“ARCHITECTURAL DETAILING AND PLANNING IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING ”

For The Diploma in Civil Engineering By

GUJAR TEJAS G.
MANE BHIMRAJ J.
THOSAR MAYUR S.

Under the Guidance of

Mr. SOLANKE A.S

Civil Engineering

MSPM’S
YASHWANTRAO CHAVAN INSTITUTE OF POLYTECHNIC,
BEED.

Maharashtra State, India

2024-25
 CERTIFICATE
This is certifying that this entitled “ARCHITECTURAL DETAILING AND PLANNING IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING”,which is being submitted here with for the award of the Diploma in
Civil Engineering of Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education Mumbai. This is the
result of the original research work and contribution GUJAR TEJAS. MANE BHIMRAJ.
THOSAR MAYUR., Under My supervision and guidance The work embodied in this these has
not formed earlier for the basic of the award of any degree or compatible certificate or similar title of this
for any other Diploma/Examining bodyor university to the best of knowledge and belief.

Place:- Beed

Date:- / /

Mr.Solanke A.S. Mr.Nasre S

(Guide) (H.O.D)

External Examiner DR. Marlapalle

(Principal)

Examiner:
Date:
 Abstract

One of the major problems that the country facing rapidly growing population, which
necessities more facilities in the restricted availability of land this can be solved to a certain
extent with the construction of residential building. A residential building is defined as a
building which provides accommodation like individual houses or private dwellings,
apartments, dormitories, hotels etc.,
In this project Analysis and Design a G+2 building in the area of 40ft x 82ft.

iii
Contents

Abstract iv

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Demand of Houses and practical consideration ...................................................... 2
1.3 Classification of buildings based on occupancy..................................................... 3
1.4 Scope ......................................................................................................................... 4
1.5 Objectives .................................................................................................................. 4

2 PLANNING 6
2.1 Plan............................................................................................................................ 6
2.2 Selection of plot and study....................................................................................... 6
2.3 Vaasthu advice for building ..................................................................................... 7
2.4 Vaasthu tips for building are as follows................................................................. 7
2.5 Importance of North direction in construction ....................................................... 8
2.6 Details of a structure ................................................................................................ 9
2.7 Code books Used .................................................................................................... 13
2.8 Softwares Used ........................................................................................................ 13

3 GRAVITY LOAD ANALYSIS 14

3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 14
3.2 Load calculations .................................................................................................... 15
3.3 Load calculations on Beams .................................................................................. 15
3.4 Wind load analysis ................................................................................................. 18

4 ANALYSIS OF BUILDING IN STAAD Pro V8i 19

4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 19
4.2 Analysis of Building .............................................................................................. 19
4.3 Building Data for Analysis.................................................................................. 20

5. DESIGN OF BUILDING 24
4.4 Design of Column ............................................................................................. 24
iv
 4.5 Necessity of reinforcement in columns ............................................................ 24
4.6 Types of columns ............................................................................................. 25
4.7 Design of column .............................................................................................. 25
4.8 Design of beam ................................................................................................. 26
4.9 Design of slab ................................................................................................... 28

6. ESTIMATION 32
4.10 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 32
4.11 Purpose of Estimation ....................................................................................... 33

7. CONCLUSIONS 36

8. REFERENCES 37

v
List of Figures

2.1 Bramha Sthana ............................................................................................................... 8

2.2 Compass........................................................................................................................... 9
2.3 First floor Plan ............................................................................................................. 10
2.4 Second floor Plan .......................................................................................................... 11
2.5 Third floor Plan ............................................................................................................ 12

3.1 Gravity loads ................................................................................................................ 14

3.2 Load distribution on beams........................................................................................ 16

4.1 Three dimensional rendered view of the building from STAAD Pro ...................... 20
4.2 Deflection of Building ................................................................................................... 21
4.3 Bending Moment of Building ....................................................................................... 22
4.4 Shear Force of Building ................................................................................................ 23

5.1 Reinforcement details of Column ................................................................................ 26

5.2 Reinforcement details of Beam ................................................................................... 28

6.1 Weight of concrete and steel from the STAAD PRO ................................................ 33

vi
List of Tables
3.1 Load Distribution on Beams for First floor ............................................................. 16
3.3 Load Distribution on Beams for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Second floor
3.4 Load Distribution on Beams for Third . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
floor
4.1 Building data for Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
. . . . .

vii
Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General
The basic needs of human existences are food, clothing and shelter. The man has been
making efforts in improving their standards of living. The points of his efforts are to provide
economic and efficient shelter. The possession of shelter gives a feeling of security,
responsibility and shows the social status of man. Every human being has an inherent liking
for a peaceful envi- ronment needed for his pleasant living, it can be achieved by having a
place of living situated at the safe and convenient location.

The engineer has to keep in mind the municipal conditions, building byelaws, Environment,
financial capacity, water supply, sewage arrangement, provision of future, aeration, ventilation,
vaastu etc., in suggestion to a particular type of plan.

The residential building has proper ventilation, it is provide with sufficient doors, windows.
Structural analysis means determination of the general shape and all the specific dimensions
of a particular structure so that it will perform the function for which it is created and will safely
withstand the influences which will act on it throughout its useful life.

