Mathematics in

the Modern World

Sets and Fuzzy

Sets
 Session Topics
 The concept of sets and some background
 Definitions and notation
 Set builder forms, subsets and supersets
 Operations
 Venn diagrams
 The fuzzy set theory
 Fuzzy subsets, operations and applications

2
 Introduction to Set Theory
Originally conceived by a
German mathematician George
Cantor (1843 – 1918)
Cantor was a student of two
great mathematicians Karl
Weirstrass and Leopold
Kronecker at the University of
Berlin
3
 Introduction to Set Theory
 Although initially defined as a collection
of objects, the theory of sets has
developed a lot of useful applications
such as the use of search engines like
Google, Yahoo, AltaVista or Lycos to find
a topic on the internet: a user merely
enters a few words to trigger the
search, then the search engine delivers
a set of websites that contains a match
for the words you entered
4
 Sets
A collection of things,
called elements,
separated by
commas, enclosed in
braces
5
 Sets
Two methods of describing
sets
 Roster
 Rule
 Not always possible to
convert one to the other
6
 Sets

Example: consider the

vowels a,e,i,o,u
Roster: V = {a, e, i, o, u}
Rule: V = {x| x is a vowel
in the Roman alphabet}

7
 Sets

Two sets A and B are

equal if they have
identical elements.
We write A = B. If
not, we write A ≠ B
8
 Sets

A one-to-one
correspondence between
two sets A and B exists if
each element of A can be
matched with a unique
element of B and vice versa
9
 Sets

Two sets A and B are

said to be equivalent if
the two are in one-to-
one correspond-dence
with each other
10
 Sets - Exercises
Example: If A = {x|x is a suit in
a stand-ard deck of
playing cards}
Rule Method ⤴
while the Roster method
describes it as:
A = {♠, ♣, ♥, ♦}
11
 Sets - Exercises
Express each of the following by the
Rule or Roster method:
1. M = Set of cities in MetroManila
whose names start with M
2. Q = Set of children of your parents
3. S = Set of the squares of the first five
prime nos.
4. T = Set of counting numbers which
are multiples of 3 and less than 20
12
 Sets - Exercises
1.M = Set of cities in
MetroManila whose names
start with “M”

a. Roster: M = {Manila, Mandaluyong,

Makati, Malabon, Marikina, Muntinlupa}
b. Rule: M = {x|x is a MetroManila city that
starts with “M”}
13
 Sets - Exercises

2.Q = Set of children of

your parents
a. Roster: Q = {Andres, Rosa, Fe,
Roberto}
b. Rule: Q = {x|x is an offspring of
my parents}

14
 Sets – Exercises

3.T = Set of counting

numbers which are
multiples of 3 and less
than 20
a. Roster: T = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18}
b. Rule: T = {3x | x is a counting
number; x < 7}
15
 Sets – Exercises

4.P = Set of the squares

of the first five prime
numbers
a. Roster: P = {4, 9, 25, 49, 121}
b.Rule: P = {x |x is a prime
2

number; x < 12}

16
 Subsets
 The set A is said to be a
subset of the set B if every
element of A is found in B

→x∊B
Notation: A ⊆ B ⟺ x ∊ A

A⊈B
If A is not a subset of B, we
indicate
17
 Subsets
N.B.
1.If A ⊆ B, then B is a
supersetA of
⊆ A
B
Subs Super
set

2.If A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A,
et

18
 More Definitions - 1

 The Universe is the totality of

elements under consideration
Notation: A ⊆ U for any set
A
where U is the symbol for
universal set
19
 More Definitions - 1

 The set which contains

no element exists. It
is called the empty, or
null, set
Notation : Φ = { }
20
 More Definitions - 2

The complement of a set

A is the set of all elements
in U that are not in A

Notation: Ac = { x | x ∊ U
and x ∉ A }
21
 More Definitions - 2

The cardinal number of a set

A is n , if A is in one-to-one
correspondence with the set
of counting numbers from 1
to n.
Notation: n(A)
22
 More Definitions - 3

Intersection of two sets

A ∩ B = {x|x ∈ A
A and B

and x ∈ B}
Union of two sets A and
B 23
 More Definitions - 4

 Two sets A and B are said to

A∩B =Φ ={}
be disjoint iff

 The cross product of two

sets A and B is defined as:

A and y ∈ B}
A X B = { (x,y) | x ∈
24
 Theorems
1. n(A U B) = n(A) + n(B) -
n(A⋂B)
2. If A ∩ B are disjoint,
n(A U B) = n(A) + n(B)
De
3. (A U B)c = Ac ⋂ Bc Morgan’s
4. (A ⋂ B)c = Ac U Bc Laws

25
 Venn Diagrams
 Developed by James Venn (1834-
1883), an English logician
 Use of geometric figures to
represent sets, describing
relationships and operations
among them, enclosed in a
rectangle called the “Universe”
 Very helpful in illustrating
concepts and properties of sets 26
 Venn Diagrams

A A

U U
A Ac
COMPLEMENTARY
SETS
27
 Venn Diagrams

B⊆U

A⊆B
A

SUBSETS
28
 Venn Diagrams

A B A B

U U

A⋃B A
∩B
29
 Exercises
1.If U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, the set of
digits in our decimal system, and
A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {2, 3, 4, 5},
C = {4, 5, 6, 7}, D = {6, 7, 8, 9}

c. B ⋂ C
Find and tabulate

d. B ⋂ D
a. A U B b. B U C
e. DUA f. AUU

g. B ⋂ Φ h. Bc U Dc i. Ac ⋂

j. n(B ⋂ D)c
Bc

30
 Exercises

2. Use Venn diagrams to illustrate the

following:

a. A ⋃ B = A iff B ⊆
A
b. A ⋂ B = B iff B ⊆ A
31
 Intro to Fuzzy Sets
So far, we learned that in
traditional set theory, if a is
an element, and S is a well-
defined set, either one of the

● a ∈ S, or
following is true:

●a ∉ S
32
 Intro to Fuzzy Sets

Example:
• If E = { x | x is an even integer}
then does 8 belong to E? Does

• Since 8 is even, we say 8 ∈ E,

11 belong to E?

but 11 is odd therefore 11 ∉ E

• This defines the traditional set
theory as the Crisp Set Theory
33
 Fuzzy Sets
Now consider the set B = { x | x is a
number close to 10 }
⦁
⦁
Does 8 belong to this set?

⦁
Does 9.9 belong to this set?

⦁
Does 10.001 belong to this set?

⦁
Does 10 belong to this set?
Does -50 belong to this set?
Given the imprecision of the
phrase “close to” it is impossible 34
 Exam Reminders
For the duration of the preliminary
examination, the following are
prohibited:
1. Leaving the room once the exam has
started. so do your toilet needs before
taking the exam
2. Use at anytime of your mobile phones.
turn it off. i will ask you to keep it in your
bags or special spots and i will check these

35
 Exam Reminders
3. Tearing off any page of your feati
testbooklet
4. Loose sheet serving as scratch paper
5. Use of pencils or erasable ink-based
pens
6. Disturbing your neighbors for borrowing
erasing paraphernalia, calculators, etc.
Respect the privacy of your neighbors
even if he/she is your close friend
36
 Fuzzy Sets

imprecision =
vagueness
fuzzy = lacking in
clarity
37
 Fuzzy Sets
In 1965, Lotfi A. Zadeh of the UCLA,
Berkeley published a paper titled
Fuzzy Sets in which he described
the mathematics of fuzzy set theory
The theory proposed that “to some
degree” many of the numbers 8,
9.9, 10.001, 10, and -50 belong to
set B

38
 Fuzzy Sets
 Zadeh proposed giving each
element of a set a measurement
of membership grade or
membership value, between 0 and
1 inclusive. It is also sometimes
referred to as “Truth weight”
 The closer the membership value
is to 1, the more certainty there is
that an element belongs to the set
39

 Fuzzy Sets
This is an example of a fuzzy set:
C = { (8, 0.4), (9.9, 0.9), (10.001,
0.999), (10, 1), (-50, 0) }

