SVKM’s NMIMS

Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management and

Engineering, Vile Parle, Mumbai- 400056
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication
Engineering

Lab Manual
Introduction to Electrical & Electronics Lab

Academic Year-2024-25

Semester – II

Course: - Introduction to Electrical & Electronics Engineering

SVKM’S NMIMS
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 Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering

Diploma

Course: -Introduction to Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Year 2024-25

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

Sr. Week Mapped

List of Lab Exercises
No. No.# CO
Introduction to the laboratory:
a) To measure the value of resistor using color coding and verify it
using DMM
1. b) To familiarize with the function of digital multi-meter (DMM)
c) To familiarize with the function of DC power supply
d) To study Breadboard & it’s connections

Part A.
Series Circuit:
To connect the resistors in series, calculate the total resistance, find
voltage across each resistor and verify using a multimeter.
1 2 Part B. CO1
Parallel Circuit
To connect the resistors in parallel, calculate the total resistance, find
the current through each branch of the parallel circuit and verify it
using a multimeter.

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law:

To analyze given circuit using mesh analysis and verify it practically.
2 3 CO1

Thevenin’s Theorem

3 4 To verify Thevenin’s theorem and to find the full load current for the CO2
given circuit.

4 5 Norton’s Theorem
CO2
To verify Norton’s theorem and to find the full load current for the
given circuit

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 CO2
5 6 Measurement of Average and RMS value of different sinusoidal
signal waveforms
(a) Measurement of average, root mean square value, period and
frequency of (Sinusoidal) signal waveform.
(b) Observe the phase relationship between applied voltage and
current flowing through series RL AC circuit.

PN junction Diode
6 7 Plot the Forward & reverse characteristics of PN Junction Diode. CO4

7 8 Half Wave and Full Wave Rectifier CO4

Implement Half wave and Full Wave Bridge rectifier using PN
junction diode (application of diode)
8 9 Bipolar Junction Transistor
To study input and output characteristics of a NPN Bipolar Junction
Transistor (BJT) in Common-emitter configuration.
CO4
9 10 Gates
Verification of truth table for AND, OR, NOT, NAND gates.
CO4
Op-Amp
10 11 Part A: CO4
Implement an inverting amplifier using op-amp, observe the output
and the gain of the circuit.
Part B:
Implement an NON-inverting amplifier using op-amp, observe the
output and the gain of the circuit.

11 12 . Lab Test
12 13 Viva

Lab Assistant Lab Incharge HOD

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 SVKM’S NMIMS

Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering

Department of Electronics &Telecommunication Engineering

Course: Diploma

Subject: - Introduction to Electrical Engineering

Introduction to laboratory

Aim:
1. Introduction to the laboratory.
2. To measure the value of resistor, inductor using color coding and verify it
using DMM
3. To familiarize with the function of digital multi-meter (DMM)
4. To familiarize with the function of DC power supply
5. To study Breadboard & it’s connections

Components:

Sr.No. Component Quantity

1 Resistor 03

Instruments:

Sr.No. Component specification Quantity

1 Digital Multi-meter 01
2 Dual DC Power supply 0-30V 01

3 Power supply patch Red and Black Each on

chords

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Theory:

1. Resistor:

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements

electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used
to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active
elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses.

Note the color bands on these. Some have 4 bands, others have 5 bands, these
bands indicate the resistance value and tolerance.

Resistor Color Coding Chart:

Color Digit Digit Multiplier Tolerance

Black 0 0 100
Brown 1 1 101 1
Red 2 2 102 2
Orange 3 3 103
Yellow 4 4 104
Green 5 5 105 0.5
Blue 6 6 106 0.25
Violet 7 7 107 0.1
Grey 8 8 108
White 9 9 109
Gold 10-1 5
Silver 10-2 10
None 20

2. Breadboard:
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Breadboard is a tool on which we construct circuits. It has several small holes in
it which are divided in small rows and columns. Certain combinations of rows
and columns are connected internally and others are insulated.

3. DC power supply:

DC power supply is used to generate either a constant voltage or a constant

current i.e. it may be used as DC voltage source or a DC current source. DC stands
for direct current. It has two knobs and two indication lights. One knob is labeled
as current and used for adjusting the current .Second for voltage and used for
adjusting the require amount of voltage.. The lights show the power on/off and
either it is voltage/current source respectively.

