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Editors
Lusilda Schutte Tharina Guse
Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Department of Psychology
Research, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Pretoria
North-West University Pretoria, South Africa
Potchefstroom, South Africa
Marié P. Wissing
Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health
Research
North-West University
Potchefstroom, South Africa
ISSN 2210-5417 ISSN 2210-5425 (electronic)
Cross-Cultural Advancements in Positive Psychology
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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85924-4
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Preface
When starting with this book project, we asked ourselves what the significance,
contribution, and legacy of the volume should be. A possible response could link to
the volume’s theme: “Embracing Well-being in Diverse Contexts”. The Cambridge
English Dictionary (2021) defines embracing as “accepting something with great
interest or enthusiasm”; diverse as “including many different types of people or
things”; and context as “the situation within which something exists or happens, and
that can help explain it”. Well-being can be considered to relate to the feeling good
and functioning well of individuals, groups, communities, and societies (e.g. Keyes,
2007; Keyes & Annas, 2009; Marujo & Neto, 2014). Adding this together, embrac-
ing well-being in diverse contexts may thus refer to understanding and promoting,
with enthusiasm and great interest, the well-functioning of individuals, groups,
communities, and societies, where the differences and variety of cultures and
circumstances in which peoples’ functioning is embedded are acknowledged and
respected. In this case, the focus is specifically on work done in Africa.
Internationally, much of the work on well-being in the field of positive psychol-
ogy has been done using samples from Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich, and
Democratic (WEIRD) countries (Henrich, Heine, & Norenzayan, 2010), especially
in the early years of the field’s development (Rao & Donaldson, 2015; Hendriks
et al., 2019). Echoing this, Møller and Roberts (2017) observed that first studies on
well-being in sub-Saharan Africa were done by non-Africans who uncritically
applied their viewpoints and assessment instruments, developed elsewhere, to Afri-
can samples. This is not unique to well-being research and practice, as much of
psychology is built on research conducted in WEIRD countries (Henrich et al.,
2010). In reaction, current debates on and discussions about the development of an
African-centred psychology in terms of research, training, and practice are very
prominent (e.g. Nobles, 2013, 2015; Nwoye, 2006, 2013, 2015; Mkhize, 2020).
Against this backdrop, the significance, contribution, and legacy of the volume rest
on two levels: (1) to present and promote context-sensitive and context-relevant
discussions and empirical research on well-being in Africa which should ultimately
v
vi Preface
impact well-being promotion locally and (2) to contribute diversity to global dis-
courses on well-being.
In an attempt to achieve this, this volume presents 17 chapters that are divided
into four sections. These will now be briefly introduced.
Part I foregrounds theoretical perspectives on well-being in Africa. In Chap. 1,
Marié Wissing, Lusilda Schutte, and Christelle Liversage provide an overview of the
development of positive psychology as a science over time and argue that a third
wave of positive psychology is emerging, which is based on the assumption of a
strong relational ontology, and that emphasises contextual embeddedness, intercon-
nectedness, and post-disciplinarity. They illustrate how these tenets echo traditional
African wisdom that accepts interconnectedness as a way of being and suggest that
one way to deepen our understanding of well-being is to harmonise Western and
African perspectives, with harmony and related facets being core to the
conceptualisation of well-being. They propose that, while positive psychology is
by name bound to the discipline of psychology, the third wave of positive psychol-
ogy signifies the emergence of a new transdisciplinary scientific field of well-being
studies, which is compared to “a butterfly leaving its cocoon”.
Angelina Wilson Fadiji, Itumeleng P. Khumalo, and Ncamisile Thumile Zulu
propose in Chap. 2 an Africa(n)-centred positive psychology. After arguing that
cross-cultural psychology is inadequate to explore well-being in context, they build
on the assumptions of critical, cultural, and African psychology to describe an
African-centred positive psychology that is critical, driven by theory, and supported
by empirical evidence and that takes social and political context into consideration.
