Manual of Clinical Phonetics 1st Edition

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MANUAL OF CLINICAL
PHONETICS

Edited by Martin J. Ball

 First published 2021
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2021 selection and editorial matter, Martin J. Ball
The right of Martin J. Ball to be identified as the author of the editorial material, and of the
authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of
the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission
in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without
intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
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ISBN: 978-0-367-33629-5 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-33628-8 (pbk)
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 Y tafawd, arawd eiriau,
Yw bwa’r gerdd heb air gau,
Arllwybr brig urddedig ddadl,
A’r llinyn yw’r holl anadl.
Guto’r Glyn ‘Moliant i Rys ap Dafydd o Uwch Aeron’ c.1435–1440
 CONTENTS

Contributors xiii
Preface  xxvii
Acknowledgements  xxix

PART I
Foundations of clinical phonetics  1

1 Articulatory phonetics for the speech clinician 3

Joan Rahilly and Orla Lowry

2 Acoustic phonetics for the speech clinician 16

Ioannis Papakyritsis

3 Auditory phonetics for the speech clinician 27

Elena Babatsouli

4 Perceptual phonetics for the speech clinician 40

Esther Janse and Toni Rietveld

5 Suprasegmental phonetics 54

Orla Lowry

6 An introduction to speech disorders 65

Martin J. Ball

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 Contents

PART II
Variationist clinical phonetics  75

7 Clinical phonetics across languages and dialects 77

Barbara M. Bernhardt and Joseph Paul Stemberger

8 Cultural and multilingual sources of phonetic variation: Implications

for clinical practice 89
Robert Allen Fox and Ewa Jacewicz

9 Stylistic variation in misarticulations 101

Martin J. Ball, Orla Lowry, and Lisa McInnis

10 Analyzing phonetic data with generalized additive mixed models 108

Yu-Ying Chuang, Janice Fon, Ioannis Papakyritsis, and Harald Baayen

PART III
Phonetic transcription  139

11 The nature of phonetic transcription 141

Catia Cucchiarini and Helmer Strik

12 The IPA 152

Michael Ashby and Patricia Ashby

13 Transcribing disordered speech 163

Martin J. Ball

14 Teaching and learning clinical phonetic transcription 175

Jill Titterington and Sally Bates

15 Transcribing: By target or by realization? 187

Martin J. Ball

16 Examples of narrow phonetic transcription in disordered speech 193

Martin J. Ball, Nicole Müller, Marie Klopfenstein, and Ben Rutter

PART IV
Instrumentation  209
Preliminaries 211

17 The nature of phonetic instrumentation 212

Nicola Bessell

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 Contents

18 Recording speech: Methods and formats 217

Adam P. Vogel and Hannah Reece

19 The PhonBank database within TalkBank, and a practical overview

of the Phon program 228
Yvan Rose and Gregory J. Hedlund

Instrumental analysis of articulatory phonetics 247

20 Electromyography 248
Jennifer M. Vojtech and Cara E. Stepp

21 Speech aerometry 264

David J. Zajac

22 Laryngoscopy and stroboscopy 282

Duy Duong Nguyen, Catherine Madill, Antonia Chacon, and
Daniel Novakovic

23 Electrolaryngography/electroglottography 306
Chiara Celata and Irene Ricci

24 Nasometry 322
Tim Bressmann

25 Electropalatography 339
Alice Lee

26 Electromagnetic articulography 356

Pascal van Lieshout

27 Magnetic resonance imaging 375

Vikram Ramanarayanan and Christina Hagedorn

28 Video tracking in speech 387

Christian Kroos

29 Ultrasound tongue imaging 399

Joanne Cleland

Instrumental analysis of acoustic, auditory, and perceptual phonetics 417

30 Sound spectrography 418

Chiara Meluzzi

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 Contents

31 Pure tone audiometry and speech audiometry 444

Fei Zhao and Robert Mayr

32 Altered sensory feedback in speech 461

Liam Barrett and Peter Howell

33 Dichotic listening 480

Mária Gósy and Ruth Huntley Bahr

34 Perceptual phonetic experimentation 495

Grant McGuire

Speech recognition and speech synthesis 507

35 Automatic speech recognition in the assessment of child speech 508

Loridana Buttigieg, Helen Grech, Simon G. Fabri, James Attard, and
Philip Farrugia