4. Digital Multi-meter (DMM):

It is used to measure DC Voltage V=, AC Voltage V~, DC current A= &

AC current A~, Capacitance F. It is also used for Diode & Transistor checking
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Sr.No. Symbol & Indication Description
Sign
1 Digital Display for reading 3999counts
LCD
2 DC Direct Current measurement 400mV-1000V
3 AC Alternate Current or Voltage 4V-750V
4 AUTO Auto Range Mode
5 Δ Manual Zero in capacitance
Measurement
6 H Data Hold
7 Diode Measurement
8 KMΩ Resistance Measurement 400Ω-40MΩ
9 KMHz Frequency Measurement 9.999Hz-
9.999KHz
10 nµF Measurement of Capacitance 40nF-100µF
11 mV Voltage measurement
12 µmA DC Current measurement 400µA-20A
13 µmA AC Current measurement 400µA-20A
0
14 C Temperature measurement
15 % Duty cycle Measurement 0.1% -99.9%
16 Continuity Buzzer sounds at continuity 70Ω approx.
Check
17 OL Open loop or over large
18 Hfe Transistor hfe measurement

Procedure:

1) Check the working condition of DMM

2) Select the Ohm scale on DMM starting with minimum value
3) Connect the probes across the legs of resistor
4) Change the knob to get required reading
5) Measure the value of given resistors:
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 6) Assemble resistance in series and Parallel to measure the Total
Resistance
7) Voltage can be measured on DC power supply terminals
8) AC voltage can be measured on the Mains.

Observation Table:

Sr.No. 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Tolerance Observed Practical

Band Band Band Band Band Value Value
Color Color Color Color Color With
Tolerance
1

Conclusion:

Faculty Sign & Date

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 SVKM’S NMIMS
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering

Department of Electronics &Telecommunication Engineering

Course: Diploma

Subject: - Introduction to Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Experiment 1

Part A

Resistors in Series circuit

Aim:
1. To connect the resistors in series, calculate the total resistance and
verify using a multi-meter.
2. To find the voltage across each resistor using voltage divider resistor
and verify using multi-meter.

Components:

Sr.No. Component Quantity

1 Resistor 03

Instruments:

Sr.No. Component specification Quantity

1 Digital Multi-meter 01
2 Dual DC Power supply 0-30V 01
3 Power supply patch Red and Black Each on
chords

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Circuit Diagram:

 Voltage Measurement in Series circuit:

Figure a. Voltage Measurement in Series Circuit

R1= 1Kῼ
R2=5.6Kῼ
R3=2.7Kῼ

 Current Measurement in Series circuit:

Figure b. Current Measurement in Series Circuit

Theory:
SERIES CIRCUIT:
A group of resistance when arranged in a way such that the same
current flows through them, it is known as series combination of resistance.
For series connected resistor circuit:
IT = I1 = I2 = I3;
VT = V1 + V2 + V3;

The Total resistance of series connected resistors is:

Req = R1 + R2 + R3

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VOLTAGE DIVIER RULE:

Voltage divider rule is used to find the voltage across each branch of the series
connected circuit. For the circuit shown in above figure ‘a’, the voltage divider
rules give the following voltages across each element:
V1 = VT. (R1)/(R1+R2+R3)
V2 = VT. (R2)/ (R1+R2+ R3)
V3 = VT. (R3)/ (R1+R2+ R3)

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram Figure ’a’
2. Adjust V=10V.
3. Calculate the current through the circuit by simplifying the circuit.
4. Measure the current (A) through main branch by connecting the ammeter
in series with the resistances.
5. Calculate the voltage across each resistor using voltage divider rule.
6. Measure the voltage across each of the resistor by connecting the
voltmeter in parallel across each of the resistances. Calculate total voltage
drop(VT)
7. Verify the Ohm’s Law.

Calculations:
SERIES CIRCUIT

R1 = ______,
R2 = ______,
R3 = ______,
Rs = R1 + R2 + R3 = _____________

Ohm law:
V=I*Rs = V1=I*R1= V2=I*R2=
V3=I*R3=

By Voltage divider
V1 = VT . (R1)/ (R1+R2+R3) =
V2 = VT . (R2)/ (R1+ R2+ R3)=
V3 = VT . (R3)/ (R1+ R2+ R3)=

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Observation Table:

SERIES CIRCUIT:

Voltage Measurement:

Parameter Theoretical Practically

Voltages Voltage using Voltages

V = IR Voltage divider
theorem.
V1 (Across R1)
V2 (Across R2)
V3 (Across R3)
Total Voltage drop
VT

Current Measurement:

Sr.No. Current Theoretical Practical

1 IT

Conclusion:

Faculty Sign & Date:

___________________

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 SVKM’S NMIMS
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering

Department of Electronics &Telecommunication Engineering

Course: Diploma

Subject: - Introduction to Electrical Engineering

Experiment 1

PART B

Resistors in Parallel circuit

Aim:
To connect the resistors in parallel, calculate the total resistance, find the current through
each branch of the parallel circuit and verify it using a multimeter

Circuit Diagram:

 Current Measurement in Parallel circuit:

Figure a. Current Measurement in Parallel Circuit

R1= 1Kῼ
R2=5.6Kῼ
R3=2.7Kῼ

 Voltage Measurement in Parallel circuit:

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 Figure b. Voltage Measurement in Parallel Circuit

Theory:
A group of resistance when arranged in a way that the potential difference
across all the parallel connected resistors is the same, it is known as parallel
combination of resistance.

