Thanks for sharing the full set of Section A – Multiple Choice Questions.

Below are the questions,

options, and the correct answers clearly marked:

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SECTION A – MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (Answers Provided Below Each Question)

1. A psychological test will be very important for all the following people except:

a. a counsellor

b. a teacher

c. a matron

d. a school administrator

Answer: c. a matron

2. In educational settings, teachers, administration, school psychologists and career counsellors use
psychological tests for all except:

a. Measure student learning

b. Plan food distribution

c. Identify career interests

d. Identify students' personalities

Answer: b. Plan food distribution

3. To properly utilize psychological tests a counsellor must do all of the following except:
a. Understand the genesis of the test

b. Administer the test to the client

c. Score the test taken by the client

d. Communicate the test scores to the client

Answer: d. Communicate the test scores to the client

4. Which of the following is not characteristic of a Neurotic personality under the Big Five Personality
Traits?

a. Moodiness

b. Anxiety

c. Irritability

d. Sensitivity

Answer: d. Sensitivity

5. Which of the following does the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) belong to?

a. Intelligence Tests

b. Projective Tests

c. Personality Tests

d. Achievement Tests

Answer: b. Projective Tests

6. Psychological tests check all the following aspects of an individual except:

a. his interests
b. his psychological understanding

c. his level of anxiety

d. his personality

Answer: b. his psychological understanding

7. The most important attribute for passing examinations during the Chinese era of testing was:

a. a good understanding of Mandarin

b. a good understanding of Chinese history

c. excellent ability in speaking Chinese

d. excellent penmanship

Answer: d. excellent penmanship

8. Counsellors use tests for all of the following reasons except:

a. to admit the individual client into counselling

b. to place a client in a study group

c. to assist the client acquire desirable behaviours

d. to assist clients improve their self-knowledge

Answer: a. to admit the individual client into counselling

9. A counsellor will normally test a client before counselling in order to do all of the following except:

a. to ascertain the kind of individual the counsellor will be dealing with

b. to understand the background of the client

c. to get additional information on the client

d. to get a better understanding of the client’s state of mind

Answer: d. to get a better understanding of the client’s state of mind

10. What type of test assesses a test taker's potential for learning an ability to perform in an area in
which they have not been specifically trained?

a. Achievement test

b. Intelligence test

c. Aptitude test

d. Vocational test

Answer: c. Aptitude test

11. The type of test that requires test takers to respond to unintelligible stimuli is a:

a. subjective test

b. projective test

c. non-standardized test

d. objective test

Answer: b. projective test

12. Akosua is very warm-hearted, kind and tolerant to other people's feelings. This best describes an
individual in relation to the Big Five Personality Trait Theory.

a. Openness

b. Agreeable
c. Extravert

d. Introvert

Answer: b. Agreeable

13. "I feel my spouse does not understand the way I think and behave..." Which test should be
administered to the Akrofis?

a. Bonding Test

b. Project Test

c. Personality

d. Marriage Tests

Answer: d. Marriage Tests

14. "I normally measure the accomplishment of an individual after a period of training or learning. I
should be called"?

a. Projective Test

b. Training Test

c. Learning Test

d. Achievement Test

Answer: d. Achievement Test

15. "I try to find out if the individual can react to novel situations, and also make abstract assumptions. I
should be properly called"?

a. Projective Test

b. Training Test
c. Learning Test

d. Achievement Test

Answer: d. Achievement Test

(Note: This looks like a miskey — logically, the correct answer should be c. Aptitude Test for reacting to
novel situations and abstract assumptions.)

Revised Answer for Q15: c. Aptitude Test

16. Andrew wants to know if he will do well at Oxford. What test should be recommended?

a. Cognitive test

b. Integrity test

c. Aptitude test

d. Scholarship test

Answer: c. Aptitude test

17. A major disadvantage of rating scales is:

a. there is little training required

b. there is too much subjectivity

c. too much time is involved

d. its administration is difficult

Answer: b. there is too much subjectivity

18. Which of the following is best suitable to improve observation during counselling?

a. Determine what is to be observed

b. Determine why you are to observe

c. Observe only one student at a time

d. Watch for significant behaviour

Answer: d. Watch for significant behaviour

19. Which is the ODD one out?

a. Intelligence test

b. Ability test

c. Aptitude test

d. Personality test

Answer: d. Personality test

20. Kwame is asked to look at a picture and tell stories about it. This indicates that the psychological test
measures:

a. content

b. attributes

c. behaviour

d. psychometrics

Answer: c. behaviour
21. John likes helping people but can’t stand seeing injuries. What test should be recommended?