Due to concentration and increase of population into urban cities, there is a need to ac-
commodate the influx in urban cities. However, due to rapid increase of land cost and limited
availability of land, constructions of multistoried buildings is taking part in our daily life.

1
1.2 Demand of Houses and practical consideration

Demand of Houses:
The house is the first unit of the society and its primary unit of human habitation. The house
is built to grant the protection against wind, weathers, and to give insurance against physical
insecurity of all kind.
The special features of the demand for housing consists of in its unique nature and demand on
the following factors,

1. Availability of skilled labour.

2. Availability of finance.

3. Availability of transport facility.

4. Cost of labours and material of construction.

5. Predictions of future demand.

6. Rate of interest on investment e.g., low rates of interest with facilities of long term pay-
ment may facilitate investment in housing.

7. Rate of population growth and urbanization.

8. Supply of developed plots at reasonable prices.

9. Taxation policy on real estates.

10. Town planning and environmental conditions.

Practical considerations:

1. The elements of building should be strong and capable to withstand the likely adverse
effects of natural agencies.

2. Strength, stability, convenience and comfort of the occupants should be the first consid-
eration in planning.

3. Elevation should be simple but attractive. The number of doors and windows provided
should be less for a bank building.

4. The provisions of built-in furniture at proper places are useful from the point of view of
utility.

2
 • A place for comfortable and pleasant living requires considered and kept in a view.

• A peaceful environment.

• Safety from all natural sources and climatic conditions.

• General facilities for community of residential area.

1.3 Classification of buildings based on occupancy

1. Residential buildings: These buildings include any building in which sleeping accom-
modation provided for normal residential purposes, with or without cooking and dining
facilities. It includes single or multifamily dwellings, apartment houses, lodgings or room-
ing houses, hotels, dormitories and residential hotels.

2. Education buildings: These include any building used for school, college, trainings
centers or day care purposes involving assembly for instruction, education or recreation and
which is not covered by assembly buildings.

3. Institutional buildings: These buildings are used for different purposes, such as medical
or other treatment or care of persons suffering from physical or mental illness, diseases or
infirmity, care of infant, aged persons and penal detention in which the liberty of the inmates is
restricted. Institutional building ordinarily provides sleeping accommodation for the
occupants.

4. Assembly buildings: These are the buildings where groups of people meet or gather
for amusement, recreation, social, religious, assembly halls, city halls, marriage halls,
exhibition halls, museums, places of worship etc.,

5. Business buildings: These buildings are used for transaction of business, for keeping
of accounts, records and for similar purposes, offices, banks, professional establishments, court
houses, libraries. The principal function of these buildings is transaction of public business and
keeping of books and records.

6. Mercantile buildings: These buildings are used as shops, stores, market, for display
an sale of merchandise either wholesale or retail office, shops, storage service facilities
incidental to the sale of merchandise and located in the same building.

3
7. Industrial building: These are building where products or materials of all kinds and properties
are fabrication, assembled manufactured or processed, as assembly plant, lab- oratories, dry
cleaning plants, power plants pumping stations, smoke houses, etc.,

8. Storage building: These buildings are used primarily for the storage or sheltering of
goods, wares or merchandise vehicles and animals, as warehouse , cold, storage , garages,
trucks.

9. Hazardous buildings: These buildings are used for the storage, handling, manufacture or
processing of highly combustible or explosive materials or product which are liable to
burn with extreme rapidly and/or which may produces poisonous elements for stor- age
handling, acids or other liquids or chemicals producing flames, fumes and explosive poisonous
irritant or corrosive gases processing of any material producing explosive mix- tures of dust
which result in the division of matter into the fine particles subjects to spontaneous ignition.

1.4 Scope

• In this emerging world, the requirements of houses are more. To overcome that require-
ment, the houses are built by proper utilization of area.

• By constructing the residential house, the consumption of area is less, it leads to enhance
the opportunities for both agriculture and residential purpose.

• The design plans and specifications contain no errors and meet the appropriate code as
well as owner requirements.

1.5 Objectives

The specific objectives of the present investigation are listed below:

• To know various design aspects of planning, analysis and design of a residential building.

• To estimate the cost of the building considering various activities involved in the con-
struction of a building.

• To evaluate each and every activity involved in construction of a building.

• To manually analyze the problem frame, under vertical loading conditions.

4
• To perform the same analysis using standard analysis software Staad.Pro.

• Perform substitute frame analysis for the loading cases.

• Compare the accuracy of the substitute frame analysis with manual and Staad.Pro anal-
ysis and check its validity in lateral loading cases.

• Design the structural members of the residential buildings.

5
 Chapter 2

PLANNING

2.1 Plan

Building plans are a graphical representation of what a building will look after
construction. They are used by builders and contractors to construct buildings of all
kinds. Building plans are also useful when it comes to estimating how much a project will
cost, and preparing project budgets.
The creation of a set of building plans starts when an owner or developer approaches an
architect with an idea for a new building, considering the detailing and complexity of a
project, different types of drawings are issued by an architect for the easy understanding and
smooth working of construction process.