For Parallel connected resistors:

IT= I1 + I2 + I3
VT = V1 = V2 = V3
The total resistance of parallel connected resistors is given by:
1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3

CURRENT DIVIDER RULE:

Current divider rule is used to find the current flowing though each branch of a
parallel connected circuit. For the circuit shown in above figure the current
divider rules gives the following branch currents:

I1 = IT. (R2R3)/ (R1R2 + R2R3 + R1R3)

I2 = IT. (R1R3)/ (R1R2 + R2R3 + R1R3)
I3 = IT. (R1R2)/ (R1R2 + R2R3 + R1R3)

Procedure:

PARALLEL CIRCUIT:

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 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Adjust V=10V.
3. Measure the current through main branch by connecting the ammeter in series with the
voltage source as shown.
4. Now measure the current through each of the resistances by connecting the ammeter in
series with each resistance.
5. Verify the Ohm’s Law.

Calculations:

PARALLEL CIRCUIT:
R1 = ____,
R2 = ____,
R3 = ____,

1/Rp = (1/R1) +(1/ R2) + (1/R3) = _____________

Ip=V/R = I1=V/R1= I2=V/R2= I3=V/R3=

Current divider Formula:

I1 = IT. (R2R3)/ (R1R2 + R2R3 + R1R3) =
I2 = IT. (R1R3)/ (R1R2 + R2R3 + R1R3) =
I3 = IT. (R1R2)/ (R1R2 + R2R3 + R1R3) =

Observation Table:

1. Current Measurement:

Parameter Theoretical Practically

Current (mA) Current (mA) using Current (mA)

I=V/R current divider rule.
I1(Through R1)
I2(Through R2)
I3(Through R3)
Total Voltage drop VT

2. Voltage Measurement:

Sr.No. Voltage Theoretical Practical

1 V

Conclusion:

Faculty Sign & Date:

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 SVKM’S NMIMS

Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering

Department of Electronics &Telecommunication Engineering

Course: Diploma

Subject: - Introduction to Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Experiment 2

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

Aim: To analyze the given circuit using mesh analysis and verify it practically.

Circuit diagram:

Fig a: Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

R1= 1Kῼ
R2= 2.2Kῼ
R3=1.2 Kῼ
R4 =1Kῼ

Theory:
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law states that the algebraic sum of all the voltages around
any closed path (loop or mesh) is zero. Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law to the
first and the second loops in the circuit shown in Figure 1 yields:
Loop 1: -Vs +V1 +V2 = 0 (1a)
Loop 2: -V2 +V3 +V4 = 0 (1b)

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Procedure:
1. Construct the circuit shown in Figure using the values below:
R1 = 1 KΩ, R2 = 2.2 KΩ, R3 = 1.2 KΩ, R4 = 1 KΩ
2. Set the Variable Power Supply (Vs) to 5 Volts.
3. Accurately measure all voltages and currents in the circuit using the
Digital Multi-Meter (DMM).
4. Record the measured voltage and current values in table 1 given below.
5. Verify KVL for the loops in the circuit using equations 1a and 1b.

Observation:

Calculated Observed
Resistors
V(volts) I(mA) V(volts) I(mA)
R1= V1= I1= V1= I1=
R2= V2= I2= V2= I2=
R3= V3= I3= V3= I3=
R4= V4= I4= V4= I4=

Loop Equation Calculated Observed

Loop 1 -Vs +V1 +V2
Loop 2 -V2 +V3 +V4

Conclusion:

Faculty Sign & Date:

___________________

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 SVKM’S NMIMS
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering

Department of Electronics &Telecommunication Engineering

Course: Diploma

Subject: - Introduction to Electrical Engineering

Experiment 3

Thevenin’s Theorem

Aim: To verify Thevenin’s theorem and to find the full load current for the given circuit.

Components:
DC Ammeter (0-10 mA), Voltmeter (0-10V), Resistances (1K, 3.3K, 1.5K, 2.2K,
560Ω), DC Power Supply (10V, 5V), Breadboard, Connecting Wires, etc.