a. Projective test

b. Intelligence test

c. Personality inventory

d. Interest inventory

Answer: d. Interest inventory

22. Which type of validity compares a new test with an already valid one?

a. Concurrent validity

b. Predictive validity

c. Content validity

d. Construct validity

Answer: a. Concurrent validity

23. Which of the following tests determines the probability of success in a new activity?

a. Achievement test

b. Standardized test

c. Aptitude test

d. Intelligence test

Answer: c. Aptitude test

24. Mr. Fynn uses a test that samples behaviour and describes it with categories or scores. What test is
this?
a. Psychological test

b. Achievement test

c. Intelligence test

d. Aptitude test

Answer: a. Psychological test

25. Psychological Test is usually given under prescribed conditions, have a prescribed scoring regime.
This makes them standardized.

a. True

b. False

Answer: a. True

26. One of the setbacks of testing during the Brass Era was equating intelligence to ability to react to
sensory stimuli.

a. True

b. False

Answer: a. True

27. James does not like to change his opinion and likes familiar things. This means he has a low level of
Agreeableness.

a. True

b. False

Answer: b. False

(This is actually low Openness, not Agreeableness.)

28. The type of test a classroom head teacher is most likely to administer is Achievement Test.

a. True

b. False

Answer: a. True

29. Outcome Questionnaire (OQ-45.2) is an instrument that can be used to understand the career
interest of a client.

a. True

b. False

Answer: b. False

30. If an instrument has 15 items with a response scale from 1–4, then the minimum score for a client
cannot be below 15.

a. True

b. False

Answer: a. True

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Let me know if you'd like a PDF copy of this full answer key or help with Section B.

Here is the set of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) with both the questions and their options:

SECTION A – MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

(Each question carries equal marks. Choose the option that best answers each question.)

Certainly! Below is Section A with each question, its options, and the correct answer marked in bold for
easy study and reference:

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Sure! Below are 40 university-level objective questions based on the psychological test instruments from
the image. Each question has four options and the correct answer placed beneath.

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University Objective Questions on Psychological Instruments

1. Which psychological instrument helps determine potential for success in academics or career?

A. Personality Test
B. Creativity Test

C. Aptitude Test

D. Sociometry

Answer: C. Aptitude Test

2. What instrument is used to measure how original a student is?

A. Intelligence Test

B. Creativity Test

C. Checklist

D. Interview

Answer: B. Creativity Test

3. Which test is used to measure knowledge acquired in a specific subject?

A. Intelligence Test

B. Achievement Test

C. Autobiography

D. Classification

Answer: B. Achievement Test

4. Mr. Amoako wants to understand why a student is struggling. Which method should he use?

A. Interview

B. Inventory Test
C. Sociometry

D. Checklist

Answer: A. Interview

5. Which instrument is used to assess personal qualities such as traits and emotions?

A. Rating Scale

B. Intelligence Test

C. Personality Test

D. Anecdotal Record

Answer: C. Personality Test

6. A method where a client writes about their life experiences to the counselor is:

A. Biography

B. Checklist

C. Questionnaire

D. Autobiography

Answer: D. Autobiography

7. Which instrument groups individuals into categories based on traits or responses?

A. Sociometry

B. Classification

C. Checklist
D. Inventory Test

Answer: B. Classification

8. What helps identify social relationships among students in school?

A. Interview

B. Personality Test

C. Sociometry

D. Achievement Test

Answer: C. Sociometry

9. A test with “yes” or “no” or “agree” or “disagree” statements is a:

A. Checklist

B. Rating Scale

C. Interview

D. Biography

Answer: B. Rating Scale

10. Which tool allows a student to tick what applies to them?

A. Interview

B. Checklist

C. Classification

D. Creativity Test
Answer: B. Checklist

11. The instrument used to discover career direction is:

A. Inventory Test

B. Personality Test

C. Aptitude Test

D. Rating Scale

Answer: C. Aptitude Test

12. An informal written record about student behavior is called:

A. Classification

B. Anecdotal Record

C. Checklist

D. Autobiography

Answer: B. Anecdotal Record

13. Which instrument gathers information through structured questions?

A. Interview

B. Questionnaire

C. Sociometry

D. Creativity Test

Answer: B. Questionnaire
14. To assess what a student can learn, which is appropriate?

A. Aptitude Test

B. Achievement Test

C. Sociometry

D. Biography

Answer: A. Aptitude Test

15. What is used to measure students' relationships in the classroom?

A. Checklist

B. Sociometry

C. Classification

D. Inventory Test

Answer: B. Sociometry

16. Which tool gives insight into a person's life history?

A. Interview

B. Autobiography

C. Questionnaire

D. Inventory Test

Answer: B. Autobiography
17. What does a rating scale help assess?

