Module6/Lesson3
Module 6: Two Dimensional Problems in Polar
Coordinate System
6.3.1 BARS WITH LARGE INITIAL CURVATURE
There are practical cases of bars, such as hooks, links and rings, etc. which have large initial
curvature. In such a case, the dimensions of the cross-section are not very small in
comparison with either the radius of curvature or with the length of the bar. The treatment
that follows is based on the theory due to Winkler and Bach.
6.3.2 WINKLER’S – BACH THEORY
Assumptions
1. Transverse sections which are plane before bending remain plane even after bending.
2. Longitudinal fibres of the bar, parallel to the central axis exert no pressure on each other.
3. All cross-sections possess a vertical axis of symmetry lying in the plane of the centroidal
axis passing through C (Figure 6.11)
4. The beam is subjected to end couples M. The bending moment vector is normal
throughout the plane of symmetry of the beam.
Winkler-Bach Formula to Determine Bending Stress or Normal Stress (Also known as
Circumferential Stress)
(b)
(a)
Figure 6.11 Beam with large initial curvature
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju
Module6/Lesson3
Consider a curved beam of constant cross-section, subjected to pure bending produced by
couples M applied at the ends. On the basis of plane sections remaining plane, we can state
that the total deformation of a beam fiber obeys a linear law, as the beam element rotates
through small angle Ddq. But the tangential strain eq does not follow a linear relationship.
The deformation of an arbitrary fiber, gh = ec Rdq + yDdq
where ec denotes the strain of the centroidal fiber
But the original length of the fiber gh = (R + y) dq
[e c Rdq + yDdq ]
Therefore, the tangential strain in the fiber gh = eq =
( R + y )dq
Using Hooke’s Law, the tangential stress acting on area dA is given by
e c R + y (Ddq / dq )
sq = E (6.61)
(R + y )
Ddq
Let angular strain =l
dq
Hence, Equation (6.61) becomes
e c R + yl
sq = E (6.62)
(R + y )
Adding and subtracting ecy in the numerator of Equation (6.62), we get,
e c R + yl + e c y - e c y
sq = E
(R + y )
Simplifying, we get
é y ù
sq = êe c + ( l - e c ) E
(R + y )úû
(6.63a)
ë
The beam section must satisfy the conditions of static equilibrium,
Fz = 0 and Mx = 0, respectively:
ò
\ s q dA = 0 and ò s q ydA = M (6.63b)
Substituting the above boundary conditions (6.63b) in (6.63a), we get
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju
Module6/Lesson3
é y ù
0= ò êëe c + (l - e c )
(R + y )úû
dA
y
or ò e dA = -(l - e )ò (R + y ) dA
c c
y
ò
or e c dA = -(l - e c ) ò (R + y ) dA (6.63c)
Also,
é y2 ù
M = êe c ò ydA + ( l - e c ) ò dAú E (6.63d)
ë (R + y ) û
Here ò dA = A , and since y is measured from the centroidal axis, ò ydA = 0.
y
Let ò (R + y ) dA = -mA
1 y
Or m = - ò
A (R + y )
dA
y2 æ Ry ö
Therefore, ò (R + y ) dA = ò ççè y - (R + y ) ÷÷ødA
Ry
= ò ydA - ò (R + y ) dA
= 0 – R [-mA]
y2
\ ò (R + y ) dA = mRA
Substituting the above values in (6.63c) and (6.63d), we get,
e c = ( l - e c) m
and M = E (l-ec) mAR
From the above, we get
M 1 æM M ö
ec = and l = ç + ÷ (6.63e)
AER AE è R mR ø
Substitution of the values of Equation (6.63e) into Equation (6.63a) gives an expression for
the tangential stress in a curved beam subject to pure bending.
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju
Module6/Lesson3
M é y ù
Therefore, sq = 1+
AR ë m( R + y ) úû
ê (6.64)
The above expression for sq is generally known as the "Winkler-Bach formula". The
distribution of stress sq is given by the hyperbolic (and not linear as in the case of straight
beams) as shown in the Figure 6.11 (b).
In the above expression, the quantity m is a pure number, and is the property of each
particular shape of the cross-section. Table 6.1 gives the formula for m for various shapes of
the cross-section.
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju
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Table 6.1. Value m for various shapes of cross-section
Cross-section Formula for ‘m’
2 2
m = - 1 + 2 æ ö - 2 æRö æRö - 1
C C R
è Cø èCø è Cø
R R
2R é
2 ù
C1 m=-1+ 2 2 2
C - C1 ë R - C1 - R - C û
2 2
C
R
C
b1 m = -1 + R/Ah {[b1h + (R + C1)(b - b1)]
R + C1 ö
C1 1n æ - (b - b1)h}
h èR-Cø
C
R For Rectangular Section: C = C1; b = b1
b
For Triangular Section: b1 = 0
D t t
2 2
m = -1 + R [t.1n (R + C1) + (b - t).1n
C2 C1 h A
C (R - C2) - b.1n (R - C)]
t
R b
E b1
t
t C3 C1 m = -1 + R[b1.1n (R + C1) + (t - b1).1n
A
t C2 C (R + C3) + (b - t).1n (R - C2) - b.1n (R - C)]
R b
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju
Module6/Lesson3
Sign Convention
The following sign convention will be followed:
1. A bending moment M will be taken as positive when it is directed towards the concave
side of the beam (or it decreases the radius of curvature), and negative if it increases the
radius of curvature.