Circuit Diagram:

Fig a. Thevenins Equivalent circuit across RL.

Calculation:
i. Remove RL and calculate Vth

Fig b. Thevenins Voltage between terminals A and B.

ii. Short circuit V1 and V2 and calculate Rth

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 Fig c. Thevenin’s Equivalent resistance between terminals A and B.

Theory:
Thevenin’s theorem is a mathematical technique for replacing a given network when viewed
from output terminals by a single voltage source in series with resistance. It makes the solution
of complicated electronic network easy to find current in RL.

The current through a load resistance (RL) connected across any two terminals A and B of a
linear active bilateral network as viewed from terminals A and B.
𝑉𝑇𝐻
𝐼𝐿 =
𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝑇𝐻

VTH: Thevenin’s equivalent voltage between terminals A and B.

RTH: total resistance between terminals A and B with all voltage sources replaced by their
internal resistance and current sources by Infinite resistance.

Procedure:

1) Direct Measurement:
a. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram(a)
b. Adjust V1=10V and V2= 5V
c. Connect ammeter is series with RL and measure IL.
d. Note down the reading in the observation table

2) Thevenin’s Theorem:

For measurement of Thevenin’s voltage:

a. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram (b) remove load RL
b. Adjust V1=10V and V2= 5V
c. Connect voltmeter across terminals A and B and measure VTH.
d. Note down the reading in the observation table

For measurement of Thevenin’s resistance:

a. For measurement of Thevenin’s resistance replace all the voltage sources by short
circuit as
shown in circuit c.
b. Connect ohmmeter across terminals A and B and measure RTH
c. Find the load current using current divider rule:

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 VTH
IL =
RTH  RL

Calculations:
To be done by students

Observation Table:

V1 RTH IL
V2 VTH (Volt)
(Volts)
(Volts)
Calculated Observed Calculated Observed Calculated Observed

Conclusion: To be written by student.

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 SVKM’S NMIMS

Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering

Department of Electronics &Telecommunication Engineering

Course: Diploma

Subject: - Introduction to Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Experiment 4

Norton’s Theorem

Aim: To verify Norton’s Theorem & to find the full load current for the given circuit .

Components:
DC Ammeter (0-10 mA), Resistances (1K, 3.3K, 1.5K, 2.2K, 560Ω), DC
Power Supply (10V, 5V), Breadboard, Connecting Wires, etc.

Circuit Diagram:

Fig a. Nortons equivalent across RL

Calculation:

i. Remove RL and replace with short circuit and calculate In

Fig a. Nortons Equivalent current through terminals A and B.

ii. Remove RL and find resistance between A and B (Rn)

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 Fig a. Nortons equivalent resistance across terminals A and B

iii. Draw the Nortons equivalent circuit and find IL by applying current divider rule

𝑅𝑁
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑁 ( )
𝑅𝑁 + 𝑅𝐿

Theory:

It states that any two terminal of a network can be replaced by an equivalent circuit current
source and an equivalent parallel resistance which would flow in the short circuit placed across
the terminals. The parallel resistance is the resistance of the network when viewed from these
open circuit terminals, after all voltage and current source have been replaced by their
respective internal resistance.

Procedure:
1)Direct Measurement:
a) Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram(a)
b) Adjust V1=10V and V2= 5V and measure the current through RL
c) Connect ammeter is series with RL and measure IL.
d) Note down the reading in the observation table

2) Norton’s Theorem
For measurement of short circuit current (In):
a) Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram ( b)
b) Adjust V1=10V and V2= 5V
c) Connect ammeter across terminals A and B and measure In.
For measurement of Norton’s resistance (Rn):
a) Replace all the voltage sources by short circuit as per circuit c.
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 b) Connect ohmmeter across terminals A and B and measure Rn
RN
c) Find load current as IL = In.
R N  RL

Observation Table:

RN
V1 In IL
V2
(Volts)
(Volts) Calculated Observed Calculated Observed Calculated Observed

Conclusion: To be written by student.

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 SVKM’S NMIMS

Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering

Department of Electronics &Telecommunication Engineering

Course: Diploma

Subject: - Introduction to Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Experiment 5

Measurement of Average and RMS value of different sinusoidal waveforms

Aim:
(a) Measurement of average, root mean square value, period and frequency of (Sinusoidal)
signal waveform.
Circuit Diagram:

Fig a. Function Generator to CRO connection

Theory:

Alternating quantity (voltage, current and power) is defined as one which

changes its value as well as direction (polarity) with respect to time.