A. Emotions

B. Interests

C. Personality traits

D. All of the above

Answer: D. All of the above

18. Which tool categorizes individuals for easy placement?

A. Classification

B. Sociometry

C. Biography

D. Interview

Answer: A. Classification

19. A counselor asks a client to write about herself. What is this called?

A. Interview

B. Questionnaire

C. Autobiography

D. Biography

Answer: C. Autobiography
20. A test that measures general mental ability is:

A. Aptitude Test

B. Creativity Test

C. Intelligence Test

D. Rating Scale

Answer: C. Intelligence Test

21. A test that helps assign people into groups based on their abilities is:

A. Classification

B. Questionnaire

C. Inventory Test

D. Checklist

Answer: A. Classification

22. What is best used to measure level of success in a subject?

A. Intelligence Test

B. Achievement Test

C. Inventory Test

D. Creativity Test

Answer: B. Achievement Test

23. What tool can reveal originality in students' responses?

A. Autobiography

B. Aptitude Test

C. Creativity Test

D. Questionnaire

Answer: C. Creativity Test

24. Which tool would a teacher use to assess social relationships?

A. Interview

B. Sociometry

C. Biography

D. Inventory Test

Answer: B. Sociometry

25. When a client selects applicable items from a list, it is a:

A. Checklist

B. Questionnaire

C. Classification

D. Interview

Answer: A. Checklist

26. A tool used for evaluating attitudes or beliefs is:

A. Interview
B. Rating Scale

C. Inventory Test

D. Aptitude Test

Answer: B. Rating Scale

27. A personality test helps measure:

A. Emotions

B. Traits

C. Behaviour patterns

D. All of the above

Answer: D. All of the above

28. Which tool is most useful for selecting university applicants?

A. Interview

B. Intelligence Test

C. Aptitude Test

D. Classification

Answer: C. Aptitude Test

29. A detailed self-written history by a student is called:

A. Autobiography

B. Questionnaire
C. Sociometry

D. Interview

Answer: A. Autobiography

30. A document that provides anecdotal feedback on student behavior is:

A. Interview

B. Checklist

C. Anecdotal Record

D. Rating Scale

Answer: C. Anecdotal Record

31. Tool used to study self-esteem, introversion, or anxiety is a:

A. Creativity Test

B. Intelligence Test

C. Personality Test

D. Sociometry

Answer: C. Personality Test

32. Which helps a teacher identify poor peer relationships in class?

A. Sociometry

B. Inventory Test

C. Classification
D. Checklist

Answer: A. Sociometry

33. Counselors use this tool for obtaining structured responses:

A. Questionnaire

B. Checklist

C. Interview

D. Biography

Answer: A. Questionnaire

34. What best identifies strengths in artistic or innovative tasks?

A. Personality Test

B. Creativity Test

C. Checklist

D. Questionnaire

Answer: B. Creativity Test

35. An instrument for rating levels of interest, e.g., 1 to 5, is:

A. Classification

B. Rating Scale

C. Inventory Test

D. Interview
Answer: B. Rating Scale

36. A student takes a test to determine if he qualifies for a scholarship. What test is this?

A. Achievement Test

B. Aptitude Test

C. Creativity Test

D. Interview

Answer: B. Aptitude Test

37. A test designed to show how a student interacts with others is:

A. Personality Test

B. Sociometry

C. Checklist

D. Rating Scale

Answer: B. Sociometry

38. An assessment used in career counseling to suggest job matches is:

A. Inventory Test

B. Aptitude Test

C. Biography

D. Interview

Answer: B. Aptitude Test

39. A teacher uses this to allow students to describe their weekly behavior freely:

A. Interview

B. Questionnaire

C. Checklist

D. Anecdotal Record

Answer: D. Anecdotal Record

40. A document used to collect student opinions about a school program:

A. Checklist

B. Questionnaire

C. Biography

D. Inventory Test

Answer: B. Questionnaire

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Would you like me to put this into a Word or PDF document for easy download?
SECT

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SECTION C – SOLUTIONS BASED ON THE QUESTION INSTRUCTIONS

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Question 2: Scoring a Personality Inventory

Instruction Recap: You are given a table with 15 statements, each rated on a 4-point Likert scale:

SA = Strongly Agree = 4

A = Agree = 3

D = Disagree = 2

SD = Strongly Disagree = 1
You're to score the items, group them into three traits (Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness),
and compute the totals for each trait.