Thus, we are certain that 10

belongs to set C, and certain that -
50 does not belong to set C (or -50
belonging to set C is not true)
40
 Fuzzy Sets
- A mathematical set with the
property that an object
(element) can be
● A member of the set (True)
● Not a member of the set (False)
● Any of a continuum of states of
being a partial member of the set
(0 ≤ y ≤ 1)
- First known use in 1965
41
 Fuzzy Logic
- A system of logic in which
a statement can be
● true (1)
● false (0)
● any of a continuum values
in between (0 ≤ y ≤ 1)
- First known use in 1969
42
 Fuzzy Logic Applications
To date, the concept of a fuzzy
set has been used in many
real-world applications, such
as:
• Control of heating/air
conditioning systems
• Compensation against
vibrations in camcorders 43
 Fuzzy Logic Applications
• Control of valves and dam
gates at power plants
• Control of robots
• Control of subway trains
• Automatic camera focusing
(autofocus)
The Japanese are the most
advanced in the use of fuzzy
logic 44
 A Fuzzy Heating System
● Controlled by a thermostat
that turns a furnace on when
room temperature drops
below a set point, T0
● Turns the furnace off when
the room temp exceeds T0

45
 A Fuzzy Heating System

● The furnace either runs at

full force or shuts down
completely. This type of
heating system is inefficient
and the frequent off and on
changes can be annoying
46
 A Fuzzy Heating System
● A fuzzy heating system makes
use of “fuzzy” definitions such as
cold, warm and hot to direct the
furnace to run at low, medium or
full force, resulting in a more
efficient heating system, fewer
temperature fluctuations, and
eventually lower operating costs
47
 Illustration
1. Abdul, Belen, Caloy, and Delia have
each defined a fuzzy set to describe
what they feel is a “good” grade.
Each student pared the letter grades
A, B, C, D and F with a membership
value. The results are as follows:
Abdul: A = { (A, 1), (B, 0.75), (C, 0.5), (D, 0.5), (F, 0) }
Belen: B = { (A, 1), (B, 0), (C, 0), (D, 0), (F, 0) }
Caloy: C = { (A, 1), (B, 1), (C, 1), (D, 1), (F, 0) }
Delia: D = { (A, 1), (B, 0.8), (C, 0.6), (D, 0.1), (F, 0) }

48
 Illustration
a. Which of the four students considers an A
grade to be the only good grade?
b. Which one is most likely to be contented
with a grade of D or better?
c. Who has the most realistic perspective?
d. Write a fuzzy set for your own self to
describe a good grade. Use A, B, C, D and F
to represent 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 5.0
respectively in terms of the Feati grading
system
49
 Fuzzy Sets: Definition

An ordered pair (x, y) of a

fuzzy set is called a
crossover point if its
membership value is 0.5
50
 Illustration
2.In some fuzzy sets, membership
values are determined by a
membership graph or by a
formula. For example the
following graph shows the
membership values in relation
to the x-coordinate of the fuzzy
ordered pair (x, y)
51
 Illustration
2. The following graph shows the
membership values in relation to the
x-coordinate
y of the fuzzyOLD
ordered
pair 1.0
(x, y) (60, 1)
Membership

(50, 0.75)
Value

(40, 0.5)
0.5
(30, 0.25)

(20, 0)
x
0 20 40 60 80 100

Age in Years

52
 Illustration
OLD
y Using the membership
Membership

1.0 (60, 1) graph OLD, determine

(50, 0.75)
the membership value
Value

0.5 (40, 0.5)

(30, 0.25)
of each of the
(20, 0)
following:
x
0 20 40 60 80 100 a. x = 15
Age in b. x = 50
Years
c. x = 65

d. Use the graph of OLD to determine the age x

whose membership value is 0.375
e. Find the crossover point for the graph of OLD
53
 Illustration
COLD
The membership WARM
1.0
graph at the right

Membership
provide definitions
Value
(35, 0.5) ●
of the fuzzy sets 0.5
COLD and WARM.
The point (35, 0.5) on
0 20 40 60 80 100
the membership Temperature in
degrees Fahrenheit
graph COLD indicates that the membership
value for x = 35 is 0.5.
Thus by definition, 35⁰F is 50% cold.
54
 Illustration
COLD
WARM
Use the same 1.0

Membership
graphs to

Value
estimate: 0.5 (35, 0.5) ●

a. The WARM
membership value
0 20 40 60 80 100
for x = 40 Temperature in
degrees Fahrenheit
b. The WARM membership value for x = 50
c. The crossover point of WARM