Parameters of ac waveform:

Average value: Average value of an alternating current is expressed by that

steady DC current which transfer across any circuit the same charge as is
transferred by that AC during the same time period.
The average value of sinusoidal ac voltage is: Vavg = (2Vm)/ π
- 24 -
Root Mean Square (RMS) Value: The RMS value of an alternating current is
expressed by that steady DC current which when flowing through a given circuit
for given time produces same heat as produced by that AC through the sane circuit
for the same time period. In the common case of alternating current when I(t) is
a sinusoidal current, as is approximately true for mains power, the RMS value is
easy to calculate from the continuous case equation above.

For a sinusoidal voltage,

v(t) = Vm sin (2πfo)t
where,
V(t): Instantaneous value of the ac voltage.
Vm : Peak (maximum) value of the ac voltage.
fo : frequency of the ac waveform in Hz.

The rms value of sinusoidal ac voltage is: Vrms = Vm/ √2

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram of fig. ‘a’
2. Set the value of frequency in 100 Hz in the function generator.
3. Adjust the ground of channel 1 and 2 of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope and
then set it into AC mode.
4. Connect CRO across the load in AC mode and observe the waveform.
5. Note down the amplitude and frequency of the waveform. This gives the
peak amplitude.
6. Set the multi-meter into AC mode and measure input voltage and voltage
across point AB. This value gives RMS value of sinusoidal AC.
7. For average voltage measurement set multi-meter into DC mode and
measure voltage.
8. Repeat experiment for different frequency and different peak to peak
voltage.

Graph:
Plot The graph of observed waveforms on graph paper.

1. Sinewave:

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 Figure ‘a’ Sine Wav
Calculations:

Input Frequency =f=1 KHz,

Amplitude =Vpp=10Vpp

Resistor =RL=1KΩ

Sine wave
Vp Vpp/2
Vavg 2 Vp / π
Vrms Vp/root 2
Irms Vrms/RL
Time Period(T)
Frequency(f) 1/T
Form Factor Vrms / Vavg
Vp / Vrms
Peak Factor

- 26 -
Observation Table:

Sr. Input Input Output

No. Calculated Observed
Sine Vp Vavg Vrms Irms Vrms Irms
Wave
1 5Vpp

2 10Vpp

3 15Vpp

AIM
(b) Observe the phase relationship between applied voltage and current flowing through
series RL AC circuit

Circuit Diagram:

Fig 3. Series RL circuit

Calculations:

Input Frequency =f=1 KHz,

Amplitude =Vpp=10Vpp

Vp =Vpp/2= 5V

Resistor =RL=1KΩ

Inductor =50mH

Sr.No.
1 R 1KΩ

2 XL 2πfL

3 Z Square root of R2 + XL2

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 4 Frequency (f) 1/T

5 V(rms) Vp/square root of 2

6 I(rms) V(rms)/Z

7 𝜔𝐿
𝜑 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ( )
𝑅 𝜔𝐿
𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ( )
𝑅

Observation Table:

Parameters Calculated Observed

VR

VL

VRL

Irms

Waveforms:

Draw the waveforms seen on the oscilloscope on the graph paper clearly indicating the phase
difference between the applied voltage and the current through the circuit.

Conclusion:

To be written by the students

- 28 -
 SVKM’S NMIMS

Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering

Department of Electronics &Telecommunication Engineering

Course: Diploma

Subject: - Introduction to Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Experiment 6

PN Junction Diode

Aim:

Plot the Forward & reverse characteristics of PN Junction Diode.

Circuit Diagram:

Fig 1: forward bias fig 2: reverse bias

Theory: The PN junction is basic building block in which the operation of all semiconductors
is dependent. A P type semiconductor and n type semiconductor are joined together to form
PN junction.

Forward Bias: If a P region is connected to positive terminal of the battery and N side to
negative of the battery, then the PN junction is forward bias. The current IF is forward current
that Flows in the circuit due to forward biased. The width of the depletion layer is reduced in
forward bias.

The forward current through a PN junction diode flows due to majority carriers and the
direction of flow is from anode to cathode.

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 Reverse Bias: If the P region of the diode is connected to the negative terminal of the battery
and N region to the positive terminal of the battery. Then the P junction diode is in Reverse
bias. The reverse current flows exactly opposite to that of the forward current. The width of
the depletion region is increased in reverse bias. The Reverse current flows due to minority
carriers

Procedure:

A. Forward Bias characteristics of PN Junction Diode

1. Note the number of diode the ring is cathode and the other terminal is anode.
2. Measure the forward resistance of diode. This is static resistance of diode
3. Connect the Circuit on the breadboard as per the Circuit Diagram.
4. Apply i/p voltage from 0.1V to 2V.
5. Note the voltage in voltmeter (Vf) and current meter(If)
6. Plot the Graph.