Concluding Part I, Elias Mpofu and Elias Machina propose in Chap. 3 that
African culture followers’ social affiliation and cultural orientation (ranging from
traditionalist to transitional to modern) may effect their health norms and health
practices. They point to the need for research that investigates health norms and
practices across the different cultural orientations, and pathways to the implementa-
tion of health activities and actions within and between the orientations. In this
regard, they propose a research framework which could inform best practices and
public health policy.
Part II comprises three chapters on the measurement of well-being in African
samples. In Chap. 4, Richard Appiah, Marié P. Wissing, Angelina Wilson Fadiji, and
Lusilda Schutte investigate the factorial validity of the Twi translation of the Mental
Health Continuum – Short Form in a sample of rural Ghanaian adults, as well as the
prevalence of positive mental health in this sample. A bifactor exploratory structural
equation modelling model displayed best fit, and support was provided for use of the
total scale score but not the subscale scores. A concerning high percentage of
participants were languishing or reported moderate levels of positive mental health,
indicating the need for context-relevant and appropriate interventions.
Sahaya G. Selvam, Joyce Wanjiru Kiige, and Jeketule Soko argue in Chap. 5 that
hospitality is a neglected character strength, which is particularly salient in Africa. In
three studies, they investigate Kenyan participants’ experiences and perceptions of
hospitality, they present findings on the development and psychometric properties of
the Tangaza Hospitality Scale, and they examine the correlations between hospitality
Preface vii
and extraversion and well-being-related variables. They conclude that hospitality is
an important topic for future well-being research, also in Africa.
Recognising the importance of relationships and relatedness in the African
context, Amanda Cromhout, Lusilda Schutte, and Marié P. Wissing report on the
factor structure of the Peer and Community Relational Health Indices in English- and
Setswana-speaking South African adult samples in Chap. 6. Applying bifactor
exploratory structural equation modelling, they found (after removal of some prob-
lematic items) preliminary support for the use of total scale scores, but not all
subscale scores. They stress the necessity of taking cognisance of context and culture
when measuring relational well-being and suggest that an emic approach should be
applied in future research to develop culturally appropriate measures of relational
well-being.
In nine chapters, Part III presents findings on the manifestations and dynamics of
well-being among adolescents and emerging adults, students, and adults in Africa.
First, in Chap. 7, Linda Theron and Michael Ungar present a single case study from
South Africa to gain insights into how emerging adults who are unemployed and
have no education or training account for their resilience despite the socio-ecological
stressors they face. They find that the resilience process is informed by both personal
and ecological resources. In the case under study, personal resources and self-
reliance were foregrounded, probably in response to the ecological constrictions in
the emerging adult’s context. This highlights a pressing need for more attention to
the socio-ecological environments of emerging adults.
Charles Magoba Muwonge, Annet Kembabazi, Gladys Nakalema, Margaret
Ekatushabe, Diana Kwarikunda, Henry Kibedi, and Joseph Ssenyonga focus on
the psychological well-being of young people in Uganda living with HIV in Chap. 8.
They firstly examine the associations between psychological well-being and demo-
graphic variables in their sample, and secondly to what extent the association
between social support and psychological well-being is mediated by self-esteem.
Their findings show that strengthening the social support networks of young people
living with HIV in Uganda (and wider) can improve their self-esteem and psycho-
logical well-being.
Hajara Baba, Joana Salifu Yendork, and Samuel Atindanbila explore in Chap. 9
protective resources that married girls in the Northern region of Ghana use to buffer
against the negative impact of child marriage and that can facilitate positive out-
comes. From qualitative interview data, they find that intrinsic resources, such as
resilience attitudes, help-seeking and active coping strategies, and avoidance coping,
as well as extrinsic resources such as interpersonal support networks, were used by
participants. However, participants reported lack of access to community support
systems and non-governmental organisations. A social justice approach when work-
ing with these girls and increasing access to external support systems are provided as
recommendations.