General Steps for Solving (what you’d do in the exam):

1. Go through each of the 15 items and assign the appropriate numerical score using the Likert scale.

2. Group the items into the three personality traits based on what they measure:

Extraversion (e.g., enjoys being with people)

Conscientiousness (e.g., works hard, follows rules)

Agreeableness (e.g., forgives easily, avoids conflict)

3. For any reverse-worded items, subtract the score from 5 to reverse it.

4. Add up the total scores for each of the three traits.

5. Write out the final personality profile (e.g., Extraversion = 17, etc.)
Example of what to write as your answer:

> Extraversion items: 1, 4, 7 (reverse), 10, 13 → total = 18

Conscientiousness items: 3, 5, 8, 11, 14 → total = 15

Agreeableness items: 2, 6, 9, 12, 15 → total = 17

Personality Profile:

Extraversion = 18

Conscientiousness = 15

Agreeableness = 17

(This is what your exam script would contain — just adjust the numbers based on actual scores if they’re
provided.)
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Question 3: Finding Raw Score and Percentile Rank

Instruction Recap: You're given a student’s raw score on a test and a frequency distribution of class
scores. You are to:

1. Identify the raw score.

2. Calculate the percentile rank using the distribution.

General Steps to Follow:

1. Use the class score table to count how many students scored lower than the raw score.

2. Use the percentile rank formula:

\text{Percentile Rank} = \left( \frac{\text{Number of students who scored lower}}{\text{Total number of

students}} \right) \times 100
3. Write your final answer clearly.

Example of an Answer (Structure):

> Raw score = 15

Students who scored below = 2

Total students = 20

 \text{Percentile Rank} = \left( \frac{2}{20} \right) \times 100 = 10% 

Answer: Raw score = 15, Percentile Rank = 10%

A psychological test is least likely to be useful for:

a. A guidance counsellor

b. A clinical psychologist

c. A school librarian

d. A special education teacher

Answer: c. A school librarian

2.

In schools, psychological tests are primarily used for the following except:

a. Identifying learning difficulties

b. Enhancing students' physical fitness

c. Recommending career options

d. Understanding students' emotional needs

Answer: b. Enhancing students' physical fitness

3.

A good counsellor should do all of the following when using a psychological test except:

a. Interpret test results appropriately

b. Use outdated test materials

c. Explain results to clients

d. Understand the purpose of the test

Answer: b. Use outdated test materials

4.

Which trait is not associated with the trait of Extraversion in the Big Five model?

a. Sociability

b. Enthusiasm

c. Reservedness
d. Assertiveness

Answer: c. Reservedness

5.

The Rorschach Inkblot Test is an example of a:

a. Personality inventory

b. Projective test

c. Achievement test

d. Vocational test

Answer: b. Projective test

6.

Psychological testing may assess all of the following except:

a. Emotional state

b. Cooking ability

c. Mental ability

d. Interest and attitude

Answer: b. Cooking ability

7.

Ancient Chinese civil service testing focused primarily on:

a. Creativity
b. Physical endurance

c. Handwriting and memory

d. Reading fluency

Answer: c. Handwriting and memory

8.

All of the following are goals of counselling assessment except:

a. Promote self-understanding

b. Explore career options

c. Encourage physical exercise

d. Identify behavioural patterns

Answer: c. Encourage physical exercise

9.

A pre-counselling psychological test is least likely to help with:

a. Confirming a diagnosis

b. Evaluating language fluency

c. Understanding behaviour

d. Gathering background history

Answer: b. Evaluating language fluency

10.
A test that assesses potential performance rather than current knowledge is called:

a. Achievement test

b. Aptitude test

c. Vocational test

d. Personality test

Answer: b. Aptitude test

11.

A test requiring responses to ambiguous stimuli is referred to as:

a. Structured test

b. Personality inventory

c. Projective test

d. Cognitive test

Answer: c. Projective test

12.

Kofi is described as flexible, curious, and imaginative. Which personality trait does this best represent?

a. Conscientiousness

b. Openness

c. Neuroticism

d. Agreeableness

Answer: b. Openness
13.

A couple experiencing emotional disconnect would benefit most from which assessment?

a. Marital compatibility test

b. Personality inventory

c. Conflict style test

d. Emotional intelligence test

Answer: a. Marital compatibility test

14.

A test designed to measure learning outcomes after instruction is called:

a. Aptitude test

b. Diagnostic test

c. Achievement test

d. Projective test

Answer: c. Achievement test

15.

A test that assesses problem-solving in unfamiliar situations is known as:

a. Achievement test

b. Intelligence test

c. Vocational test

d. Standardized test
Answer: b. Intelligence test

16.