B. Reverse Bias characteristics of PN Junction Diode

7. Connect the Circuit on the breadboard as per the Circuit Diagram.

8. Apply i/p voltage from 0V to 10V.
9. Note the voltage in voltmeter (Vr) and current meter in µA range(Ir)
10. Plot the Graph.
11. Attach the datasheet of given diode.

Forward Bias Characteristics of PN Reveres Bias Characteristics of PN

Junction diode Junction diode
Input Voltage Current Input Voltage Current
Voltage across diode through Voltage across through
Diode diode Diode
Vin(V) Vf(V) If (mA) Vin(V) Vr(V) Ir (µA)
0.0 0.0
0.2 0.5
0.4 1.0
0.5 1.5
0.6 2.0
0.8 2.5
1.0 3.0
1.2 3.5
1.4 4.0
1.6 4.5
1.8 5.0
2.0 5.5
2.5 6.0
3.0 6.5
3.5 7.0
4.0 7.5
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4.5 8.0
5.0 8.5
6.0 9.0
7.0 9.5
8.0 10.0

Graph: Plot the graph& attach with the Observation Table

Result & Conclusion: - To be written by student

- 31 -
 SVKM’S NMIMS

Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering

Department of Electronics &Telecommunication Engineering

Course: Diploma

Subject: -Introduction to Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Experiment 7

Aim:
Implement Half wave and Full wave bridge rectifier using PN junction diode
(application of diode)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Half wave rectifier Full Wave Bridge

Rectifier

Half Wave Rectifier: The Half wave rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to
dc voltage.

In the Half wave rectifier circuit shown above the transformer serves two purposes.

1. It can be used to obtain the desired level of dc voltage (using step up or step
down transformers).
2. It provides isolation from the power line.

The primary of the transformer is connected to ac supply. This induces an ac voltage

across the secondary of the transformer. During the positive half cycle of the input
voltage the polarity of the voltage across the secondary forward biases the diode. As a
result, a current IL flows through the load resistor, RL. The forward biased diode offers
a very low resistance and hence the voltage drop across it is very small. Thus the

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voltage appearing across the load is practically the same as the input voltage at every
instant.

Figure A. Half wave rectifier

During the negative half cycle of the input voltage the polarity of the secondary voltage
gets reversed. As a result, the diode is reverse biased. Practically no current flows
through the circuit and almost no voltage is developed across the resistor. All input
voltage appears across the diode itself. Hence we conclude that when the input voltage
is going through its positive half cycle, output voltage is almost the same as the input
voltage and during the negative half cycle no voltage is available across the load. This
explains the unidirectional pulsating dc waveform obtained as output. The process of
removing one half the input signal to establish a dc level is aptly called half wave
rectification.

Full Wave Rectifier:

A Full Wave Rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage into a pulsating dc voltage
using both half cycles of the applied ac voltage. It uses two diodes of which one conducts
during one half cycle while the other conducts during the other half cycle of the applied
ac voltage.

During the positive half cycle of the input voltage, diode D1 becomes forward biased and
D2 becomes reverse biased. Hence D1 conducts and D2 remains OFF. The load current
flows through D1 and the voltage drop across RL will be equal to the input voltage.

During the negative half cycle of the input voltage, diode D1 becomes reverse biased and
D2 becomes forward biased. Hence D1 remains OFF and D2 conducts. The load current
flows through D2 and the voltage drop across RL will be equal to the input voltage.

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Circuit Diagram & Waveforms

- 34 -
Procedure

Half wave Rectifier, Full WAVE Bridge Rectifier

1. Connect the circuit diagram on the multisim

2. Set input frequency and voltage
3. Observe the waveforms across the load resistor
4. .Note down the peak value of the output waveform
5. Find out the rms value,dc value and ripple factor for both types of rectifier

Observation: RECTIFIERS
1. Type Number of diode :1N4007
Result:
Sr.No. Half Wave Rectifier F ull Wave Rectifier
Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical
1 Diodes 01 04
Required
2
a input Vpp
b Input Vp
c Output Vm
d Vrms Vm/2 Vm/√2
e Irms Vrms/RL Vrms/RL
d Vdc Vm/π 2Vm/π
f Idc Vdc/RL
g PIV Vm Vm
h Ripple √{(Vrms)2/(Vdc)2}-
Factor (r) 1

i efficiency {(Vdc)2/(Vrms)2}x
100

7 Ripple 1.21 0.482

Factor (r)
8 Rectification 40.6% 81.2%
Efficiency(η)

- 35 -
 Graph: Observe The Graph and Plot the graph on Graph paper and
attach it with the Observation table

Conclusion

SVKM’S NMIMS
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering
- 36 -
 Department of Electronics &Telecommunication Engineering

Course: Diploma

Subject: - Introduction to Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Experiment 8

Bipolar Junction Transistor

Aim:
To study input and output characteristics of a NPN Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) in
Common-emitter configuration.

