...A.

SU thay doi diem nhin ve

elide ndng vdn hoc
TS-CAOTHIHSNG
(Hpi Nhd vdn Vi$t Nam)

1. Van hpe nghd thudt la mdt hogt ddng thie'u ehinh xae nd'u xae djnh chflc ndng cija
tinh t h i n khdng eh? eflg ngfldi sdng tgo mg vdn hpe chT gdm ba chflc nang neu tren.
ed cfla ngfldi t i l p nhdn, thfldng thflc. Van cac nha khoa hpc dd dua ra va chflng minh
hpc mang nhflng chflc nang cc y nghTa xa them rd't nhilu chflc nang khdc nhau cfla
hpi rpng Idn. Chflc nang cfla van hpc chfnh van hpc nghd thugt nhfl: giao tilp, gidi trf,
la vai trd, y nghTa, tdc dung efla vdn hpe thdng tin, dfl bao, minh hpa, kich thich khpai
ddi vdi ddi sdng tinh t h i n cfla eon ngfldi, cdm, tdi sinh - bo sung tinh than, nhan dgo
la ly do tdn tai cfla van hpc. Thdi ky doi hda eon ngfldi, w...
mdi, cae nhd nghien cflu ly ludn van hpc 6 Chflc nang efla van hpc thfldng v$n
Vidt Nam da cd dip nhin Igi Ijch sfl ly lugn dpng, bien doi theo sfl doi thay cua ddi
van hpc tfl Tay sang Ddng, tfl xfla de'n nay sdng xd hpi. Mdi thdi dai, mdi ddn tdc tuy
d l phat hidn, ldm sdng td thdm ndi ham hoan cdnh Ijch sfl cy t h i cfla minh md c6
phong phfl cfla nhieu van de thupc chUc nhflng yeu cau khac nhau doi vdi hogt dpng
nkng cua vdn hpc. vdn hpe. Mdi giai cap, mdi cd t h i Igi tuy vdo
2. Trfldc het, ly luan thdi ky dol mdi da dieu kien tdn tgi cflg minh, mgc dfch thflc
chl ra tinh da chdc nkng cua van hpc. Trfldc tidn cflg minh de ed sfl khai thac, tan dung
day ly ludn thfldng xdc djnh chflc nang cfla cac khd ndng tilm tdng khac nhau cfla vdn
van hpc trdn ba phflpng didn Id nhkn thUc, hpc. Vi the, viec ch? rd ehflc ndng van hpc
giko due, tham my. Nhflng tac pham vdn nap la quan trpng nhit eflng eh? mang tinh
hpc vdn la mdt hidn tflpng tham my ddc chat tflpng dd'i ma thdi. (Vi dg: khi cupc
ddo bdi xuat phat tfl sfl phong phu eua bdn sd'ng thanh blnh, ngfldi ta thich ngam thd,
than hidn thflc, tfl tinh dac thfl cfla sfl phdn vinh nguyet, tim thfl vui trong thfldng ngogn
anh nghe thudt, hinh tflpng vdn hpc nghe van chfldng. Luc cd xd hdi ddn sflc cho dau
thuat thfldng la mpt hidn tflpng tham my tranh ehd'ng ngoai xdm, dd'u tranh giai cap
da nghTa. Do tinh da nghTa ay, sfl tdc dpng thi chflc nang nhgn thflc, giao dgc, dung
cfla vdn hpe dd'i vdi ngfldi thfldng thfle tdc van thP lam "bom dgn pha cfldng quyen"
pham dgt trpng ddi sd'ng va y thflc xa hdi se noi trdi hdn chflc nang gidi tri, "mua vui").
cung bdc lp tren nhilu binh didn, nhieu d p Viec phdn chia vdn hpc ra nhilu chflc
dp khac nhau. Vi vgy, se khdng day dfl va nang rieng bidt ch? cd y nghTa tflpng dli.