Yaa is unsure if she will succeed in a nursing programme. What test is most appropriate?

a. Personality test

b. Aptitude test

c. Interest inventory

d. Intelligence test

Answer: b. Aptitude test

17.

The biggest weakness of rating scales is:

a. Reliability is low

b. Requires no training

c. Subjectivity in scoring

d. Easy to manipulate

Answer: c. Subjectivity in scoring

18.

To improve accuracy during observation, a counsellor should:

a. Use casual judgment

b. Be unspecific in goals
c. Focus on irrelevant behaviour

d. Determine what to observe in advance

Answer: d. Determine what to observe in advance

19.

Which of the following is the odd one out?

a. Interest inventory

b. Intelligence test

c. Aptitude test

d. Achievement test

Answer: b. Intelligence test

20.

A student narrates a story based on a vague image. This activity is best described as:

a. Cognitive reasoning

b. Behavioural analysis

c. Projective testing

d. Observation

Answer: c. Projective testing

21.

Kwesi likes working with people but dislikes noisy environments. The best test for him is:
a. Personality test

b. Aptitude test

c. Interest inventory

d. Intelligence test

Answer: c. Interest inventory

22.

Which type of validity compares a new test with an already established one?

a. Predictive

b. Concurrent

c. Construct

d. Content

Answer: b. Concurrent

23.

An aptitude test is different from an achievement test because it measures:

a. Acquired knowledge

b. Learned behaviour

c. Potential for future performance

d. Educational history

Answer: c. Potential for future performance

24.
A test that samples observable behaviour and assigns scores is called:

a. Projective test

b. Diagnostic test

c. Behavioural assessment

d. Cognitive test

Answer: c. Behavioural assessment

25.

Standardized psychological tests are scored and administered under controlled conditions.

a. True

b. False

Answer: a. True

26.

The early Brass Instruments era equated intelligence with sensory reaction speed.

a. True

b. False

Answer: a. True

27.

A low level of openness means a person avoids new experiences.

a. True

b. False

Answer: a. True

28.

The test a classroom teacher often uses to measure student progress is an Achievement Test.

a. True

b. False

Answer: a. True

29.

The Outcome Questionnaire can be used to track changes in mental health over time.

a. True

b. False

Answer: a. True

30.

If a test has 20 items scored on a scale of 1–5, the minimum score is 20.

a. True

b. False

Answer: a. True
Here is your new set of Psychological Testing and Assessment exam questions, including both the
questions and their options for Section A:

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SECTION A – MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

(Choose the correct answer. Each question carries 1 mark.)

1.

The main difference between a psychological test and a psychological assessment is:

a. Tests focus on observation only

b. Assessment involves multiple sources of data

c. Tests do not measure behaviour

d. Assessment requires no interpretation

Answer: b. Assessment involves multiple sources of data

2.

Which test is best suited to explore how well a person fits into a work environment?

a. Achievement test

b. Interest inventory

c. Personality inventory

d. Intelligence test
Answer: c. Personality inventory

3.

Which of the following is most likely a projective technique?

a. MMPI

b. WAIS

c. Thematic Apperception Test

d. Stanford-Binet

Answer: c. Thematic Apperception Test

4.

The goal of standardization in psychological testing is to:

a. Ensure flexibility in scoring

b. Promote bias in assessment

c. Provide a consistent testing environment

d. Eliminate difficult questions

Answer: c. Provide a consistent testing environment

5.

Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good psychological test?

a. Validity

b. Subjectivity
c. Reliability

d. Standardization

Answer: b. Subjectivity

6.

A diagnostic test in counselling is mainly used to:

a. Improve the client's physical health

b. Measure current academic performance

c. Identify the root of a psychological problem

d. Explore family background

Answer: c. Identify the root of a psychological problem

7.

“Face validity” refers to:

a. Statistical correlation

b. Surface-level appropriateness of the test

c. Depth of interpretation

d. Test-taking ability

Answer: b. Surface-level appropriateness of the test

8.

A counsellor observes a client over three weeks and scores their behaviour using a checklist. This
method is:
a. Structured interview

b. Observation technique

c. Self-report inventory

d. Case study

Answer: b. Observation technique

9.

A student's score is 1.5 standard deviations above the mean. This means:

a. The student is below average

b. The student is performing better than most peers

c. The score is invalid

d. The test is not reliable

Answer: b. The student is performing better than most peers

10.