55
 Subsets of Fuzzy Sets
RECALL:
1.Elements of a fuzzy set are
ordered pairs (x, y)
2.For every (x, y) of a fuzzy
set, the membership value
of y is a real number such
that 0 ≤ y ≤ 1
56
 Subsets of Fuzzy Sets

DEFINITION:
The set of all x-values
that are being considered
is called the universal set
for the fuzzy set and is
denoted by X
57
 Subsets of Fuzzy Sets
DEFINITION
If the fuzzy sets A = { (x1,
a1), (x2, a2), . . . } and B =
{ (x1, b1), (x2, b2), . . . } are
both defined on the

x3, . . . } then A ⊆ B if and

universal set X = { x1, x2,

58
 Subsets of Fuzzy Sets

REMARKS
1. A fuzzy set A is a subset of
fuzzy set B iff the
membership value of each
element of A is less than
(or equal to) the
corresponding membership
value in set B 59
 Subsets of Fuzzy Sets
Illustration
In slide # 24, Abdul and Belen
used fuzzy sets to describe the
set of good grades as follows:

Abdul: A = { (A, 1), (B, 0.75), (C, 0.5), (D,

0.5), (F, 0) }

Belen: B = { (A, 1), (B, 0), (C, 0), (D, 0), (F,
0) }
60
 Subsets of Fuzzy Sets
Illustration

In this case, the fuzzy set B

is a subset of fuzzy set A
because each membership
value of fuzzy set B is less
than or equal to its
corresponding membership
61
 Complement of a Fuzzy Set
Let A be the fuzzy set { (x1, a1), (x2, a2),
(x3, a3), . . . } defined on the universal set
X = { x1, x2, x3, . . . }.

DEFINITION
Then the complement of A is the fuzzy
set
AC = { (x1, b1), (x2, b2), (x3, b3), . . . },
where each bi = 1 – ai
62
Complement of a Fuzzy Set

REMARKS
Each element of the
fuzzy set A has a
C

membership value that

is 1 minus its
membership value in
the in the fuzzy set A 63
Complement of a Fuzzy Set
Illustration
The complement of the fuzzy set
S = { (math, 0.8), (biology, 0.3),
(art, 0.1), (music, 0.7) }
is the fuzzy set
SC = { (math, 0.2), (biology, 0.7),
(art, 0.9), (music, 0.8) }
The membership values in SC were 64
 Exercises
1. Let K = {(1, 0.4), (2, 0.6), (3, 0.8), (4, 1)}
and J = { (1. ).3), (2, 0.6), (3, 0.5), (4,

X = { 1, 2, 3, 4 }. Is J ⊆ K ?
0.1) } be fuzzy sets defined on

2. Let the universal set be { A, B, C, D, F }

and let
G = { (A, 1), (B, 0.7), (C, 0.4), (D, 0.1), (F,
0) } be a fuzzy set defined by Greg to
describe what he feels is a good grade.
Determine GC
65
 Exercises
3. Consider the following membership graphs of
Young and Adolescent defined on X = { x | 0
≤ x ≤ 50 } where x is age last birthday in
y YOUNG
years.
Membership

1.0 ADOLESCENT
Value

0.5

x
0 10 20 30 40

Age in Years
Is the fuzzy set Adolescent a subset of the
fuzzy set Young? Explain 66
 Exercises
4. Use the following membership graph of
COLD to draw the membership graph of
COLDC y
COLD
Membership

1.0
Value

0.5

x
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature in
Degrees Fahrenheit

67
 Notes
Consider the membership graph WARM below left. The
membership graph of

WARMC can be drawn by reflecting the graph of WARM about the

graph of the line y = 0.5 as shown in the figure on top right.
Note that when the membership graph of WARM is at a height of
0, the membership graph of WARMC is at a height of 1, and vice
versa. In general, for any point (x, a) on the graph of WARM,
there is a corresponding point (x, 1-a) on the graph of WARMC