36 Clinical applications of speech synthesis 516

Martine Smith and John Costello

Author index 523

Subject index 533

xii
 CONTRIBUTORS

Michael Ashby is an Honorary Senior Lecturer (Emeritus) in Phonetics at University College

London (UCL) and President of the International Phonetic Association for 2019–2023. After
graduating from Oxford, he trained in phonetics and linguistics at the School of Oriental and
African Studies, London, and then at UCL, where he subsequently taught for 35 years. He was
Director of UCL’s Summer Course in English Phonetics, 2007–2014. Over the years, he has
accepted numerous invitations to teach and lecture on phonetics across the world from Chile
to Japan. His publications include a successful textbook, Introducing phonetic science (2005),
written jointly with John Maidment. He was Phonetics Editor of five successive editions of the
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary from 1995 to 2015. His current main research field is in
the history of phonetics. Michael is married to fellow phonetician Patricia Ashby.

Patricia Ashby is an Emeritus Fellow to the University of Westminster and a National

Teaching Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. In addition to teaching at the University
of Westminster for over 30 years, she taught phonetics and phonology all over the world,
including Belgium, Germany, India, Poland, Spain, and Japan and in the UK at the universities
of Reading, Oxford and UCL. She holds a PhD from UCL, and her main research interests now
lie in the areas of phonetics pedagogy, English intonation and the history of phonetics. She is
the author of two successful textbooks – Speech Sounds (1995 and 2005), and Understanding
Phonetics (2011), both published by Routledge. Patricia is the Examinations Secretary of the
International Phonetic Association. She is married to Michael Ashby.

James Attard is an embedded Engineer and has been developing electrical commercial
products since 2014. James received the Bachelor degree and MSc in Electrical Engineering
from the University of Malta. His MSc studies focused on using automatic speech recognition
algorithms to detect phoneme insertions, deletions and substitutions of speech impaired children.
He obtained his engineering warrant in 2018 and his research interests consist of designing
safety critical systems.

Harald Baayen studied general linguistics with Geert Booij in Amsterdam, and obtained
his PhD degree in 1989 with a quantitative study on morphological productivity. From 1990
to 1998 he was a researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen,

xiii
 Contributors

The Netherlands. In 1998, upon receiving a career advancement award from the Dutch
Science Foundation, he became associate professor at the Radboud University in Nijmegen,
thanks to a Muller chair supported by the Dutch Academy of Sciences. In 2007 he took up
a full professorship at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. In 2011, he received an
Alexander von Humboldt research award from Germany, which brought him to the University
of Tübingen. An ERC advanced grant is supporting his current research programme on dis-
criminative learning. Harald Baayen has published widely in international journals, including
Psychological Review, Language, Journal of Memory and Language, Cognition, Complexity,
Behavior Research Methods, PLoS ONE, Journal of Experimental Psychology, Journal of
Phonetics and the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. He published a monograph on
word frequency distributions with Kluwer, and an introductory textbook on statistical analysis
(with R) for the language sciences with Cambridge University Press.

Elena Babatsouli is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Communicative Disorders at

the University of Louisiana at Lafayette, the founding co-editor of the Journal of Monolingual
and Bilingual Speech, President of the Association of Monolingual and Bilingual Speech, and
founder of the International Symposium on Monolingual and Bilingual Speech. She received a
BA in English from Royal Holloway, University of London, an MA in Languages and Business
from London South Bank University, and a PhD in Linguistics from the University of Crete.
Elena’s research interests are on child/adult bilingual and monolingual (cross-linguistically)
phonological acquisition and assessment, second language acquisition, speech sound disorders,
culturally responsive practices in speech and language sciences, phonetics/phonology, morph-
ology, psycholinguistics, clinical linguistics, and measures/quantitative methods. She has thirty
publications, five edited books, three conference proceedings and two edited special issues in
journals.