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 TRAO DOI Y KIEN

Tren thuc t l , su tdc dflng cua nghe thugt nhau. Chflc ndng nhgn thfle eua vdn hpc
d i n ngflfli tilp nhdn la mdt rung ddng tham Id k h i ndng eua van hpc treng viSe eung
my mang tinh tong hpp eua nhieu chflc cd'p tri thflc nhieu mdt ve ddi sing, mang
ngng, Ig qud trinh chuyen hda bien chflng, ipi sg hilu bill, nhd't la hilu bilt v l ede tinh
phflc tpp, d dd, eac y l u to ehfle nang xuydn odeh xg hdi, nhflng bi an treng tdm hen eon
thim, ham chfla ldn nhau. Mpt tdc phlm ngfldi.
van hpc cd t h i mang rat nhilu nhflng tdc Ly ludn doi mdi eung xac djnh ndi ddng
dung khdc nhau d i n ngudi dpe. Thfli ky d l i quan trqng nha't trong chdc ning nhin thdc
mdi, mdt sd dc chdc ning ca ttan cda vin cda vin hqc li gidp con ngddi td nhpn thdc
hqc duac bo sung md rdng thim nhiiu nil ban thin, hiiu dddc gii tri cda minh, thiy
him y nghla. dddc vi tri cda minh, bigt minh phii lim gi vi
Chdc ning nhin thdc cua van hpc Id khd cd thg lim gi trong cudc song chung, sd'ng
nang vgn hpe eung c i p tri thflc, mang d i n cudc sgng d y thdc sau sac ve gii tn vi
sg hieu bilt, giup Cdn ngUdi khgm phd the nang ldc da minh dgphin diu va sang tao.
gidi hiSn thge. Tuy nhiSn, van hpe eung Chdc nang giao due efla vdn hpe Id khg
cgp tri thflc, mang d i n sfl hieu biet che con nang tde ddng eua nfl tfli qua trinh hinh
ngfldi nhflng vdn hpe khflng nhfl cdc mdn thgnh, hoan thien nhdn edch con ngfldi.
khoa hpe khdc, nhdn thfle hipn thgc theo Van hpc la mflt mdi trddng nudi dddng tinh
kieu phdn mdn md phan dnh cupc sd'ng dm nhan il. Nhflng tdc pham van hpc
trong todn bd tfnh todn ven cfla nfl. Van hpc flu tu lufln khdi ddy trong tdm h i n ta k h i
chlnh Id euln bach khoa todn thu. Id cdi kho ndng dong e l m , lam cho ta bilt vui, bilt
chfla khing l l nhflng tri thfle ve hien thgc buon, day cho ta biet ySu, biet ghet, bilt
dfli song. Vdn hpc d l ddng tdi hien Ipi qug khinh bi sfl phdn trie, cai tpp nhpp, tgm
khfl, chfla dgng nhilu nhttng sg kien ljeh sfl, thudng, Ifldi biing. Van hpc khdi dgy fl
cung c i p nhflng tri thfle gia trj v l kinh t l , van ta nilm tin vgo sfl tat thing efla edi thidn,
hda, qugn sg... Khdng chl cd nhflng ngfldi niem tin vdo cudc sdng.
sgng tge, thgflng thflc van hpc mfli nhdn Trufle ddy, khi bgn ve chflc ndng gido
thd'y chflc ngng phgn gnh hien thfle cua vdn due eua vdn hpc, van d l gigd dgc dpe
hpe, chfnh cdc nhg kinh dien cfla ehu nghTa dfle, ehinh trj, tfl tfldng lap trfldng giai cgp,
Mark eung ddnh gig cao kha ngng eung cgp thgflng dflpc d l cac: "Chflc ndng cdi tpo
tri thflc efla van hpc. Van hpe cdn giflp ta eung id ehflc nang dd'u tranh, chflc nang
tim hieu thgn phan cfla con ngfldi, khgm phg chiln dd'u vd chflc ndng tpe dflng cfla vdn
ede tfnh cdch xd hdi cfla mpt giai dppn xa hpc. Ti'nh chgt "eong cg", "vu khf cua van
hpi, mpt tang Iflp, mpt giai d p . . hpc bilu hien 6 ehd ngy (...). Ndi d i n chflc
Chflc nang nhdn thfle cua vdn hpe nghe nang cdi tpc cua vdn hpc Id ndi d i n viSe
thuat Id vd cung rdng Idn, tuy theo each nhd vdn dflng tdc pham d l truyen dat ly
dien dpt cua nhd van, sg sdng tao cua ngflfli tflflng sfl'ng cfla ban than minh, mg cung
nghe st, sg cam thg cfla ngufli thfldng Id ly tflflng song efla met giai cgp, mot Ige
thfle md van hpc cfl nhflng tdc ddng khdc Iflpng, mpt thfli dpi md minh Id tay, chdn.