68
Notes

69
 Notes

WARMC can be drawn by reflecting the graph of

WARM about the graph of the line y = 0.5 as
shown in the figure
70
 Notes
Note that when the
membership graph of WARM
is at a height of 0, the
membership graph of WARMC
is at a height of 1, and vice
versa. In general, for any
point (x, a) on the graph of
WARM, there is a 71
 Union and Intersection
of Fuzzy Sets

There are are a number of ways in

which the union and intersection of
two fuzzy sets can be defined. The
definitions we will consider are called
the standard union operator and
standard intersection operator. These
standard operators preserve many of
the set relations that exist in the
original crisp set theory
72
 Union and Intersection
of Fuzzy Sets
Let A = { (x1, a1), (x2, a2), (x3, a3), . . . } and

B = { (x1, b1), (x2, b2), (x3, b3), . . . }

Then A ⋃ B = { (x1, c1), (x2, c2), (x3, c3), . . . }

where ci is the maximum of ai and bi

and A ⋂ B = { (x1, d1), (x2, d2), (x3, d3), . . . }

where di is the minimum of ai and bi

73
 Union and Intersection
of Fuzzy Sets

 Each element of the fuzzy set A ⋃ B has a

membership value that is the maximum of
its membership value in the fuzzy set A and
its membership value in the fuzzy set B
 Each element of the fuzzy set A ⋂ B has a
membership value that is the minimum of
its membership value in the fuzzy set A and
its membership value in the fuzzy set B

74
 Union and Intersection
of Fuzzy Sets
Let the fuzzy sets P and S be defined as follows:
Pablo: P = { (math, 0.2), (history, 0.5), (biology,
0.7), (art, 0.8), (music, 0.9) }
Sylvia: S = { (math, 0.8), (history, 0.4),
(biology, 0.3), (art, 0.1), (music, 0.7) }

P ⋃ S = { (math, 0.8), (history, 0.5), (biology,

Then:

0.7), (art, 0.8), (music, 0.9) }

P ⋂ S = { (math, 0.2), (history, 0.4), (biology,

And

0.3), (art, 0.1), (music, 0.7) }

75
 Exercises
From our earlier defined fuzzy sets on
grade perception
Abdul: A = { (A, 1), (B, 0.75), (C, 0.5), (D,
0.5), (F, 0) }
Belen: B = { (A, 1), (B, 0), (C, 0), (D, 0), (F,
0) }
Caloy: C = { (A, 1), (B, 1), (C, 1), (D, 1), (F,
0) }
Delia: D = { (A, 1), (B, 0.8), (C, 0.6), (D, 0.1),
(F, 0) }

Find each of the following: 76

 Illustration
Consider the following membership graphs

y
COLD
Membership

1.0 WARM
Value

0.5

x
0 20 40 60 80 100

Temperature in
Degrees Fahrenheit

77
 Illustration
y

Membership
1.0 COLD
WARM

Value
0.5

x
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature in

graph of COLD ⋃ WARM

Degrees Fahrenheit
The membership is shown in purple in
the following figure. Its graph lies on either the membership
graphs of COLD or WARM depending on the which ever is
higher at any given temperature x
y
Membership

1.0 COLD
WARM
0.5
Value

x
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature in
Degrees Fahrenheit
78
 Illustration
y

Membership
1.0 COLD
WARM

Value
0.5

x
0 20 40 60 80 100

of COLD ⋂ WARM is
Temperature in
On the other hand, theDegrees Fahrenheit
membership graph
shown in green below. Its graph lies on either membership
graphs of COLD or WARM depending on which of these graphs
is lower at any given temperature x
y
Membership

1.0 COLD
WARM
Value

0.5

x
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature in
Degrees Fahrenheit
79
 Exercises

WARM ⋃ HOT
1. Use the following graphs to draw the membership graph of

y HOT
WARM
1.0
Membership
Value

0.5 x
0 20 40 60 80 100

Temperature in
Degrees Fahrenheit

(A ⋂ B)C = AC ⋃ BC holds true

2. Let X = { a, b, c, d, e } be the universal set. Determine
whether De Morgan’s Law
for the fuzzy sets A = { (a, 0.3), (b, 0.8), (c, 1), (d, 0.2), (e,
0.75) } and B = { (a, 0.5), (b, 0.4), (c, 0.9), (d, 0.7), (e, 0.45)
}
80
The
End
81