Ruth Huntley Bahr is Professor and Associate Dean for the Office of Graduate Studies at
the University of South Florida. Her primary research interests include spelling and written
language, phonological representations in dialect speakers and second language learners,
between and within speaker variability in forensic situations, and voice production in indi-
viduals with vocal disorders. She has published numerous articles and book chapters in these
areas and serves on several editorial boards. She is a Fellow in the American Speech-Language-
Hearing Association (ASHA) and the International Society of Phonetic Sciences (ISPhS) and
is a Board-Recognized Specialist in Child Language. She currently serves as the President
and Treasurer of ISPhS and serves on the Boards of the International Association of Forensic
Phonetics and Acoustics (IAFPA) and the American Board of Child Language and Language
Disorders (ABCLLD).

Martin J. Ball is an honorary Professor of Linguistics at Bangor University, Wales, having

previously held positions in Wales, Ireland, the US, and Sweden. He holds a PhD from the
University of Wales, and a DLitt from Bangor University. He formerly co-edited the journal
Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics and co-edits the Journal of Monolingual and Bilingual
Speech, as well as book series for Multilingual Matters and Equinox Publishers. He has
published widely in communication disorders, phonetics, sociolinguistics, bilingualism, and
Welsh linguistics. Recently he completed co-editing the 4-volume Encyclopedia of Human
Communication Sciences and Disorders for Sage publishers. He is an honorary fellow of the
Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists, and a fellow of the Learned Society of
Wales. He currently lives in Cork, Ireland.

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 Contributors

Liam Barrett is working on a PhD in Experimental Psychology at University College London.

He first worked on non-invasive brain stimulation in Sven Bestmann’s Lab (also at University
College London). Since graduating, he has worked extensively with a range of brain stimula-
tion techniques (his current focus on work is with transcranial direct and alternating current
stimulation). He has also conducted neuroimaging studies intended to understand the neural
underpinnings of stuttering. The techniques include Electroencephalography and functional
near infra-red spectroscopy. His current work employs machine learning to trigger forms of
afferent stimulation during speech. He has presented his works at the British Psychological
Society’s Annual Conference and to a Special Interest Group of Speech and Language
Pathologists who work on stuttering at Birmingham, UK.

Sally Bates qualified as a Speech and Language Therapist in 1998 following a PhD in
Linguistics from the University of Edinburgh. Sally then gained experience in a range of
pediatric settings including SureStart and a specialist provision for children with develop-
mental language disorder before joining the SLT programme at Plymouth Marjon University
as a Senior Lecturer. Sally’s research focuses on speech sound disorder, the application of
theory to practice and student education. She devised the online tool Webfon to support the
development of phonetic transcription skills and is co-editor for the SLCN module within the
Healthy Child Programme e-learning project. Sally has co-authored two speech assessment
tools: PPSA (Phonetic and Phonological Systems Analysis) and CAV-ES (Clinical Assessment
of Vowels – English Systems) and is a founder member of the Children’s Speech Disorder
Research Network (CSDRN). Sally is also author of the award winning Early Soundplay Series
supporting development of phonological awareness.

Barbara M. Bernhardt, now Professor Emerita, was on faculty at the School of Audiology
and Speech Sciences at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, from 1990 to
2017. She has been a speech-language pathologist since 1972. Her primary focus is phono-
logical development, assessment, and intervention across languages. In collaboration with
co-investigator Joseph Paul Stemberger and colleagues in over 15 countries, she has been
conducting an international crosslinguistic project in children’s phonological acquisition
(phonodevelopment.sites.olt.ubc.ca) since 2006. Other areas of expertise include the utiliza-
tion of ultrasound in speech therapy, language development, assessment and intervention, and
approaches to service delivery for Indigenous people in Canada.

Nicola Bessell is a lecturer in the Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University College
Cork. After completing her PhD from the University of British Columbia, Canada, she taught and
held a research position at the University of Pennsylvania, followed by a faculty position in the
Linguistics Department at the University of Texas at Austin. She held a visiting teaching pos-
ition at the University of California, Santa Barbara and now teaches at UCC in Ireland. She has
collected data and published on several indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast, and
now works on clinical data, database development and variation in Irish English.