Introducing a series of chapters focusing on student well-being, Irma Eloff,
Sumari O’Neil, and Herbert Kanengoni explore the factors that students from a
large South African residential university identify as contributing to their well-being
in Chap. 10. The learning environment (physical environment and facilities on and
viii Preface
around campus) and support structures (e.g. peers, family, lecturers and tutors, and
medical facilities on campus) emerged as main themes. Security and safety emerged
as a particularly important contextual factor from students’ responses. Findings
emphasise the responsibility that lies with higher education institutions to support
the well-being of their students.
Next, in Chap. 11, Itumeleng P. Khumalo, Werner de Klerk, and Angelina
Wilson explore the nature and role of meaning and hope in the goal setting of
participants from a university of technology in South Africa. Two latent hope-
meaning classes were identified: the majority of participants were assigned to the
high hope, high meaning class and a small proportion to the low hope, search for
meaning class. Goal themes included tertiary education, employment and career,
mobility, secure accommodation, and support for family. The first two goal themes
were driven by students’ need for a better financial future and to support their
families. Perceived obstacles to reach the goals included lack of resources, poor
self-regulation, employment problems, fear of failure, and health problems. No
distinction was detected between the content of goals and meaning for the two
hope-meaning latent classes. The authors suggest that universities should not focus
only on developing academic skills but also on providing social and material support
as far as possible.
In another study among university students, this time from Angola, Rutnilson da
Silva, Ana Maria Rocha, and Dilson Francisco investigate the relationships between
virtues and character strengths, subjective well-being, and academic achievement
(Chap. 12). Psychological well-being displayed higher levels of correlation with
character strengths than emotional and social well-being. Love of learning was the
only character strength that exhibited a significant positive correlation with academic
achievement.
The final study among university students focuses on medical students from a
Nigerian university, where Ephraim Chima Maduakor, JohnBosco Chika
Chukwuorji, Peace N. Amanambu, and Chuka Mike Ifeagwazi examine the associ-
ations between attachment and psychological well-being, and whether self-efficacy
mediated such relationships (Chap. 13). Their findings show that attachment style
was associated with psychological well-being and that self-efficacy, which was
negatively correlated with attachment avoidance, mediated the negative association
between attachment avoidance and psychological well-being. The authors conclude
that interventions are needed to promote students’ self-efficacy.
In Chap. 14, Lusilda Schutte, Marié P. Wissing, Angelina Wilson Fadiji, Sonia
Mbowa, Placidia Shoko, and Willem D. Schutte explore harmony as a quality of
happiness in adult samples from South Africa and Ghana. Echoing African and other
philosophical traditions, results revealed that harmony as a quality of happiness was
experienced within and across levels of functioning (intrapersonal, interpersonal,
transcendental, universal) and expressed as an intricate sense of wholeness, inter-
connectedness, and synergy. The authors conclude that harmony as a quality of
happiness should be understood and promoted using context-sensitive, holistic,
interdisciplinary approaches.
Preface ix
In the final chapter of Part III, Chap. 15, Christelle Liversage, Marié Wissing, and
Lusilda Schutte evaluate the self-concordance model with reference to the wider
interpersonal relationship life domain in a multicultural South African adult sample.
Specifically, they investigate whether alignment between people’s goals and mean-
ing with reference to wider interpersonal relationships is associated with higher well-
being levels. The self-concordance model was not supported in this study, pointing
to the need for further exploration of the self-concordance model with reference to
wider interpersonal relationships.
The last section of this volume, Part IV, considers well-being promotion inter-
ventions in Africa in two chapters. In Chap. 16, Tharina Guse presents a scoping
review of positive psychological interventions in African contexts. While she finds
that the most studies were done on a group level among South African adults,
intervention evaluation studies also started emerging in other African countries.
Most previous studies employed quantitative research designs. She highlights a
gap in intervention research on children, adolescents, older adults, and clinical
populations and recommends that future research should focus on adapting positive
psychological interventions to fit the cultural context where it will be applied.