Conclusion:

Faculty Sign & Date:

___________________

- 37 -
 SVKM’S NMIMS
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering

Department of Electronics &Telecommunication Engineering

Course: B. Tech Integrated

Subject: - Introduction to Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Experiment 9

STUDY OF LOGIC GATES

Verification of truth table for AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, Ex-OR, Ex-
Aim: -
NOR gates.

Theory: - A logic gate is an idealized or physical device implementing a Boolean

function, that is, it performs a logical operation on one or more logical inputs,
and produces a single logical output.
AND Gate: -
The AND gate is a basic digital logic gate that implements logical
conjunction. A HIGH output results only if both the inputs to the AND gate
are HIGH. If neither or only one input to the AND gate is HIGH, a LOW
output results.
Symbol: - Input Input Output Truth Table: -
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

OR Gate: -

- 38 -
 The OR gate is a digital logic gate that implements logical disjunction. A
HIGH output results if one or both the inputs to the gate are HIGH. If neither
input is HIGH, a LOW output results.
Symbol: - Truth Table: -

Input Input Output

A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

NOT Gate: -
In digital logic, an inverter or NOT gate is a logic gate which
implements logical negation. A HIGH output results if input to the gate is
LOW. If input is HIGH output is LOW.
Symbol: - Truth Table: -

Input Output
A Y
0 1
1 0

NAND Gate: -
In digital electronics, a NAND gate (Negated AND or NOT AND) is
a logic gate which produces an output that is false only if all its inputs are
true. A LOW output results only if both the inputs to the gate are HIGH; if
one or both inputs are LOW, a HIGH output results.
Symbol: - Truth Table: -

Input Input Output

A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

- 39 -
 NOR Gate: -
The NOR gate is a digital logic gate that implements the negation of
the OR operator. A HIGH output results if both the inputs to the gate are
LOW; if one or both input is HIGH, a LOW output results.

Symbol: - Truth Table: -

Input Input Output

A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

XOR Gate: -
The XOR gate (sometimes EOR gate or EXOR gate) is a digital logic
gate that implements an exclusive or; that is, a HIGH output results if one,
and only one, of the inputs to the gate is HIGH. If both inputs are LOW and
both are HIGH, a LOW output results.

Symbol: - Truth Table: -

Input Input Output

A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

Circuit
diagram: -

- 40 -
AND GATE (IC 7408): -
Symbol: - Pin Configuration: -

Truth Table: -

Input A Input B Output Y

0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

OR GATE (IC 7432): -

Symbol: - Pin Configuration: -

Truth Table: -

Input A Input B Output Y

- 41 -
 0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

NOT GATE (IC 7404): -

Symbol: - Pin Configuration: -

Truth Table: -

Input A Output Y
0 1
0 0

NAND GATE (IC 7400): -

Symbol: - Pin Configuration: -

Truth Table: -

Input A Input B Output Y

0 0 1
0 1 1

- 42 -
 1 0 1
1 1 0

NOR GATE (IC 7402): -

Symbol: - Pin Configuration: -

Truth Table: -

Input A Input B Output Y

0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

XOR GATE (IC 7486): -

Symbol: - Pin Configuration: -

Truth Table: -
Input A Input B Output Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1

- 43 -
 1 1 0

Procedure: 1. Draw the following Pin Diagram, Truth Table, Symbol of IC’S on the blank
- sheet & attach with the main sheet
2. Place the IC- 74XX series in the socket of the breadboard in proper position
3. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure
4. Switch on the Power Supply. (Set power supply to 5v Dc)
5. Verify the Truth Table of this IC by giving all the combinations of the input
and recording the corresponding output.

Result: - Input Input Input Input

LED LED
A B A B
0 0 OFF 0 0 ON
0 1 OFF 0 1 ON
1 0 OFF 1 0 ON
1 1 ON 1 1 OFF

AND GATE NAND GATE

Input Input Input Input

LED LED
A B A B
0 0 ON 0 0 OFF
0 1 OFF 0 1 ON
1 0 OFF 1 0 ON
1 1 OFF 1 1 OFF

NOR GATE X-OR GATE

Input Input
LED Input
A B LED
0 0 OFF A
0 1 ON 0 ON
1 0 ON 1 OFF
1 1 ON
NOT GATE
OR GATE
Conclusion: To be written by students.
-

- 44 -
 SVKM’S NMIMS
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering

Department of Electronics &Telecommunication Engineering

Course: B. Tech Integrated

Subject: - Introduction to Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Experiment 10

AIM: -
Part A:
Implement an inverting amplifier using op-amp, observe the output and the gain of the
circuit.
Part B:
Implement an NON-inverting amplifier using op-amp, observe the output and the gain of the
circuit
Formula used: for inverting Amplifier G = Vo/Vi = -R2/R1
for Non inverting Ampler G = Vo/Vi = [1+(R2/R1]
Theory:

Inverting Amplifier

In this Inverting Amplifier circuit the operational amplifier is connected with

feedback to produce a closed loop operation. For ideal op-amps there are two very important
rules to remember about inverting amplifiers, these are: "no current flows into the input
terminal" and that "V1 equals V2", (in real world op-amps both of these rules are broken).

This is because the junction of the input and feedback signal is at the same potential
as the positive (+) input which is at zero volts or ground then, the junction is a "Virtual Earth".
Because of this virtual earth node, the input resistance of the amplifier is equal to the value of
the input resistor, Rin and the closed loop gain of the inverting amplifier can be set by the ratio
of the two external resistors.

We said above that there are two very important rules to remember about Inverting
Amplifiers or any operational amplifier for that matter and these are.

1. No Current Flows into the Input Terminals

2. The Differential Input Voltage is Zero as V1 = V2 = 0 (Virtual Earth)

- 45 -
 Then by using these two rules we can derive the equation for calculating the closed-
loop gain of an inverting amplifier, using first principles.

Current i is given by

Then, the Closed-Loop Voltage Gain of an Inverting Amplifier is given as.

and this can be transposed to give Vout as:

Circuit Diagram:

- 46 -
 Figure 2: Inverting Amplifier

Non-inverting Amplifier

The second basic configuration of an operational amplifier circuit is that of a Non-inverting

Amplifier. In this configuration, the input voltage signal, ( Vin ) is applied directly to the non-
inverting ( + ) input terminal which means that the output gain of the amplifier becomes
"Positive" in value in contrast to the "Inverting Amplifier" circuit we saw in the last tutorial
whose output gain is negative in value. The result of this is that the output signal is "in-phase"
with the input signal.
Feedback control of the non-inverting amplifier is achieved by applying a small part
of the output voltage signal back to the inverting ( - ) input terminal via a R2 – R1 voltage
divider network, again producing negative feedback. This closed-loop configuration produces
a non-inverting amplifier circuit with very good stability, a very high input
impedance, Rin approaching infinity, as no current flows into the positive input terminal, (ideal
conditions) and a low output impedance, Rout as shown below.

- 47 -
 Then using the formula to calculate the output voltage of a potential divider network,
we can calculate the closed-loop voltage gain ( A V ) of the Non-inverting Amplifier as
follows:

Then the closed loop voltage gain of a Non-inverting Amplifier is given as:

Circuit Diagram :

Procedure : 1)Connect the circuit diagram as given .

2)Apply the input signal (5v,1khz,sinusoidal signal) to
The input terminal.
3)Observe the output on the CRO.
4) Calculate the practical gain & compare this value with
Designed gain

Observation :
Calculated Gain Observed Gain
For inverting Ampr.
For Non inverting Ampr.

Waveforms:

Result & Conclusion:- To be written by student

- 48 -
Name of the Course: Introduction to Electrical Engineering BTI
Faculty Name:
Sem-II
If Yes then
Whether Preparation of Digital
Online
can be Lab - Recorded
platform / Link on which
Sr. Title of the perform Instructions for the
simulator practical will be
No. experiment ed students to Perform
using which it conducted
online Experiment
will be
Yes / No (Yes/No)
performed.
1 yes IITKGP / IITKGP / electric yes
To measure the value Electric circuit circuit studio
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color coding online
2 yes IITKGP / IITKGP / electric yes
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3 Series Circuit: To yes IITKGP / IITKGP / electric yes
connect the resistors Electric circuit circuit studio
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the total resistance online
4 Parallel Circuit: To yes IITKGP / IITKGP / electric yes
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mesh analysis and online
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6 Kirchoff’s Current yes IITKGP / IITKGP / electric yes
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8 Series RL Circuit: yes IITKGP / IITKGP / electric yes
To measure the Electric circuit circuit studio
current through the studio software free
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and voltages across
the elements for
applied AC signal

- 49 -
 9 Series RC Circuit: yes IITKGP / IITKGP / electric yes
To measure the Electric circuit circuit studio
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10 Series RLC yes IITKGP / IITKGP / electric yes
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11
12
13

- 50 -