Tim Bressmann is an Associate Professor in the Department of Speech-Language Pathology

at the University of Toronto. He obtained a PhD in Phonetics from the University of Munich
and an MA in Clinical Linguistics from the University of Bielefeld. Tim Bressmann’s research
focuses on speech production in individuals with craniofacial syndromes and head and neck
cancer. He is a Section Editor of the Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal and an Associate Editor
of Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics.

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 Contributors

Loridana Buttigieg is a Speech and Language Pathologist (SLP) who graduated with a BSc
(Hons.) degree in Communication Therapy in 2017. Loridana received the MSc degree in
Communication Therapy from the University of Malta in 2019. Her special interest revolves
around Speech Sound Disorders (SSD). In her postgraduate studies, Loridana evaluated the
reliability and validity of an online version of an existing bilingual speech assessment, as
well as the specificity and sensitivity of an automatic speech recognition system designed for
Maltese children with SSD. Loridana is currently working as a SLP with the Primary Health
Care and is part of the specialized division of SSD within the Speech and Language Centre.

Chiara Celata is Associate Professor of Linguistics at Urbino University, Italy, having previ-
ously held a position of post-doctoral researcher at Scuola Normale Superiore of Pisa. She has
published in the sociophonetics and phonology of Tuscan Italian and Italo-Romance dialects,
Italian dialect transmission in the context of long-term immigration, and phonotactic pro-
cessing in Italian and German. Her recent research activity focuses on articulatory phonetics for
the study and treatment of speech motor control disorders in Italian children. She is currently
serving in the Executive Council of the Italian Association for the speech sciences (AISV).

Antonia Chacon works as a Speech Pathologist, Research Assistant and Clinical Educator
within the Doctor Liang Voice Program. She graduated from The University of Sydney in 2016
with a Bachelor of Applied Science (Speech Pathology) Honours Class 1 and was awarded the
University Medal for her academic and research achievements. Antonia is currently working
upon a number of research studies within the program, which has involved the co-supervision
of speech pathology honours research students. She coordinates The University of Sydney
Voice Assessment Clinic to provide members of the community with comprehensive multi-
disciplinary voice assessment, diagnosis and recommendations, while simultaneously pro-
viding Speech Pathology students with clinical experience and insight into managing a voice
disorder caseload through her role as a Clinical Educator. Beyond her role at the univer-
sity, Antonia works as a Speech Pathologist within a private practice with a dominant caseload
of voice disorder patients.

Yu-Ying Chuang studied phonetics with Janice Fon at the National Taiwan University
in Taiwan. With a study on the perception of phonetic and dialectal variation in Taiwan
Mandarin, she obtained her PhD degree in 2017. In the same year, she joined the Quantitative
Linguistics group at the University of Tübingen, Germany. She is currently a postdoctoral
researcher for the ERC advanced grant awarded to Harald Baayen. Her research focuses on
the development of computational models for lexical processing with the framework of dis-
criminative learning. Her published work can be found in journals such as Behavior Research
Methods and Lingua Sinica.

Joanne Cleland, PhD, is a Speech and Language Therapist and a Senior Lecturer at the University
of Strathclyde in Glasgow. Her main interests are in clinical phonetics and articulatory analysis,
mostly using ultrasound tongue imaging. Her research focuses on visual biofeedback techniques
for the assessment and treatment of motor speech disorders with a particular interest in speech
disorders in children, particularly in children with developmental disabilities. Joanne is the chair
of the Child Speech Disorder Research Network and the secretary of the International Clinical
Phonetics and Linguistics Association. Recent publications include a systematic review of ultra-
sound biofeedback studies (https://pureportal.strath.ac.uk/en/publications/systematic-review-of-
ultrasound-visual-biofeedback-in-interventio) and an investigation into whether using ultrasound

xvi
 Contributors

tongue imaging can improve the reliability of transcription of cleft palate speech (https://pureportal.
strath.ac.uk/en/publications/the-impact-of-real-time-articulatory-information-on-phonetic-tran).