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TRAO DOI Y KIEN

tai, mdt""'. nghS thudt, snng dfl khdng phii Id sg gido

D i n thdi ky doi mdi ehflc ngng gido dgc dgc theo cdng thflc gido d i l u buflc ngflfli ta
dflpc nhan mpnh 6 khd ndng "cam hda", phii tudn thfl md fl ddy mang y thfle tg gide
td giio due cua vdn hpc nghe thudt. Hieu eao. Thilt nghT, mgdn "phgc vg" dgpc chlnh
q u i cfla tdc pham d i n vfli cen ngfldi mdt trj, thflc d i y sg tiln bfl xa hfli thi tnJdc hit
each tg nhiSn. Treng qgd trinh tdc ddng d l vin nghi phiiy thdc dddc diy dd thiin chdc
eii biln con ngfldi, tdc phlm nghp thudt Id cda minh. Dfl khdng don thugn chl id ehflc
ngfldi ding hdnh, ngfldi dd'i thpai vdi ban ndng tuySn truyen ma quan trpng hfln hit
dpe. Tac pham chan chfnh bao gid cung dd'i vdi y nghTa sfl t i n tpi cfla vgn hpe ngh§
nham khdi day cudc dd'u tranh, sg vgt Ipn thudt Ig thiSn chflc dinh thdc tim hdn, tinh
bSn trong fl mfli ngfldi khi tilp nhgn nghp dm efla con ngflfli.
thuat. "Nfl Id t i m gfldng d l con ngflfli tfl soi Bat dgu tfl nhflng nam cuoi the ky XX
minh, tg d l i ehilu vd tg phan xet ve ngfldi sang dau t h i k y XXI, thigidi vdi sg phdt triln
khdc, eung nhfl v l chfnh ban than minh. vu bad efla cflng nghp thflng tin da, dang va
Bang cdch dfl, vdn hpc chuyen qud trinh se Igm nSn mpt " t h i gifli phing" (Thomas
gido dgc thdnh tfl gido 6uc"^^\ Nhfl vdy ly Fiedman). Rdo edn biSn gidi fl mpi ITnh vgc
ludn d l i mdi thfla nhdn tae ddng eua vdn cfla cuflc sd'ng gitta cdc ddn too ngdy cdng
hpc dfl'i vdi con ngflfli Id mpnh me, nhung trfl nSn nhpt nhfla. Tuy nhiSn, theo ede nha
ldu dai, ehim sdu vdo noi tran trfl cfla nhgn khoa hpe "phang" fl ddy khdng od nghTa la
each. Sd giio due bang nghi thuat khdng san phang tat cd, "phing" vdi y nghTa mpi
d tinh chit cddng bdc mi li mdt hoat ddng pham tru bien gidi, lanh the, sg todn vpn
td giac, vgn hpc nghe thuat gieo vao long chfl quyln qud'c gia, ehe dp chfnh trj - xa
ngfldi sg cam nhan ve cgi tit, y thflc ve cgi hfli, bdd tfln b i n sac van hda, sg khdc bidt
xau, noi khdt khao hfldng thipn, td't ea nam v l tfln giac, chung tpe, ljeh sfl, dja ly tit eg
trong t h i kha nang chfl khdng phai sfl tdc phai dflde duy tri, dfldc bdo vp gifl gin, dflflc
ddng tflc thi. Sflc tde dpng manh me cfla xfl iy theo hfldng idm phong phfl eho tinh
vdn hpc nghe thugt t h i hien ehu y l u khdng " phang" cfla t h i gifli, quIe gia ngo eung
phdi fl eho nfl tuySn truyen vd rdn day, mg phai flng xfl nhfl t h i n l u khflng muon tfl c l
fl khg ndng khSu gpi, ddnh thflc Ifldng tri lap minh. Treng sg vgn hgnh chung efla the
eua moi ngflfli, kich thfeh qua trinh tfl gide gifli, dgt ngdc vg con ngfldi Viet Nam dang
dgc fl hp. "Nghe thugt nhfl tam gfldng ifln dflng trfldc nhieu van hdt vd thdch thfle Ifln.
xa hpi dat ra trflflc mat, mfli ngudi d i n tfl Thfli dai nhflng thflng tin todn cau efl thi
sei minh, nhdn dien, dfl'i theai vfli chfnh ban d i n vdi b i t ky mflt ai ch? trong mdt khodnh
thgn minh, tg phdn xfl, kiSu hdnh vfli nhflng khdc nggn ngfli. Tat ca nhflng tdc dflng ay
gl tet dep cd fl minh, fl cuflc dfli, dong thfli sS r i t dgng ke trong sg thflc d i y phgt then
eung h i then vi nhflng gi trdi vfli luong tam, xa hpi neu biet djnh huflng cen ngflfli cdp
dau ddn vdi tpi ldi, bat cflng trong xa hdi"[3]. nhdt nhutig tri thflc tinh hea van hda, trong
Nhfl vgy fl thfli ky del mfli, ly ludn d l eao dfl van hpc nghe thudt ddng mpt vai trfl hit
ehflc nang gig#o due con ngfldi cfla van hpe sflc quan trpng. Cfl t h i thiy, de phdt huy tit