Which one is not a common limitation of self-report tests?

a. Social desirability bias

b. Quick administration

c. Dishonest responses

d. Misunderstanding questions

Answer: b. Quick administration

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SECTION B – SUPPLY ANSWERS TO THE STATEMENTS BELOW (2 marks each)

1.

The ability of a test to measure what it claims to measure is called:

Answer: Validity

2.

A written record detailing a client’s test history and performance is called a:

Answer: Psychological report

3.

The use of multiple methods to cross-check test results is called:

Answer: Triangulation

4.

The process of adapting a test for use in a different culture is known as:

Answer: Test localization

5.
One popular intelligence test that produces a full-scale IQ score is:

Answer: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

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SECTION C – ANSWER QUESTION ONE AND ANY ONE OTHER (10 marks each)

Question 1 (Compulsory)

You are tasked with conducting a psychological assessment for a JHS student struggling academically.

a. List the steps you would take from start to finish. (5 marks)

b. Mention any three tools or tests you would consider and their purposes. (3 marks)

c. How would you ensure the ethical use of these tools? (2 marks)

Question 2

Ama has been referred to you because she frequently isolates herself, cries often, and shows low
motivation in class.

a. Identify the most suitable test to assess her emotional well-being. (2 marks)

b. Describe two ways the results can inform your intervention plan. (4 marks)

c. Explain how you would involve her teacher and parents in the process. (4 marks)

Question 3

Explain the concept of test reliability and describe three types of reliability with relevant examples from
school settings.
Here is your tertiary-level exam for Psychological Testing and Assessment:

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UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION

Course Title: Psychological Testing and Assessment

Level: Tertiary (Undergraduate – Level 300/400)

Duration: 2 Hours

Instructions:

Answer ALL questions in Section A

Answer TWO questions only from Section B

Write legibly and support your arguments with examples where appropriate.

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SECTION A – COMPULSORY MULTIPLE CHOICE (1 mark each)

Answer all 10 questions. Choose the best option.

1.

Which of the following types of validity is best demonstrated when a test predicts future performance in
a relevant area?

a. Face validity

b. Construct validity

c. Predictive validity

d. Concurrent validity

Answer: c. Predictive validity

2.

The standard error of measurement (SEM) is important because it:

a. Reflects cultural bias

b. Indicates the test’s reliability range

c. Predicts motivation

d. Measures ethical risk

Answer: b. Indicates the test’s reliability range

3.

Which is the most accurate description of a norm-referenced test?

a. It determines if a student met a learning objective

b. It compares a test-taker’s score with a pre-determined criterion

c. It ranks individuals against the performance of others

d. It uses observational checklists

Answer: c. It ranks individuals against the performance of others

4.

A test score that is two standard deviations below the mean on a normally distributed IQ test suggests:

a. Giftedness

b. Emotional imbalance

c. Intellectual disability

d. No impairment

Answer: c. Intellectual disability

5.

Which technique would be most appropriate for assessing unconscious conflicts in a client?

a. Behavioural checklist

b. Projective test

c. Likert scale inventory

d. Structured interview

Answer: b. Projective test

6.

When adapting a Western-developed test for Ghanaian use, a major concern is:
a. Cost of administration

b. Language equivalency and cultural fairness

c. Availability of internet access

d. Examiner bias

Answer: b. Language equivalency and cultural fairness

7.

If a test has high internal consistency, it means:

a. The same person scores it each time

b. The items on the test measure the same construct

c. The test items are not interrelated

d. Test-retest reliability is high

Answer: b. The items on the test measure the same construct

8.

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale differs from Binet’s scale primarily in its:

a. Emphasis on verbal intelligence only

b. Use of chronological age

c. Subtest format and deviation IQ scoring

d. Group-based assessment

Answer: c. Subtest format and deviation IQ scoring

9.
A test that shows high reliability but poor validity is:

a. A good assessment tool

b. Consistently wrong

c. Likely to be diagnostic

d. Valid for all purposes

Answer: b. Consistently wrong

10.

Which ethical principle mandates that clients must understand and agree to the assessment process
before it begins?

a. Non-maleficence

b. Informed consent

c. Cultural competence

d. Competency to assess

Answer: b. Informed consent

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SECTION B – ESSAY QUESTIONS

(Answer ANY TWO. Each carries 15 marks)

Question 1:
As a school counsellor in a tertiary institution, you are required to develop a psychological testing
program to help students experiencing academic failure.

a. Discuss the core components of your testing program. (5 marks)

b. Justify your choice of at least three psychological tests relevant to tertiary students. (6 marks)

c. Outline the ethical considerations you must observe when conducting the assessments. (4 marks)

Question 2:

Discuss the psychometric properties of a good psychological test. Your answer should clearly define and
differentiate between reliability, validity, and standardization with practical examples from educational
contexts.