John Costello, MA, CCC-SLP, has been a Speech Language Pathologist specializing in the
area of Augmentative and Alternative Communication at Boston Children’s Hospital (BCH)
for 35 years. He is the Director of the Augmentative Communication Programs at BCH and an
Adjunct Faculty member of Boston University. He has extensive experience in all aspects of
augmentative and alternative communication (AAC), and has played many leadership roles in
the International Society for AAC. Over the past two decades, he has led the field in innovations
to support preservation of self and of dignity in the face of severe communication impairments.
He has published in peer reviewed journals and has presented widely internationally on many
different aspects of AAC.

Catia Cucchiarini holds a PhD from Radboud University, where she is now Principal Investigator
in the research group Language and Speech, Learning and Therapy and the Centre for Language
and Speech Technology. She worked at KU Leuven in Belgium and is now Senior Advisor at The
Union for the Dutch Language in the Hague. She is a member of the editorial board of Computer
Assisted Language Learning and advisor to the Dutch Organization for Language and Speech
Technologies. She has conducted research on phonetic transcription, speech processing, language
resources, language learning and speech technology applications in Computer Assisted Language
Learning and e-health, for which she received several national and international grants.

Simon G. Fabri received the Bachelor degree in Electrical Engineering from the University
of Malta, and the MSc and PhD degrees in Control Systems from the University of Sheffield,
UK. He is currently Professor of Automatic Control Engineering at the University of Malta.
His research interests include adaptive and intelligent control, artificial intelligence, nonlinear
and stochastic control, systems modeling, signal processing and robotics. He has published
numerous peer reviewed articles and co-authored a Springer textbook on Intelligent Control
Systems. He is an Associate Editor of the International Journal of Systems Science.

Philip Farrugia received the B.Eng. (Hons) degree from the University of Malta (UM) in 2001
with First Class Honours and a PhD degree in product design from the same university. He is
an Associate Professor at the Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering (DIME)
at UM. Philip has attracted over 1.3MEuros in research funding from various programmes,
including Horizon2020, aimed at developing mostly medical devices, smart therapeutic and
rehabilitation products. Prof. Ing. Philip Farrugia coordinated the taught Masters course in
integrated product development managed by DIME for ten years. He has published over fifty
peer reviewed research papers in fields related to product development. His current research
interests revolve around the development of high-value added products and innovative product
service systems for healthcare.

Janice Fon is currently an Associate Professor of Linguistics at the National Taiwan University.
Trained as a phonetician and psycholinguist at The Ohio State University, she has always been
mesmerized by the intricate nature of phonetic variation, and has focused on variants due to
language contact at both production and perception levels. As variants are often more mani-
fest in daily conversation, she also constructed a Taiwan Mandarin-Min bilingual spontan-
eous speech corpus, which holds more than 250 one-hour spontaneous language samples of
Mandarin-Min bilinguals in Taiwan. She has received several national research awards and her

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 Contributors

publications include papers in Language and Speech, Language and Linguistics, Journal of
Chinese Linguistics and Lingua Sinica, in addition to several book chapters.

Robert Allen Fox is a Professor and Chair in the Department of Speech and Hearing Science
at The Ohio State University. He received a PhD in Linguistics from the University of Chicago
and has held positions in Linguistics and Speech and Hearing Science at Ohio State. His
research involves sociophonetics, speech perception, speech acoustics and second-language
acquisition. He is the author or co-author of numerous publications and presentations in these
areas. He was an associate editor for speech perception for the Journal of the Acoustical Society
of America. He is a fellow of the Acoustical Society of America, and a fellow of the American
Speech-Language-Hearing Association. He also served as a member of the Executive Board of
Council of Academic Programs in Communication Science and Disorders, as a statistical con-
sultant for several publishers, and as an expert witness in forensic phonetics.

