MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES The cross-sectional area of bar ABCD is 600 mm2.
Determine the maximum normal stress
Introduction: in the bar.
The three fundamental areas of engineering mechanics are statics, dynamics, and
mechanics of materials. Statics and dynamics are devoted primarily to the study of the
external effects upon rigid bodies—that is, bodies for which the change in shape
(deformation) can be neglected. In contrast, mechanics of materials deals with the
internal effects and deformations that are caused by the applied loads.
The differences between rigid-body mechanics and mechanics of materials can be
appreciated if we consider the bar shown in Fig.1.
In mechanics of materials, the statics solution is extended to include an analysis of the
forces acting inside the bar to be certain that the bar will neither break nor deform Sample Problem #2:
excessively. Axial loads are applied to the compound rod that is composed of an aluminum
segment rigidly connected between steel and bronze segments. What is the stress in
Analysis of Internal Forces; Stress each material given that P = 10 kN?
The equilibrium analysis of a rigid body is concerned primarily with the calculation of
external reactions (forces that act external to a body) and internal reactions (forces
that act at internal connections). In mechanics of materials, we must extend this
analysis to determine internal forces—that is, forces that act on cross sections that are
internal to the body itself. In addition, we must investigate the manner in which these
internal forces are distributed within the body. Only after these computations have
been made can the design engineer select the proper dimensions for a member and
select the material from which the member should be fabricated.
CHAPTER 1: SIMPLE STRESS
Axial Stress: Normal Stress
A normal stress is a stress that occurs when a member is loaded
by an axial force. The value of the normal force for any prismatic
section is simply the force divided by the cross sectional area.
where A is the area of the cross section.
Sample Problem #1:
Sample Problem #3: Sample Problem #4:
For the Pratt bridge truss and loading shown, When the force P reached 8 kN, the wooden
determine the average normal stress in member specimen shown failed in shear along the
BE, knowing that the cross-sectional area of that surface indicated by the dashed line.
member is 5.87 in2. Determine the average shearing stress along
that surface at the time of failure.
Sample Problem #5:
The bell crank, which is in equilibrium
under the forces shown in the figure, is
supported by a 20-mm-diameter pin at D
SHEAR STRESS that is in double shear. Determine (a) the
Shear stress is tangent to the plane on which it acts. Shear stress arises whenever the required diameter of the connecting rod
applied loads cause one section of a body to slide past its adjacent section. AB, given that its tensile working stress is
100 MPa; and (b) the shear stress in the
pin.
(a) (b) (c)
Examples of direct shear: (a) single shear in a rivet; (b) double shear in a bolt; and (c)
shear in a metal sheet produced by a punch.
Sample Problem #6: Sample Problem #7:
The right-angle bar is supported by a pin at B and a roller at C. What is the maximum The lap joint shown is fastened by four rivets of
safe value of the load P that can be applied if the shear stress in the pin is limited to 3/4-in. diameter. Find the maximum load P that
20,000 psi? The 3/4-in.-diameter pin is in double shear. can be applied if the working stresses are 14 ksi
for shear in the rivet and 18 ksi for bearing in the
plate. Assume that the applied load is distributed
evenly among the four rivets, and neglect friction
between the plates.
Sample Problem #8:
The cylindrical steel column has an outer diameter of
BEARING STRESS 4 in. and inner diameter of 3.5 in. The column is
If two bodies are pressed against each other, compressive forces are developed on separated from the concrete foundation by a square
the area of contact. The pressure caused by these surface loads is called bearing stress. bearing plate. The working compressive stress is 26
000 psi for the column, and the working bearing stress
is 1200 psi for concrete. Find the largest force P that
can be applied to the column.
Example of bearing stress: (a) a rivet in a lap joint; (b) bearing stress caused by the
bearing force Pb is assumed to be uniform on projected area td.
Assignment:
Prob.1
Knowing that link DE is 18 in. thick and 1 in. wide,
determine the normal stress in the central portion
of that link when (a) = 0, (b) = 90.
Prob.2
Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B and loaded as shown.
Determine the magnitude of the force P for which the tensile stress in rod AB has the
same magnitude as the compressive stress in rod BC.
Prob.3
The load P applied to a steel rod is distributed to a timber
support by an annular washer. The diameter of the rod is 22 mm
and the inner diameter of the washer is 25 mm, which is slightly
larger than the diameter of the hole. Determine the smallest
allowable outer diameter d of the washer, knowing that the
axial normal stress in the steel rod is 35 MPa and that the
average bearing stress between the washer and the timber
must not exceed 5 MPa.
Prob.4
A 40-kN axial load is applied to a short wooden
post that is supported by a concrete footing
resting on undisturbed soil. Determine (a) the
maximum bearing stress on the concrete footing,
(b) the size of the footing for which the average
bearing stress in the soil is 145 kPa.