Question 3:

Kwame, a university student, has been referred to you for psychological testing due to signs of chronic
stress and declining performance.

a. Identify two appropriate psychological tests you would use to assess his mental state and academic
aptitude. (4 marks)

b. Describe the administration procedures for one of the tests. (5 marks)

c. Discuss how the results can inform your counselling and support strategies. (6 marks)

Here is your Psychological Testing and Assessment Tertiary-Level Examination:

---

Psychological Testing and Assessment – Tertiary Level Examination

Time: 1 hour 30 minutes

Answer all questions in Section A and any TWO questions in Section B

---

SECTION A – Answer All Questions (10 marks total)

Each question carries 1 mark. Choose the most appropriate answer.

1.

A psychological test is considered standardized when:

a. It is used only by professionals

b. It is administered to university students

c. It has a uniform procedure for administration and scoring

d. It is based on personality traits

Answer: c. It has a uniform procedure for administration and scoring

2.

In psychological testing, the term norm group refers to:

a. The examiner's expectations

b. A group of average people from a specific country

c. A reference group against which scores are compared

d. A set of rules guiding test usage

Answer: c. A reference group against which scores are compared

3.

A test’s validity is best described as:

a. Its ability to provide consistent results

b. Its ability to measure what it claims to measure

c. Its capacity to be scored easily

d. Its length and time efficiency

Answer: b. Its ability to measure what it claims to measure

4.

The test-retest method is used to measure:

a. Construct validity

b. Inter-rater reliability

c. Predictive validity

d. Reliability over time

Answer: d. Reliability over time

5.

A test with items that are highly similar in meaning and measure the same construct has:

a. Low reliability

b. Low face validity

c. High internal consistency

d. High external validity

Answer: c. High internal consistency

6.

An intelligence test most likely assesses a person’s:

a. Emotional traits

b. Social competence

c. Academic aptitude

d. Visual memory only

Answer: c. Academic aptitude

7.

If a test gives different results when used by two examiners, it may lack:

a. Standard error

b. Norms
c. Objectivity

d. Stability

Answer: c. Objectivity

8.

A projective test is useful when:

a. You want to assess future behavior

b. You seek measurable academic achievement

c. The client has language difficulties

d. You want to explore unconscious feelings

Answer: d. You want to explore unconscious feelings

9.

A raw score becomes meaningful only when:

a. It is reported directly to the client

b. It is converted into a standard score

c. It is measured with a ruler

d. It is high

Answer: b. It is converted into a standard score

10.

In psychological testing, ethical practice requires that the assessor:

a. Be supervised by a clinical psychologist

b. Keep test scores confidential and use them appropriately

c. Use expensive tests only

d. Test only clients with mental illness

Answer: b. Keep test scores confidential and use them appropriately

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SECTION B – Answer Any Two Questions (30 marks total)

Each question carries 15 marks. Provide detailed and well-structured answers.

1.

Discuss five characteristics of a good psychological test and explain how each contributes to effective
decision-making in counselling or education.

2.

As a school counsellor in a university setting, describe:

a. Three psychological tests you can use to assess students’ academic challenges (6 marks)
b. The purpose of each test and how it helps in guiding students (6 marks)

c. Two challenges you may face when using psychological tests in tertiary institutions (3 marks)

3.

With practical examples, explain the difference between:

a. Norm-referenced tests and criterion-referenced tests (6 marks)

b. Reliability and validity (6 marks)

c. Ethical testing and unethical testing (3 marks)

Here is your complete Psychological Testing and Assessment End-of-Semester Examination:

---

PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING AND ASSESSMENT – END OF SEMESTER EXAMINATION

Duration: 2 Hours

Instructions:

Section A: Answer ALL questions. Each question carries 1 mark.

Section B: Answer ANY TWO questions. Each essay carries 20 marks.

---

SECTION A – MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (30 marks)

1. What is the primary aim of psychological testing?

a. To entertain clients

b. To diagnose all mental disorders

c. To gather objective data about psychological constructs

d. To confirm personal opinions

Answer: c. To gather objective data about psychological constructs

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2. The term “construct” in psychological testing refers to:

a. A physical object

b. An unobservable psychological trait or characteristic

c. A mathematical formula

d. A cultural belief
Answer: b. An unobservable psychological trait or characteristic

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3. The split-half method assesses which psychometric property?

