plication of the proposed methods to the structural assessment and
malisation 共CEN兲 2003兴, the SDOF systems are designed consid- design.
ering the mean value of the damage based reduction factor. The common seismic design methods, then, can be easily
Nevertheless, in the framework of classical approaches of the modified through the damage factor pdam, as described in the
structural safety, other representative fractiles of this variable following:
could be introduced in design to increase the accepted safety of • By using a strength based method, damage inelastic strength
structures. spectra can be obtained considering a reduced allowable duc-
tility accounting for the damage.
Conclusions • By using a displacement-based method, the displacement ca-
pacity of a system may be reduced to account for reduced
In this paper, a unified method able to introduce the damage effect available ductility due to the low-cycle fatigue.
in the seismic response of SDOF systems is presented. The effect • By using capacity spectrum method the capacity of a SDOF

JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS © ASCE / OCTOBER 2009 / 1087

J. Eng. Mech. 2009.135:1081-1088.

 system may be directly compared to the demand correspond- ferent procedures.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 22, 855–868.
ing to different performance levels. Fajfar, P. 共1992兲. “Equivalent ductility factors taking into account low-
The proposed unified approach allows an easy extension of the cycle fatigue.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 21, 837–848.
equivalent elastic seismic design to the large class of the struc- Fédération international du béton 共fib兲. 共2003a兲. “Seismic assessment and
tures influenced by cumulative damage. Further studies are retrofit of reinforced concrete buildings.” State-of-Art Report.
Fédération international du béton 共fib兲. 共2003b兲. “Displacement based
needed to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method for
seismic design of reinforced concrete buildings.” State-of-Art Report.
hardening and/or degrading SDOF systems. Hancock, J., and Bommer, J. J. 共2005兲. “The effective number of cycles
of earthquake ground motion.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 34,
637–664.
Acknowledgments Iervolino, I., Giorgio, M., Galasso, C., and Manfredi, G. 共2008兲. “Predic-
tion relationships for a vector-valued ground motion intensity measure
The writers thank very much the reviewers who contributed accounting for cumulative damage potential.” Proc., 4th WCEE—14th
greatly, with their comments and recommendations, to improve World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Mira Digital Publishing.
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by Univ Studi Di Pavia-Bibl. on 09/01/15. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.

the overall quality of the work. Iervolino, I., Manfredi, G., and Cosenza, E. 共2006兲. “Ground motion du-
ration effects on nonlinear seismic response.” Earthquake Eng. Struct.
Dynam., 35, 21–38.
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