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 TRAO DOI Y KIEN

ehfle ndng xa hpi cfla minh vdn hpc ngh$ nhttng bat edng, tdn bae khdn Ifldng de dpa
thudt khflng t h i sdng tde ehay theo gido sg binh ySn eua cudc sing cen ngfldi. Tfl
dieu, rao giang dao dflc mpt cdch khfl khan, dd, truy tim Ifli gidi ddp eho edu hdi; phii
song sflpng, eung khdng t h i hfl hdo tinh tg vfldt minh, tg hodn thien nhdn cdch, vdn
ySu T l qud'c, tinh ydu d i n g bdo mdt edch hfla cfla con ngfldi trong thdi dpi vdn minh
Chung chung, sdo rflng. Vdn hpc hodn todn nhu the ndd?
khflng phdi id mpt thfl "eflng eg" nhfl khau Muon cd dflpc sflc manh lay chuyin
sflng, mdy bay, tdu thfly, de sfl dgng nfl Iflng ngflfli nhfl vgy, nghp thugt phgi dupc
nhfl mpt thfl vu khf vat chit vdo mgc dfch vg bflc bach t i t ed nhflng gi riSng tU nhat, khdt
ldi cua mflt s l ngflfli, phe phdi, cgc bp dja vpng tha thilt nhat thupe v l bdn the con
phflflng. Nghp thggt Id mflt hppt dflng tinh ngfldi, nd ddnh thflc tlnh ySu vd tilm ndng
thgn efl sfle mpnh ky diSu, nhflng sflc mpnh sgng tao cua hp, nd khien eon ngfldi y thflc
cfla nghS thudt khdng phdi lg thfl sfle mpnh dflpc nilm hpnh phflc vd trdch nhiem Ifln
nhd vgd quyln Ige mang Ipi. Sdc manh idi lao cfla quyln vd nghTa vg efla Con Ngddi
cudn thuygt phuc cda nghi thuit tda ra td theo nghTa dflng nhd't eua tfl ndy. Phdi dupc
chinh tic phim - diim hii tu lii ning, tri tdi, ndi ISn nhieu mat e l cgi x i u vg cdi tot, eae
lim huygt vi bin linh cda ngddi nghi sl thupng vd thap hen, cdi ae vg cgi thidn,
Tfl hdn sdg tram nam trflflc, Nguyen Trai - cgi dflflc vg cgi mit, Vdn hpc phdi dflpc di
ngfldi anh hung kiet xuit eua dan too, danh den tgn cung nhflng s l phdn eon ngfldi vdi
nhgn vdn hda the gidi - dd tflng dung nhflng nhttng trang viet tha'u dao v l dfli sfl'ng vg
trang vilt sac sde, t h i u ly dat tinh de "mflu eon ngflfli. T i t ed Id d l cung tfl thflc treng
phpt tdm cdng" (ddnh vdd Idng ngfldi), vd dfldng biSn cfla tg dd sdng tao trong tg duy
nhfl vgy dng dd d l ipi eho ddi nhttng dng hiln minh ve nghp thuat, fl dfl mfli cd nhdn
van chfldng ed "sfle mpnh hdn mfldi vpn dflpe the hiSn trpn ven kha ndng efla minh,
qudn" (Phan Huy Chu). y thflc dflpe mdt each cao nhat quyen cflng
ddn efla minh dfl'i vdi Dan tdc, T l qudc,
Viec tilp nhdn nghS thudt id mpt sfl td
Nhdn ddn.
nguyin, td y thdc cao efla mdi ngfldi, nd
giflp ddc gig y thfle dflpe sgu sac hfln v l BSn eanh ehfle nang gido dgc, chdc nang
b i n thgn, tg nhin vgp "con ngflfli bSn trong" tham m/dflpc xpm xet fl hai eip dfl efl b i n ;
minh nghiSm khdc hdn, tfl dd hieg dgpc 1/ Thfla mdn nhu elu tham my, khdi dgy
sdu sac hdn sfl thgt bdn thdn minh - ddy nhttng khodi cdm nghe thudt; 2/ Hinh thdnh
id mdt sfl menh thiSng iiSng cua vdn hpo. thj hilu, ly tfldng tham my, ddnh thflc chit
Vl vdy khi tilp nhdn tde phlm, ngpgi viSc nghe sTvd tinh thin sang tpe cfla con ngfldi.
nhdn ISn Idng tfl hgp dgn tdc, hgdng manh Xet v l moi quan he cua cdc chflc ndng vfli
me den cdi ngufln cude sdng, eflng chflng nhau ly ludn d l i mdi nhdn thflc ehflc nang
cdn dupe khdi day tinh thin tfl tdn ddn tfle, thim my Id net riing nhit Idm eho van hpc
thgm chf cdm thay tfli h i vi nhflng gl minh nghp thuat Id hinh thdi y thflc khdng t h i thay
dang thua kem nhflng dgn tdc khdc trSn t h i dflpe. N l u trflflc ddy, trong b i i cinh dd'u
the gifli, e l m thay dau budn sdu sac trflflc tranh giai phdng dgn tpe 6 the ky XX, ehflc