Finally, Izanette van Schalkwyk provides an overview of experiences and out-
comes of a multidisciplinary well-being promotion programme in Chap. 17, based
on positive psychology, which has been implemented in a high-risk South African
community over the course of ten years. While the adverse effects of poverty and
other structural problems remain apparent, the need for context-relevant well-being
promotion activities is stressed.
In sum, important themes emerge in this volume. First, the contextual and cultural
embeddedness of well-being is clear, and the need for building context-relevant,
African-centred well-being science and evidence-based practices is highlighted.
Linking to this, and as a second theme here, several contributions highlight the
importance of social and ecological structures to the well-being of particularly
vulnerable population groups. This implies that well-being promotion should not
only be a psychological endeavour focused on the individual, but also a social and
political one, impelling social systems, institutions, and governments to recognise
their role and responsibility in well-being promotion. Third, the centrality of relat-
edness and interconnectedness in African conceptions, expressions, and experiences
of well-being is evident, suggesting that well-being research and practice in Africa
(and beyond) should take a holistic approach and involve multi-, inter-, and trans-
disciplinary team efforts. Overall, this volume not only contributes to a discussion
and growing body of evidence on well-being science and practice in Africa, but also
contributes to global discourses and debates, where it calls for recognition and
appreciation of and sensitivity to diversity and nuance.
Potchefstroom, South Africa L. Schutte
Pretoria, South Africa T. Guse
Potchefstroom, South Africa M. P. Wissing
x Preface
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Acknowledgements
As editors, we are extremely grateful to Amanda Cromhout who provided invaluable
and impeccable editorial support during the final phases of the compilation of the
volume, including handling correspondence with authors and reviewers, conducting
technical editing and reference checking of all manuscripts, and compiling the full
draft manuscript of the volume; to Sonia Mbowa who acted as editorial assistant for
the first part of the project with incredible dedication, administrating the review
process and conducting technical editing of earlier drafts of chapter manuscripts; and
Placidia Shoko who assisted with technical editing of earlier drafts of selected
chapter manuscripts.
The chapters in this book were double-blind peer-reviewed. In this regard, we
gratefully acknowledge the support of the following scholars:
Richard Appiah
Kwaku Oppong Asante
Justin August
Bukola Victoria Bada
Anselm Berde
Petra Bester
Willem Boshoff
Shingairai Chigeza
JohnBosco Chika Chukwuorji
Nicoleen Coetzee
Amanda Cromhout
Werner de Klerk
Irma Eloff
Awie Greeff
Arnel Huisamen
Leon Jackson
Itumeleng P. Khumalo
Andreas Krafft
xi
xii Acknowledgements
Vicki Koen
Peter Little
Christelle Liversage
Setagwa Mahlo
David Maree
Henri Mason
Sonia Mbowa
Inmaculada Montoya-Castilla
Brandon Morgan
Elias Mpofu
Lindi Nel
Werner Nell
Kamilla Rawatlal
Kleinjan Redelinghuys
Ana Rocha
Sahaya G Selvam
Placidia Shoko
Alena Slezáčková
Michael Temane
Chrizanne van Eeden
Leon van Niekerk
CJ van Zyl
Maretha Visser
Meghano Warren
Laura Weiss
Sarah White
Angelina Wilson Fadiji
Haorui Wu
Contents
Part I Theoretical Perspectives on Well-Being in Africa
1 Embracing Well-Being in Diverse Contexts: The Third Wave of
Positive Psychology and African Imprint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Marié P. Wissing, Lusilda Schutte, and Christelle Liversage
2 Well-Being in Africa: Towards an Africa(n) Centred Positive
Psychology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Angelina Wilson Fadiji, Itumeleng P. Khumalo,
and Ncamisile Thumile Zulu
3 Socially Influenced Health Norms: Their Construction and
Enactment in African Culture Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Elias Mpofu and Elias Machina
Part II Measuring Well-Being in Africa
4 Factorial Validity of the Twi Version of the Mental Health
Continuum-Short Form and Prevalence of Mental Health in
a Rural Ghanaian Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Richard Appiah, Marié P. Wissing, Angelina Wilson Fadiji,