Mária Gósy is Professor of Phonetics and Psycholinguistics at Eötvös Loránd University,

and research consultant at the Linguistics Institute of the Eötvös Loránd Research Network.
Her research areas cover various topics, with a main focus on speech processing, spontan-
eous speech production processes, and typical and atypical language acquisition. She teaches
various courses at the university and is the Head of the Applied Linguistics Doctoral Program.
She is a member of national and international committees, editorial boards, Secretary-General
of the International Society of Phonetic Sciences (ISPhS) and works as Editor-in-Chief for
the ISPhS journal, The Phonetician. She has published 12 books and more than 390 scientific
papers in Hungarian and English. She has received various awards, including the Officer’s Cross
of the Order of Merit of the Hungarian Republic.

Professor Helen Grech is a registered audiologist and speech-language pathologist. She

was awarded the PhD degree in 1998 by the University of Manchester, UK. Helen Grech
has headed the Department of Communication Therapy within the Faculty of Health
Sciences of the University of Malta, for 28 years. Her research interests are speech and
language acquisition and disorders in multilingual populations. Helen Grech is involved
in cross-linguistic research projects and Inter-Governmental COST Actions. She was
awarded several research grants by the European Commission and is a regular reviewer
of research proposals funded by the European Commission and other national agencies.
She is a former President and an Honoured member of the International Association of
Logopedics and Phoniatrics.

Christina Hagedorn is an Assistant Professor of Linguistics and director of the Motor Speech
Laboratory at the City University of New York – College of Staten Island. She received her
PhD in Linguistics from the University of Southern California, where she was a member of
the Speech Production and Articulation Knowledge (SPAN) Group and the USC Phonetics
and Phonology Group. She received her clinical training in Communicative Sciences and
Disorders at New York University, and holds a certificate of clinical competency in Speech
and Language Pathology (CCC-SLP). Her research aims to shed light on the precise nature
of articulatory breakdowns in disordered speech and how this can inform theories of unim-
paired speech production, as well as lead to the refinement of therapeutic techniques. Her
current work focuses on both articulatory coordination patterns in apraxic speech and articu-
latory preservation and compensation mechanisms exhibited by oral and base of tongue
cancer patients.

xviii
 Contributors

Gregory J. Hedlund is a Programmer at Memorial University (Newfoundland, Canada). His

work focuses primarily on corpus creation and analysis software for research in linguistics,
primarily in phonology and phonetics. As lead programmer, he has been an integral part of
the design and development of the Phon open source software program and supporting util-
ities (https://www.phon.ca). He has also collaborated with members of the CHILDES project
(https://childes.talkbank.org) on the TalkBank (https://talkbank.org) and PhonBank (https://
phonbank.talkbank.org) database formats.

Peter Howell is Professor of Experimental Psychology at University College London where he

has worked for most of his professional career. His main areas of interest are hearing and speech
and he has published extensively in both of them. A particular interest throughout his career
has been the relationship between speech perception and production. In early investigations he
worked on explanations about why auditory perturbations whilst a person is speaking affect
vocal control. This led to his discovery of the fluency-enhancing effects of frequency-shifted
feedback on people who stutter that is incorporated in many contemporary prostheses. He has
worked extensively on stuttering. Books he has authored include Recovery from stuttering
and Signals and Systems for Speech and Hearing Sciences. His current interests include brain
scanning and neurostimulation.

Ewa Jacewicz is a Research Associate Professor in the Department of Speech and Hearing
Science at The Ohio State University. She holds a PhD from the University of Wisconsin-
Madison, followed by a postdoctoral research fellowship from the National Institutes of Health.
She has published on a wide range of topics in sociophonetics, speech perception and acoustics,
speech development in late childhood and communication disorders. Her research interests are
in phonetic variation and intelligibility of speech in the context of sociocultural dynamics and
generational sound change. She was an associate editor for the Journal of Speech, Language and
Hearing Research and served as an editorial board member for this journal. She is currently an
associate editor for the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

Esther Janse is an Associate Professor in the Language and Communication department at

Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands. She holds a PhD from Utrecht University, also
the Netherlands. She coordinates the language and speech pathology track within Linguistics
at Radboud University, teaching courses on spoken language processing and experimental
design in Radboud’s Language and Communication Bachelor, Master and Research Master
programmes. Esther Janse is chair of the Dutch Phonetics Association for the Netherlands and
Flanders. Her research focuses on spoken language processing in healthy and pathological
populations (including persons with aphasia or dysarthria and those with severe hearing impair-
ment). She published multiple papers on the effects of ageing and hearing impairment on the
perception and production of speech in multiple speaking styles.