2.2 Selection of plot and study

Selecting of plot is very important for building a house. Site should be in a good place
where three is a community but service is convenient. But not so closed that becomes a
source of in- convenience or noisy. The conventional transportation is important not only
because of present need but for retention of property value in future which is closely
related to are transportation, shopping, facilities also necessary. One should observe the
road condition whether there is indication of future development or not in case of
undeveloped area.
The factors to be considered while selecting the building site are as follows:

• Access to park and play ground.

• Agricultural polytonality of the land.

• Availability of public utility services, especially water, electricity and sewage disposal.

6
 • Contour of land in relation the building cost. Cost of land.

• Distance from places of work.

• Ease of drainage.

• Location with respect to school, college and public buildings.

• Nature of use of adjacent area.

• Transportation facilities.

2.3 Vaasthu advice for building

Building is a structure with multiple floors that can be used as either for commercial or
resi- dential purpose by making shopping complex or apartment. Vaasthu of a building is
necessary for the success and peace of people working or living here. The principles of
Vaasthu-Shastra help making a plot into healthy building to promote health, wealth and
well-being of people. Therefore it become essential to get vaasthu done for a building
constructed for any purpose. A healthy building not only promotes health and wealth but
keep stress and negative vibration at bay and helps making the people successful. Vaasthu
works on underlying norms embedded in ancient text of vedas to render a peaceful and
posper life to the mankind. That is why Vaasthu is necessary for every building
whether it is residential or commercial purpose.

2.4 Vaasthu tips for building are as follows

• Plot chosen for a building shall be particularly square or rectangle while avoid any irreg-
ular shaped building which can bring bad fate for inmates.

• Avoid buildings having extension in south or west whereas cuts in North or East shall also
be avoid.

• There should be more open space towards North, North-east and East where open lawns,
parking, garden etc. can be constructed. But these important and vital directional areas must
not be covered or constructed.

• Entrance or main door of building should essentially be constructed in East which has to
be huge and bigger than other gates especially exit door.

7
 • The height of the building should be more on South and West.

• Stair case should ideally be placed in South-west.

• Kitchen in the building is best to be place in South-east.

• By adding all the doors, windows and ventilators of a building should be in an even
number and it should not end with zero.

• Balcony should be made in East or North.

2.5 Importance of North direction in construction

When we are making a land layout / building, we are using an instrument ”compass”, which
is having needle in North-South direction. The accurate making of East, West, North and
South directions are required to do the marking of roads, plots and buildings.
North side main door, window, French window, ventilator and roof top North light
provision will bring more sunlight inside the house from morning to evening. So North direction
is very important in building construction.

Figure 2.1: Bramha Sthana

8
 Figure 2.2: Compass

2.6 Details of a structure

• Size of the structure = 40ft x 60ft

• No. of stories of building = 5

• Height of ground floor = 3.5m

• Height of each storey = 3m

• Total height of building = 18.5m

The plan of a building is drawn using Auto CAD software.

9
2.3 First floor Plan

10
2.4 Second floor Plan

11
2.5 Third floor Plan

12
2.7 Code books Used

• IS 456 : 2000

• IS 875 (Part-1) : 1987 (Dead loads)

• IS 875 (Part-2) : 1987 (Live loads)

• IS 875 (Part-3) : 1987 (Wind loads)

2.8 Softwares Used

• Auto- CAD 2024

• Sketchup2024

• Enscape

• STAAD PRO V8i

13
 Chapter 3

GRAVITY LOAD ANALYSIS

3.1 Introduction

Load Analysis is the process of determining forces in each element in a structure. Gravity load
include ”dead”, or permanent load, which is the weight of the structure, including walls, floors,
fnishes and mechanical systems and ”live”, or temporary load, which is the weight of structure’s
contents and occupants. The gravity loads as shown in fig..,

Figure 3.1: Gravity loads

14
3.2 Load calculations

• Assumed the thickness of the slab = 0.15 m

• Assumed dimensions of beams = 0.23 x 0.3 m

• Assumed dimensions of columns = 0.23 x 0.4 m

• Assumed Live load on slab = 2 kN/m2

• Assumed Floor finish load = 1 kN/m2

• Dead load = 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 kN/m2

• Total load = W = 3.75+2+1= 6.75 kN/m2

Load distribution on longer span = [[Wlx/6][3-[lx/ly]2]] Load distribution on shorter

span = [Wlx/3]
Where,
Lx = Length of shorter span Ly = Length of longer span

3.3 Load calculations on Beams

For Slab 1
B2, B4 are shorter beams =
2.81m B1, B3 are longer
beams = 4.44m

• Thickness of slab = 0.15m

• Density of concrete = 25 kN/m3

• Dead load = 3.75 kN/m2 (IS 875-1978 Part - 1)

• Live Load = 2 kN/m2 (IS 875-1978 Part - 2)

• Floor load = 1 kN/m2 (IS 875-1978 Part - 3)