2. 'y' is positive when measured towards the convex side of the beam, and negative when
measured towards the concave side (or towards the centre of curvature).
3. With the above sign convention, if sq is positive, it denotes tensile stress while negative
sign means compressive stress.
The distance between the centroidal axis (y = 0) and the neutral axis is found by setting the
tangential stress to zero in Equation (5.15)
M é y ù
\ 0= 1+
AR ë m( R + y ) úû
ê
yn
or 1 = -
m( R - y n )
where yn denotes the distance between axes as indicated in Figure 5.2. From the above,
mR
yn = -
(m + 1)
This expression is valid for pure bending only.
However, when the beam is acted upon by a normal load P acting through the centriod of
cross-sectional area A, the tangential stress given by Equation (5.15) is added to the stress
produced by this normal load P. Therefore, for this simple case of superposition, we have
P M é y ù
sq = + 1+
A AR ë m( R + y ) úû
ê (6.65)
As before, a negative sign is associated with a compressive load P.
6.3.3 STRESSES IN CLOSED RINGS
Crane hook, split rings are the curved beams that are unstrained at one end or both ends. For
such beams, the bending moment at any section can be calculated by applying the equations
of statics directly. But for the beams having restrained or fixed ends such as a close ring,
equations of equilibrium are not sufficient to obtain the solution, as these beams are statically
indeterminate. In such beams, elastic behaviour of the beam is considered and an additional
condition by considering the deformation of the member under given load is developed as in
the case of statically indeterminate straight beam.
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju
Module6/Lesson3
Now, consider a closed ring shown in figure 6.12 (a), which is subjected to a concentrated
load P along a vertical diametrical plane.
(a) (b)
(d)
(c)
Figure 6.12 Closed ring subjected to loads
The distribution of stress in upper half of the ring will be same as that in the lower half due
to the symmetry of the ring. Also, the stress distribution in any one quadrant will be same as
in another. However, for the purposes of analysis, let us consider a quadrant of the circular
ring as shown in the Figure 6.12 (c), which may be considered to be fixed at the section BB
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju
Module6/Lesson3
P
and at section AA subjected to an axial load and bending moment M A . Here the
2
magnitude and the sign of the moment M A are unknown.
Now, taking the moments of the forces that lie to the one side of the section, then we get,
M mn = - M A +
P
(R - x )
2
But from Figure, x = R cos q
\ M mn = - M A + (R - R cos q )
P
2
\ M mn = - M A +
PR
(1 - cosq ) (a)
2
The moment M mn at the section MN cannot be determined unless the magnitude of M A is
P
known. Resolving into normal and tangential components, we get
2
1
Normal Component, producing uniform tensile stress = N = P cos q
2
1
Tangential component, producing shearing stress = T = P sin q
2
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju
Module6/Lesson3
Determination of MA
Figure 6.13 Section PQMN
Consider the elastic behavior of the two normal sections MN and PQ, a differential distance
apart. Let the initial angle dq between the planes of these two sections change by an
amount Ddq when loads are applied.
Ddq
Therefore, the angular strain = w =
dq
i.e., Ddq = w dq .
Therefore, if we are interested in finding the total change in angle between the sections, that
q1
makes an angle q 1 and q 2 with the section AA, the expression òq w dq will give that angle.
2
But in the case of a ring, sections AA and BB remain at right angles to each other before and
after loading. Thus, the change in the angle between these planes is equal to zero. Hence
ò w dq = 0
2
(b)
o
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju
Module6/Lesson3
d2y M
In straight beams the rate of change of slope of the elastic curve is given by = .
dx 2 EI
Ddq
Whereas in initially curved beam, the rate of change of slope of the elastic curve is ,
Rdq
which is the angle change per unit of arc length.
Ddq w M M mn
Now, = = = for curved beams
Rdq R EI EI
R M mn
Or w =
EI
Substituting the above in equation (b), we get
p
R. M mn
òo
2
EI
dq = 0
since R, E and I are constants,
p
\ ò 2 M mn dq = 0
o
From Equation (a), substituting the value of M mn , we obtain
p p p
1 1
-ò 2 M A dq + PR ò 2 dq - PR ò 2 cosq dq = 0
0 2 0 2 0
Integrating, we get
p p p
- M A [q ] + PR[q ]02 - PR[sin q ]02 = 0
1 2
1
0
2 2
æp ö 1 æp ö 1 æ pö
- M A ç ÷ + PR ç ÷ - PRç sin ÷ = 0
è2ø 2 è2ø 2 è 2ø
PR æ 2ö
Thus M A = ç1 - ÷
2 è pø
Therefore, knowing M A , the moment at any section such as MN can be computed and then
the normal stress can be calculated by curved beam formula at any desired section.
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju