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TRAO DOI Y KIEN

ndng tham my cung dupc nhic den nhUng phfl hdn, cd the ndi van hpc nghd thudt la
dat d mflc thip hdn so vdi chflc nang tuyen "trd diln" hflu fch ddi vdi cpn ngfldi: "Khdng
truyin, giao dgc thi nay dd'n thdi ky d l i mdi sa vao khuynh hfldng gidi trf tam phao, re
y thflc v l vj tri cfla chflc ndng thim my dflpc tien, bi 'Ihfldng mgi hog" ehi phoi, van nghe
nhin nhdn Igi cdng bing, hpp ly hdn. ChUc gidi tri lanh mgnh, b l leh vd giau chat tri tue
nkng thim my dU0c coi Ik chUc nkng dac thU vdn tid'p tgc xuit hidn. Nd khdi day, thap
tUdng Ung vdi d$c trUng, bkn chk't cua van sdng Idn trong cen ngfldi mdt nguon lgc
hpc nghe thu$t. trong trdo, ham sd'ng va ydu ddi, nhin thing
Ly luan doi mdi cung lflu y ring, sd dT vao sfl that, khac phgc eae khd khdn va tr6
nghe thuat de tac dpng, bien cdi dupe con ngai, d i u tranh chdng tidu cflc, edi xau va
ngUdi la bdi nd vui tUdi, hap ddn. DUdng cai ae"'"*'.
nhu gido dgc, gidi trf, vui chpi hpp Idm mot. 3. Tdm Igi, d thdi ky doi mdi, nghidn cflu
Thdm chi nhflng tac phlm thupc cac the ve chflc nang vdn hpe, mdt mdt cdc nha
logi hai hfldc, cham biem tfldng nhfl thieu nghien cflu bo sung, dao sdu, hilu dung
"nghiem tflc" thi viec giao dgc Igi dat ra h i t hdn v l ndi ham nhflng chflc nang da dflpc
sflc nghidm tflc. Tfl dilm dde ddo nay efla thfla nhdn nhu chflc nang nhdn thflc, giao
sfl tac ddng nghd thudt, ly ludn khing dinh dgc, tham my, mat khac vfldn tdi nhflng
them mdt chflc nang nfla cfla van hpc nghe nhdn thflc mdi v l nhilu phflpng dien cua
thudt ma trfldc ddy khdng dflpe bdn dd'n; chflc ndng van hpc nghe thugt trcng xd h6i
chUc nang giii tri. hien dgl nhu chflc nang dfl bao, giao tilp,
Tfl trong bdn chat cfla minh van hpe gidi tri, khdu gpi tfl tfldng, tinh cdm, ndng
nghe thudt mang chflc ndng gidi tri. Nha dd nhdn cdch con ngfldi phat trien Nhflng
1]/ ludn ngfldi My, Barnet cho rang trong tim tdi mdi ve chflc nang vdn hpe cfla cac
van hpc nghd thuat cd yd'u td "trd didn", ed nhd nghien cflu ly luan thdi ddi mdi da gop
nghTa Id mua vui, vui chPi, ngfldi dpc chd phan khiing djnh rd hdn tam quan trpng cfla
dpi d tac phlm sfl vui thfl, khodi tra. Khdng van hpc dd'i vdi cudc sd'ng xa hdi con ngfldi,
the quan nidm ddn gidn rang van hpe nghd dong thdi eho thd'y "sfl gan bd gifla cac chflc
thudt chi la de "mua vui", nhflng neu khdng nang lam cho van hpc cd sflc tac ddng sau
ehfl y den dilm ndy se lam chp van hpc xa, b i n bf, ed sflc sdng ,mdnh lidt, lau dai
nghe thugt it hap dan, Idi cudn. Gidi tri trong trong ddi sdng cfla chflng tg" ^^\
van hpc nghe thudt khdng han giong nhfl
gidi tri trong cdc ifnh vflc khdc nhfl chdi (1) Nhieu tdc gia (1978), Vdn hgc cugc sd^ng nha
van, ( Hodng Trinh chu bien), Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi.
cd, di dgo, chdi cac mdn the thao, day la Hd NOl.tr, 183,
qua trinh dpc gid tim den nhflng khpdi edm (2), PhUdng LUu (ChCi bi§n) (1997). Lf' luOn von hgcitoi
bdn Idn thO nhSfi. Nxb Gido due, Hd Npi, tr 174,175,
thim my, nhflng rung ddng tinh cdm ma (3). Le Ngpc Trd (2005), Ly luOn vd vdn hgc. Nxb Tfl, TP H6
nghd thudt mang lai. Nd lam cho con ngfldi Chl Minh, tr.27
(4), Nguyin Ngoc Thi^n ( 2005), Phong cdch va Ddi
thfch thfl, say md, khdt khao hfldng v l cdi vdn, Nxb, Khoa hpc xd hgt, tr.56,
d^p, cdi thidn. Giai tri bang van hpc nghd (5) Trdn Dinh SCl (Chu bien). (2007), Gido tnnh ly luqn
van hgc, Bdn chd't va chUc ntSng vdn hgc, Nxb, DH
thudt Idm cude sdng cfla con ngfldi phong SU Phqm, Hd Npi, tr,221.

DlfN DAN VAN NGHE VIET NAM (259) - 8 / 2016