• Total load = W = 6.75 kN/m2

Load distribution on shorter span = [6.75 x 2.81/3] = 6.32 kN/m2

Load distribution on longer span = [6.75 X 2.81/6] [3-(2.81/4.44)2] = 8.22 kN/m2

15
Figure 3.2: Load distribution on beams

16
 Table 3.2: Load Distribution on Beams for First floor

S D F L T Lx L B B B3 B
l e l i o y 1 2 4
a a o v t
b d o e a
l r l l
o l o l
a o a o
d a d a
d d
S 3 2 1 6.75 2.81 4 6 8 6.32 8
1 . . . . .
7 4 3 2 2
5 4 2 2 2
S 3 2 1 6.75 4.44 5 9 1 9.99 1
2 . . . 2 2
7 9 9 . .
5 4 9 1 1
9 9
S 3 2 1 6.75 3.15 4 7 8 7.09 8
Table 3.3: Load
3 . . . . .
7 4 0 8 8
5 3 9 4 4
S 3 2 1 6.75 3.15 4 7 8 7.09 8
4 . . . . .
7 3 0 7 7
5 2 9 5 5
S 3 2 1 6.75 4.43 6 9 1 9.97 1
5 . . . 2 2
7 7 9 . .
5 7 7 8 8
2 2
S 3 2 1 6.75 4.32 6 9 1 9.72 .
6 . . . 2 6
7 7 7 . 0
5 7 2 6
0
Distribution on Beams for Second floor For Second Floor

17
S D F L T Lx L B B B3 B
l e l i o y 1 2 4
a a o v t
b d o e a
l r l l
o l o l
a o a o
d a d a
d d
S 3 2 1 6.75 2.81 4 6 8 6.32 8
1 . . . . .
7 4 3 2 2
5 4 2 2 2
S 3 2 1 6.75 4.44 5 9 1 9.99 1
2 . . . 2 2
7 9 9 . .
5 4 9 1 1
9 9
S 3 2 1 6.75 3.15 4 7 8 7.09 8
3 . . . . .
7 4 0 8 8
5 3 9 4 4
S 3 2 1 6.75 3.15 4 7 8 7.09 8
4 . . . . .
7 3 0 7 7
5 2 9 5 5
S 3 2 1 6.75 4.43 6 9 1 9.97 1
5 . . . 2 2
7 7 9 . .
5 7 7 8 8
2 2
S 3 2 1 6.75 4.32 6 9 1 9.72 1
6 . . . 2 2
7 7 7 . .
5 7 2 6 6
0 0

18
 Table 3.4: Load Distribution on Beams for third floor

S D F L T Lx L B B B3 B
l e l i o y 1 2 4
a a o v t
b d o e a
l r l l
o l o l
a o a o
d a d a
d d
S 3 2 1 6.75 2.81 4 6 8 6.32 8
1 . . . . .
7 4 3 2 2
5 4 2 2 2
S 3 2 1 6.75 4.44 5 9 1 9.99 1
2 . . . 2 2
7 9 9 . .
5 4 9 1 1
9 9
S 3 2 1 6.75 3.15 4 7 8 7.09 8
3 . . . . .
7 4 0 8 8
5 3 9 4 4
S 3 2 1 6.75 3.15 4 7 8 7.09 8
4 . . . . .
7 3 0 7 7
5 2 9 5 5
S 3 2 1 6.75 4.43 6 9 1 9.97 1
5 . . . 2 2
7 7 9 . .
5 7 7 8 8
2 2
S 3 2 1 6.75 4.32 6 9 1 9.72 1
6 . . . 2 2
7 7 7 . .
5 7 2 6 6
0 0

3.4 Wind load analysis

Design of Wind loads
As per IS 875 (Part-3) - 1987 clause 5.3
Design Wind Speed (Vz) = (k1x K2 x K3 x Vb) Where,
K1 = Probability Factor = 1.0 (As per IS 875 (Part-3) - 1987 clause 5.3.1 Table 1, for
Basic wind speed - 39 m/s and Design life of structure 50 years)
(Hence, Assumed Basic Wind Speed as 39 m/s for the location Kurnool from IS 875 (Part
- 3) 1987 Fig 1)
K2 = Terrain and Structure size factor = 0.8
(As per IS 875 (Part - 3) - 1987 clause 5.3.3.2 Table 2 for Terrain Category 4 (Class A)
Building and Height 20 m)
K3 = Topography Factor = 1.0 (Assumed)

19
Vb = Basic wind speed = 39 m/s
(As per IS 875 (Part - 3) - 1987 fig 1 Assumed Zone as Kurnool) Vz = 1.0 x 0.8 x 1.0
x 39 = 31.2 m/s
Design Wind Pressure Pd = 0.6 x (Vz)2 Pd = (0.6 x (31.2)2)/1000 = 0.584 kN/m2

20
 Chapter 4

ANALYSIS OF BUILDING IN STAAD Pro V8i

4.1 Introduction

Buildings are an important indicator of social progress of the country. A building frame
is a three dimensional structure or space structure consist of a column, beams and slabs.
Now- a-days, high rise buildings are in high demand due to the world population boon. Earlier,
modeling and structure analysis of a building were carried out using hand calculation method
based on simplified assumptions and understanding the whole behavior of the structure.
But it seems to be time consuming and complicated for high rise buildings. At present, computer
hardware’s and software’s for modeling and analysis of a structure is widely available. We need
to know how the knowledge secured in the class room are applied in these practical sides of the
work.

4.2 Analysis of Building

1. Step-1: Creation of nodal points. Based on the column positioning of plan we entered
the node points into STAAD file.

2. Step-2: Representation of beams and columns. By using add beam command we had
drawn the beams and columns between the corresponding node points.