and Lusilda Schutte
5 Conceptualising and Measuring Hospitality in Relation to
Wellbeing in Kenya: Is Hospitality a Character Strength? . . . . . . . 99
Sahaya G. Selvam, Joyce Wanjiru Kiige, and Jeketule Soko
6 The Factor Structure of the Peer and Community Relational
Health Indices in Two South African Samples: A Bifactor
Exploratory Structural Equation Modelling Approach . . . . . . . . . . 123
Amanda Cromhout, Lusilda Schutte, and Marié P. Wissing
xiii
xiv Contents
Part III Manifestations and Dynamics of Well-Being in Africa
7 Resilience in the Context of Chronic, Complex Stressors: An
Emerging Adult’s Account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Linda Theron and Michael Ungar
8 Psychological Well-Being Among Young People Living with HIV:
Role of Social Support, Self-Esteem and Socio-Demographic
Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Charles Magoba Muwonge, Annet Kembabazi, Gladys Nakalema,
Margaret Ekatushabe, Diana Kwarikunda, Henry Kibedi,
and Joseph Ssenyonga
9 Exploring Protective Resources that Facilitate Positive Outcomes
among Married Girls in the Northern Region of Ghana . . . . . . . . . 195
Hajara Baba, Joana Salifu Yendork, and Samuel Atindanbila
10 Factors Contributing to Student Wellbeing: Student
Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Irma Eloff, Sumari O’Neil, and Herbert Kanengoni
11 Nature and Role of Student Hope and Meaning in Goal Setting:
Implications for Higher Education in South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Itumeleng P. Khumalo, Werner de Klerk, and Angelina Wilson Fadiji
12 Virtues and Character Strengths, Subjective Well-Being and
Academic Achievement: An Exploratory Study with Angolan
University Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Rutnilson da Silva, Ana Maria Rocha, and Dilson Francisco
13 Adult Attachment and Well-Being in the Medical Education Context:
Attachment Style Is Associated with Psychological Well-Being
Through Self-Efficacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Ephraim Chima Maduakor, JohnBosco Chika Chukwuorji,
Peace N. Amanambu, and Chuka Mike Ifeagwazi
14 Exploration of Harmony as a Quality of Happiness: Findings from
South Africa and Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Lusilda Schutte, Marié P. Wissing, Angelina Wilson Fadiji,
Sonia Mbowa, Placidia M. Shoko, and Willem D. Schutte
15 Concordance of Goals and Meaning with Reference to the
Interpersonal Relationships Domain: Associations with
Sociodemographic Variables and Well-Being in a Multicultural
South African Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Christelle Liversage, Marié P. Wissing, and Lusilda Schutte
Contents xv
Part IV Well-Being Promotion in Africa
16 Positive Psychological Interventions in African Contexts: A Scoping
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Tharina Guse
17 Community-Based Interventions to Improve Well-Being of Youth in
a High-Risk Community in South Africa: Researcher’s Experiences
and Implementation Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Izanette van Schalkwyk
Editors and Contributors
About the Editors
Lusilda Schutte Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research, Faculty of
Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
Tharina Guse Department of Psychology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria,
South Africa
Marié P. Wissing Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research, Faculty of
Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
Contributors
Peace N. Amanambu Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka,
Enugu State, Nigeria
Richard Appiah Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research, Faculty of
Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
Samuel Atindanbila Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Accra,
Ghana
Hajara Baba Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
JohnBosco Chika Chukwuorji Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria,
Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
Department of Psychology, College of Sciences and the Health Professions, Cleve-
land State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
Promotion of Health and Innovation Lab (PHI), Network for Wellbeing, Nsukka,
Enugu State, Nigeria
xvii