Marie Klopfenstein, PhD, in an Associate Professor in the Speech-Language Pathology and

Audiology program, which is part of the Department of Applied Health at Southern Illinois
University Edwardsville. She teaches undergraduate and graduate classes in phonetics, speech
science and voice. Dr. Klopfenstein has presented and published widely on acoustic and percep-
tual correlates of speech naturalness. Her other research includes voice services for transgender
and gender non-conforming individuals, speech rate, sonority and phonetic transcription, with
current focus on populations with unmet needs and issues with accessing speech and language
services.

xix
 Contributors

Christian Kroos is a Cognitive Scientist and Engineer with a focus on algorithm develop-
ment. He received his MA and PhD in Phonetics and Speech Communication from Ludwigs-
Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany. Over the last two decades, he has conducted
research in Germany (Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität), Japan (ATR, Kyoto), USA (Haskins
Laboratories, New Haven, CT), Australia (Western Sydney University, Sydney, & Curtin
University, Perth) and the UK (University of Surrey, Guildford), spanning experimental
phonetics, computer science, cognitive science, robotics, artificial intelligence and the arts.
In his speech-related research he analyzed articulatory movements and investigated auditory-
visual speech. He recently started a position at Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits
(Erlangen, Germany) investigating novel machine learning algorithms for signal processing.

Alice Lee is a Speech and Language Therapist and Lecturer in Speech and Hearing Sciences
at University College Cork, Ireland. Her research interest and expertise include perceptual and
instrumental investigations of speech disorders associated with structural anomalies and neuro-
logical impairment; listener training for auditory-perceptual judgements of speech disorders;
and Cochrane Systematic Review. In terms of teaching and learning, her primary interest is
teaching and assessing auditory-perceptual judgements of speech disorders and using instru-
mental measures for speech assessment, with secondary interest in Visual Thinking Strategies.
Alice is currently a steering group member of DELAD (website: http://delad.net/), a member
of the United Kingdom Child Speech Disorder Research Network (CSDRN), a member of
The Cochrane Collaboration (2018-2023), and a member on the Cleft Palate and Craniofacial
Committee of the International Association of Communication Sciences and Disorders (known
as IALP). She served as the Editor of Journal of Clinical Speech and Language Studies –
the official journal of The Irish Association of Speech and Language Therapists (2010–2019)
and currently, she is serving as a Section Editor of the Speech Section of The Cleft Palate-
Craniofacial Journal – the office journal of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association.

Orla Lowry is currently a lecturer in English language and linguistics at Ulster University
and tutor in phonetics at Queen’s University Belfast, having previously had research and
teaching positions at both universities. She holds a PhD in phonetics and linguistics from Ulster
University. Her research has focused largely on the intonation of Northern Irish English, its
communicative intent and the implications its structural diversity from “standard” varieties of
English have for existing analytic frameworks for intonation. She has also co-authored articles
and books on clinical phonetics, and for the last few years has regularly acted as reviewer for
the journal Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics.

Catherine (Cate) Madill is an Associate Professor of Voice and Voice Disorders at the
University of Sydney Australia, and a Certified Practising Speech Pathologist. She is co-director
of the Dr Liang Voice Program at the University of Sydney. She holds a PhD and BAppSc
(Speech Pathology) (Hons) and University Medal from the University of Sydney. She is an
active researcher and educator, and has published widely in voice therapy and training, acoustic
analysis, laryngeal physiology and voice disorders. She has developed an award winning online
learning tool to support education and research in voice and communication disorders. She
serves on the editorial board of numerous international peer reviewed journals across voice,
speech pathology and performing arts medicine. She is also director and senior clinician in a large
metropolitan private practice specializing in assessment and management of voice and upper
airway disorders.

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