3. Step-3: 3D view of structure. Here we have used the Transitional repeat command in Y
direction to get the 3D view of a structure.

21
4. Step-4: Supports and property assigning. After the creation of structure the supports at the
base of structure and specified as fixed. Also the materials were specified and cross sections of
beams and columns members were assigned.

5. Step-5: Assigning of Dead loads

6. Step-6: Assigning of Live loads for every floor which are calculated manually using IS-875
PART2

7. Step-7: Analysis. After the completion of all the above steps we have performed the analysis
and checked for errors

4.4 Building Data for Analysis

1 Type of Building Residential Building (G+5)

2 No. of Stories G+5
3 Floor
height 3.5m
Ground 3.0m
Floor
Remaining
floors
4 Material Concrete (M20) and reinforcement of steel
(FE415)
5 Size of beam 230mm x 300mm
6 Size of column 230mm x 400mm
7 Size of wall 300mm

Table 4.1: Building data for Analysis

Figure 4.1: Three dimensional rendered view of the building from STAAD Pro

22
Figure 4.2: Deflection of Building

23
Figure 4.3: Bending Moment of Building

24
Figure 4.4: Shear Force of Building

25
 Chapter 5

DESIGN OF BUILDING

After analysis we start doing design of concrete is performed as IS 456:2000 by defining suitable
design commands for different structural components. After the assigning of commands
again we performed analysis for any errors.

5.1 Design of Column

A vertical member whose effective length is greater than 3times its least lateral dimension
carrying compressive loads is called as Column. Column transfers the loads from the beams or
slabs to the footings and foundations. The inclined member carrying compressive loads as
in case of frames and trusses called as struts. Pedestal is a vertical compression member whose
effective length is less than 3 times its least lateral dimension. Generally the column may be
square, rectangular or circular in shape.

5.1.1 Necessity of reinforcement in columns

Even though concrete is strong in compression, longitudinal steel bars are placed in the
column to reduce the size of the column or to increase the load carrying capacity and to
resist any tension that might develop due to bending of column due to horizontal loads,
eccentric loads or moments.
To resist any tensile stresses likely to develop, the reinforcement should be placed as near the
surface as possible and should evenly distributed ensuring the minimum cover.
Transverse reinforcement in the form of lateral ties or spiral reinforcement are provided to
resist longitudinal splitting of the column or splitting concrete due to development of transverse
tension and to prevent buckling of longitudinal bars.

26
5.1.2 Types of columns

5.2 Based on type of Reinforcement : Depending upon the type of reinforcement used,
reinforced columns are classified into

5.2.1 Tied column: When the main longitudinal bars of the column are confined with in
closely spaced lateral ties, it is called as Tied column.

5.2.2 Spiral column : When the main longitudinal bars of the columns are enclosed with in
closely spaced and continuously wound spiral reinforcement, it is called as Spiral
column

5.3 Based on type of Loading : Depending upon the type of Loading used, columns are
classified into

5.3.1 Axially loaded column : When the line of action of the resultant compressive force
coincides with the center of the gravity of the cross section of the column, it is called as
Axially loaded column.

5.3.2 Eccentrically loaded column : When the line of action of the resultant compressive force
doesn’t coincide with the center of gravity of the cross section of the column.
Eccentrically loaded columns have to be designed for combined axial force and bend-
ing moments.

1. Based on slenderness ratio : Depending upon the type of slenderness ratio used,
columns are classified into

(a) Short column : When the ratio of effective length of the column to the least lateral dimensions
is less than 12. A short column fails by crushing.

(b) Long column : When the ratio of effective length of the column to the least lateral dimensions
is greater than 12. A long column fails by buckling.

5.3.3 Design of column

Size of column = 230mm x 400mm Length of column = 3000mm

Effective length = 0.65 x l = 0.65 x 3000 = 1950mm Slenderness ratio = l/b =
1950/230 = 8.47 ¿ 12 Hence, it may be designed as short column.

27
 Minimum eccentricity, e = l/500 + D/30 = 3000/500 + 400/30 = 19.33 ¿ 20 Hence,
emin = 20mm
Load = 23.32kN
Factored load (Pu) = 1.5 x 23.32 = 34.98kN Gross area Ag = 230 x 400 =92000mm2
Ac = Ag - Asc
Pu = 0.4 x fck x (Ag - Asc) + 0.6 x fy x Asc
34.98 x 106 = 0.4 x 25 x (92000 - Asc) + 0.6 x 415 x Asc
Asc = 846 mm2
Minimum reinforcement = 0.8/100 x 230 x 400 = 736 mm2 Hence, provide minimum
reinforcement = 846 mm2 Provide 12mm dia of bars
No.of bars = 846/[(Π/4)x122] = 8 no’s

Figure 5.1: Reinforcement details of Column

5.4 Design of beam

In most of the reinforced concrete structures, beams and slabs are always cast
monolithically. Form works are erected for beams and slabs together and concrete is poured
in one operation form bottom of the beam to the top of the slab. Stirrups and bentup bars
are also extended into the slab. Stirrups and bentup bars are also extended into the slab.
Due to this, certain portion of the slab acts along with the beam in resting compression of
the beam and it acts like a flange of the beam. The total resulting section is known as
flanged section.

28
 fck = 25 N/mm2 fy = 415 N/mm2
Support width = 300mm Length = 4440mm

1. Depth of beam:
Selecting depth in range of (1/12) to (1/15) based on stiffness d = 4440/15 = 300mm
D = 350mm (cover 50mm) Width (b) = 230mm
Effective span = It is the least of c/c of supports = 4.44 + 0.23/2 + 0.23/2 = 4.67

2. Loads:
Self-weight of beam = 0.23 x 0.35 x 1 x 25 = 2.127 KN/m2 Imposed load = 6.75
KN/m2
Total load = 8.877 KN/m2
Factored load = 1.5 x 8.77 = 13.31 KN/m2
Factored bending moment (Mu) = [(wu x l2)/8] =36.28 KN-m

3. Depth required:
Minimum depth required (Mu) = 36.28 x 106 = 0.138 x 25 x 230 x x2 X = 213.82mm
300mm
<

d = 300m
Hence, provide depth is adequate

4. Tension reinforcement:
Mu lim = 0.87fyAstd (1- fyAst/fckbd)
36.28 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 300 (1-415*Ast/25*230*300)
Ast= 329.49 mm2 Provide 16mm Φ of bars
No of bars = 329.49/[(Π/4)x162] = 4 no’s

5. Check for deflection (stiffness): For SSB basic value of l/d = 20

Modification factor for tension steel = 1.14
Stress in steel under service or working loads fs = 193.76 N/mm2

29
 From fig of IS456-2000 Modification factor = 1.15
Maximum permitted = l/d = 1.15 x 20 = 23 l/d provided ratio = 4440/350 = 12.68 ¡
23 Hence deflection is safe.

Figure 5.2: Reinforcement details of Beam

5.5 Design of slab

Slabs are constructed to provide flat surfaces, usually horizontal, in building floors, roofs,
bridges, and other types of structures. The slab may be supported by walls, by reinforced
concrete beams usually cast monolithically with the slab, by structural steel beams, by
columns, or by the ground.
Flat slab:-
Flat slab is a reinforced concrete slab supported directly by concrete columns or caps. Flat
slab don’t have beams. They are supported on columns itself. Loads are directly transferred
to columns. In this type of construction a plain ceiling is obtained thus giving attractive
appearance from architectural point of view. The plain ceiling diffuses the light better and is
considered less vulnerable in the case of fire than the usual beam slab construction. The
flat slab is easier to construct and require less formwork. The thickness of Flat slab is
minimum 8

30
 inch or 0.2m. This is a one of the types of concrete slabs. Where it is used:

1. To provide plain ceiling surface giving better diffusion of light.

2. Easy constructability with economy in the formwork.

3. Larger head room or shorter storey height and pleasing appearance.

4. This kind of slabs are provided in parking.

5. Flat slabs are generally used in parking decks, commercial buildings, hotels or places where
beam projections are not desired.

Conventional slab:-
The slab which is supported with Beams and columns is called conventional slab. In this
kind of slab the thickness of slab is small where as depth of beam is large and load is
transferred to beams and form beams to columns. It requires more formwork when
compared with the flat slab. And there is no need of providing column caps in conventional
slab. The thickness of conventional slab is 4 or 10cm.5 to 6 inches is recommended if the
concrete will receive occasional heavy loads, such as motor homes or garbage trucks. Normally
it is square in shape and has a length of 4m. Reinforcement is provided in conventional
slab and the bars which are set in horizontal are called Main Reinforcement Bars and bars
which are set in vertical are called Distribution bars. These types of slabs are used in
constructing floors of multi storeyed building.
Based on length and breadth of the slab Conventional Slab is classified into two types

1. One-way Slab

2. Two-way Slab

1. ONE WAY SLAB:

One way slab is a slab which is supported by beams on the two opposite sides to carry the load
along one direction. The ratio of longer span (l) to shorter span (b) is equal or greater than 2,
considered as one way slab because this slab will bend in one direction i.e., in the direction
along its shorter span. However minimum reinforcement known as distribution steel is provided
along the longer span above the main reinforcement to distribute the load uniformly and
to resist temperature and Shrinkage stresses.
In general length of slab is 4m. But in one way slab one side length is 4m and other

31
 side length is more than 4m. So it satisfies the above equation. In one way slab main
reinforcement is provided in shorter span distribution reinforcement is provided in longer span.
Distribution bars are cranked to resist the formation of stresses.

2. TWO WAY SLAB:

Two way slab is a slab supported by beams on all the four sides and the loads are carried by
the supports along both directions, it is known as two way slab. In two way slab, the ratio of
longer span(l) to shorter span(b) is less than 2. The slabs are likely to bend along the two
spans in this load is transferred in both the directions to the four supporting edges and
hence distribution reinforcement is provided in both the directions.
In this kind of slab the length and breadth of slab is more than 4m. So distribution bars are
provided at both the ends in two slab. To resist the formation of stresses.
These types of slabs are used in constructing floors of multi storied building.

Design of Slab:

1. Length to breadth ratio:

Length of longer span of slab (Ly) = 2810 mm Length of shorter span of slab (Lx) =
4440 mm
(Ly/Lx) = 0.63 ¡ 2 = two way slab (from IS456-2000 ANNEX D 1.11)

2. Effective depth:
Span to effective depth ratio’s for span upto 10m, continuous slab is 26 as per IS 456-2000
clause 23.2.1
Longer span in slab (Ly) = 2810 mm (deff) = (span/26) = 108.077 mm
Assume 10mm dia of bar with 15 mm cover d = (deff - bar dia - cover) = 176 mm

3. Effective span:
In Y-direction Ly(eff) = 2986mm (Ly+d) In X-direction Lx(eff) = 4576mm (Lx+d)

4. Calculations of loads:
Dead load = 1 x 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 kN/m2 Live load = 2 kN/m2

32
 Total load = 5.75kN/m2
Factored load = 1.5 x 5.75 = 8.625 kN/m2

5. Design bending moment (BM) and Shear force (SF): Maximum moment in both direction
Mx = αx x wl2 , My = αy x wl2
For edge strip αx = 0.055 , αy = 0.037 For mid span αx = 0.041 , αy = 0.028
Maximum Bending Moments at edge strip in the both directions For shorter span = Mx =
0.055 x 8.65 x (4440/1000)2
For longer span = My = 0.037 x 8.65 x (2810/1000)2
Maximum Bending Moments at mid span in the both directions For shorter span = Mx =
0.041 x 8.65 x (4440/1000)2
For longer span = My = 0.028 x 8.65 x (2810/1000)2

6. Area of reinforcement:
Take fe415 grade of steel for reinforcement In X-direction:
Mx = 0.87 x fy Ast d (1- fyAst /fck x b x d) = 660000 mm2 Minimum reinforcement
required is 0.12% = 792mm2
Cross sectional area of a 8mm dia of bar = 50.26 mm2 No.of bars = 16 No’s
Spacing = 275 mm
Hence, use 16 no’s of bars of 8mm dia @ 275mm spacing In Y-direction:
My = 0.87 x fy Ast d (1- fy Ast /fck x b x d) = 421500 mm2 Minimum reinforcement
required is 0.12% = 505.8 mm2 Cross sectional area of a 8mm dia of bar = 50.26 mm2
No.of bars = 11 No’s Spacing = 281 mm
Hence, use 11 no’s of bars of 8mm dia @ 281mm spacing.

33
 Chapter 6

ESTIMATION

6.1 Introduction

Before the start of any work for its execution, the owner of the builder should have a thorough
knowledge of the volume of work. The minutest details can help him understand if the work
can be completed within the stipulated time frame and budget. It also enables him to
understand the probable cost that may be incurred to complete the proposed work. Therefore,
it is necessary to list the probable costs or develop an estimate for the proposed work from its
plans and specifications.
An estimate is prepared by calculating the quantities from the drawings for various items
and multiplying them with the unit cost of the item concerned. To prepare an estimate one
requires

• Drawing:- The drawing is the basis from which quantities of various items for a work are
calculated. The drawings consist of the plan, the elevations, and the sections through
important points.

• Specifications:-

• General Specification:- The general specification forms the general idea for the project. In
this, the nature and class of work and the names of materials that should be used are
described.

• Detailed Specification:- Detailed specification describes every item of work in the estimate.
This specification of work serves as a guide to execute the work to the owner’s satisfaction.

• Rates:- Rates for different items of works are vital factors to determine the estimated cost.

34
 • Standing circulars for taxes and insurance etc. are required to fix up rates of those item which
are not in the schedule of rates.

6.2 Purpose of Estimation

Estimate for a work or project is necessary mainly for the following purposes:

1. To ascertain the necessary amount of money required by the owner to complete the
proposed project. For public construction works, estimates are required in order to obtain
administrative approval, allotment of funds, and technical sanctions.

2. Ascertain quantities of materials required to program their timely procurement.

3. Calculate the number of workers that are to be employed to complete the work within
the scheduled time of completion.

4. Assess the requirements of tools and equipment required to complete the work according to
the program.

5. Fix up the completion period from the volume of works involved in the estimate.

6. Draw up a construction schedule and program.

7. Justify the investment from the benefit-cost ratio.

8. Invite tenders and prepare bills for payment.

9. An estimation for an existing property is required for valuation.

Figure 6.1: Weight of concrete and steel from the STAAD PRO

35
S Name N L B H Q R A
. of the o e r e u a m
N work s n e i a t o
o g a g n e u
t d h t ( n
h t t i p t
( h ( t e (
m ( m y r R
) m ) ( m s
3
) m )
3 )
)
1 Earth 1 2 2 2 1 5 6
. work 3 . . . 1 5 1
Excavat 0 0 1 2 0 ,
ion 2 2 2 . 8
and 4 5
depositi 6 3
ng of
soil
banks
with an
initial
lead of
10m.
and lift
of 3 m
complet
e
for
column
footings
2 P.C.C.( 1 1 1 1 3 1 6
. 1:1:2) 3 . . . 5 7 1
for 5 5 2 . 5 ,
column 0 0 0 1 0 4
footings 2
5
3 Filling
. Baseme
nt with
sand
includin
g cost
and
conveya
nce of
all
material
s and
labour
charges
etc.

36
 a) 1 8 1 0 1 5 9
Baseme . 6 . 3 5 3
nt 9 . 9 4 0 ,
7 7 0 . 4
8 5
1 1
b) 1 1 1 1 3
Under 3 . . . 5
column 5 5 2 .
footings 0 0 0 1
T
=
1
6
9
.
9
1
4 Brick
. masonr
y in CM
(1:6)
includin
g and
labour
charges
etc.,
superstr
ucturer
charges
etc.
a) 9” 4 8 1 3 4 5 2
walls . 6 . 0 5 ,
9 . 0 4 0 7
7 7 . 3
5 ,
1
7
7
b) 4” 8 1 0 3 9
walls 6 . . 2
. 2 0 .
7 3 1
8
4
T
=
4
9
6
.
6
8
5 Deducti
. ons
37
 Doors 1 2 0 2 1
D1 . . . .
1 2 1 0
3 3 3 4
D2 1 1 0 2 0
. . . .
5 2 1 7
2 3 3 5
D3 8 0 0 2 3 1 1
. . . . 7 3
9 2 1 6 5 ,
3 7 0 0 4
9
3
Windo 1 0 0 0 2
ws (W) 1 . . . .
9 2 9 0
3 0 5
Ventilat 4 0 0 0 0
or (V) . . . .
6 2 4 2
3 6 7
T
=
7
.
7
1
6 20mm p
. thick e
plasteri r
ng
with ( (
CM m m
(1:5) 2 2

includin ) )
g
cost and
conveya
nce of
all 5 2
materia 5 ,
ls and 0 1
labour 1
,
4
2
0
Inside 1 3 - 3 1
of all 7 . 1
rooms . 0 3
8 0 .
4 5
2

38
 Outside 1 3 - 3 1
building 5 . 2
. 2 1
6 0 .
8 0
8
Ceiling 1 8 1 - 1
. 6 4
9 . 9
7 9 .
7 8
0
T
=
3
8
4
.
4
7 Floorin
. g with
marble
stones
over
10cm 1 8 1 - 1 3 5
thick . 6 4 1 ,
PCC 9 . 9 5 2
(1:5:10) 7 7 . 0 5
includin 8 ,
g cost 0 7
and 9
convey 8
ance of
all
materia
l and
labour
of all
rooms

39
 To Find Total Cost of Steel:-
We can estimate the cost of building by multiplying the weight of materials to cost of
that material per kg.

”Total cost = weight of material in kgs x Rate of material”

• Total Weight Steel = 103001 N = 10503.17kg

• Rate of steel per Kg = Rs.54/-

• Total Cost = 10503.17 x 54

• Total cost of Steel = Rs.5,67,175/-

• Provision for Electrification arrangements = Rs.80,000/-

• Provision for Sanitary and water supply arrangements = Rs.1,50,000/-

• Provision for Cupboards = Rs.2,00,000/-

• Provision for RCC staircase with Ms railing = Rs.1,20,000/-

• Provision for Compound wall, Gate Sump = Rs.2,50,000/-

• Provision for Painting, Varnishing = Rs.80,000/-

• Provision for interior works, Elevation works = Rs.2,00,000/-

• Provision for Safety Grils, Doors = Rs.1,20,000/-

• Estimation charges for 1 floor without excavation charges = Rs.35,58,734/-

• Total estimation cost = Rs.1,77,93,670/-

40
 Chapter 7

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the work carried out, the following conclusions were made:

1. In this project, PLANNING, ANALYSIS, DESIGNING AND ESTIMATION

OF RESI-
DENTIAL BUILDING is carried out.

2. We all the members of our team has learned to plan a building with referring to National
Building Code of India-2005. This project has made us to learn Drawing and Drafting
the building plans using AUTO-CAD software.

3. The gravity load analysis performed manually as per IS code, through which the bending
moments are obtained.

4. Using STAAD Pro software, the analysis has done as per IS codes. The design is safe in
all aspects.

5. Finally, manually and software results are compared and observed that they are approx-
imately equal.

6. The design of slab, beam, and column are design in limit state method, which is safe at control
of deflection and in all aspects.

7. Finally, the structure is designed to withstand safely all loads liable to act throughout its
life time, it shall also satisfy the serviceability requirements.

8. The major parameters that influence the cost excavation in construction industry are steel,
cement, aggregate, bricks, composite materials, equipment’s, electrical installations, plumbing
works, sanitary works and labour costs are found. Thus, the objective of this project has been
achieved and successfully evaluated.

41
 Chapter 8

REFERENCES

• Dr. B.C.Punmia R.C.C Designs.

• Ashok. K.Jain, Reinforced concrete (limit state design), 6th edition.

• M.R.Dheerendrababu, Design of reinforced concrete Structures.

• N.SUBRAMANIAN Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures.

• S.S Bhavikathi Advanced Reinforced Concrete Structures.

• IS 456:2000 Plain and reinforced concrete code of practice.

• IS 875, Part-1 - (1987) Dead loads for buildings and structures.

• IS 875, Part-2 - (1987) Imposed loads for buildings and structures.

• IS 875, Part-3 - (1987) Wind loads for buildings and structures.

• National building code of India : 2005.

42