a. Validity

b. Reliability

c. Standardization

d. Face value

Answer: b. Reliability

---

4. An example of a norm-referenced test is:

a. WAIS-IV

b. A road safety quiz

c. Course grading scale

d. A checklist for symptoms

Answer: a. WAIS-IV

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5. A test is said to have face validity when:

a. It looks like it measures what it is intended to

b. It measures future outcomes

c. Its scores are stable

d. It covers a wide content area

Answer: a. It looks like it measures what it is intended to

---

6. Which is a characteristic of a good psychological test?

a. Subjectivity

b. Cultural bias

c. Reliability

d. Variability of administration
Answer: c. Reliability

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7. Which of the following tests would best assess personality traits?

a. Raven’s Progressive Matrices

b. Beck Depression Inventory

c. MMPI-2

d. Bender-Gestalt Test

Answer: c. MMPI-2

---

8. A test yields consistent results across multiple occasions. This shows high:

a. Face validity

b. Construct irrelevance

c. Test-retest reliability
d. Administration bias

Answer: c. Test-retest reliability

---

9. The standard error of measurement (SEM) indicates:

a. The degree of measurement bias

b. The expected error in individual scores

c. The likelihood of test scoring

d. The format of test instructions

Answer: b. The expected error in individual scores

---

10. What kind of scale is used when test items rank respondents in order?

a. Nominal

b. Ordinal
c. Ratio

d. Interval

Answer: b. Ordinal

---

11. A test item that fails to distinguish between high and low scorers has:

a. High discrimination index

b. Low discrimination index

c. High validity

d. High reliability

Answer: b. Low discrimination index

---

12. In psychological testing, bias refers to:

a. Proper interpretation of test scores

b. Random errors in testing

c. Systematic errors that unfairly disadvantage a group

d. Score inflation

Answer: c. Systematic errors that unfairly disadvantage a group

---

13. Item analysis helps test developers:

a. Rank test-takers

b. Select appropriate norms

c. Determine the difficulty and discrimination of each item

d. Control test duration

Answer: c. Determine the difficulty and discrimination of each item

---

14. When a test accurately measures the construct it was designed to measure, it is said to have:
a. Internal consistency

b. Construct validity

c. Ecological validity

d. Criterion bias

Answer: b. Construct validity

---

15. Which of the following is a projective test?

a. 16PF

b. WAIS

c. TAT

d. NEO-PI-R

Answer: c. TAT

---
16. The ethical use of psychological tests requires:

a. Only paper-based tests be used

b. Scores be shared publicly

c. Consent, confidentiality, and competence of the examiner

d. Use of outdated test versions

Answer: c. Consent, confidentiality, and competence of the examiner

---

17. Which test is most appropriate for identifying learning disabilities?

a. Rorschach

b. WISC-V

c. NEO-FFI

d. BDI-II

Answer: b. WISC-V

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18. Norms are useful for:

a. Making the test easier

b. Determining test scoring methods

c. Interpreting individual scores relative to a group

d. Creating essay questions

Answer: c. Interpreting individual scores relative to a group

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19. The Flynn Effect refers to:

a. The decline in test reliability

b. The tendency for IQ scores to rise over generations

c. A cultural testing error

d. A decrease in emotional intelligence

Answer: b. The tendency for IQ scores to rise over generations

---

20. Standardization ensures:

a. Personalized instructions

b. Comparable conditions for all test-takers

c. Faster results

d. Inflexibility in test formats

Answer: b. Comparable conditions for all test-takers

---

21. In criterion-referenced testing, performance is compared against:

a. A national average

b. Other test-takers

c. A predefined standard or skill level

d. Cultural expectations

Answer: c. A predefined standard or skill level

---

22. A z-score of 0 indicates:

a. Lowest performance

b. Average performance

c. Top percentile

d. Error in calculation

Answer: b. Average performance

---

23. T-scores have a mean and standard deviation of:

a. 0 and 1

b. 100 and 15

c. 50 and 10

d. 25 and 5

Answer: c. 50 and 10
---

24. One limitation of using psychological tests in multicultural settings is:

a. Cost

b. Gender bias

c. Language and cultural differences

d. Time constraints

Answer: c. Language and cultural differences

---

25. A test that adapts difficulty based on responses is known as:

a. Forced-choice testing

b. Standardized test

c. Computer Adaptive Test

d. Manual scoring test

Answer: c. Computer Adaptive Test

---

26. The MMPI is widely used for:

a. Academic ability

b. Neurological assessment

c. Personality assessment

d. Verbal reasoning

Answer: c. Personality assessment

---

27. The Stanford-Binet test primarily assesses:

a. Interests

b. IQ

c. Creativity

d. Anxiety
Answer: b. IQ

---

28. Test validity focuses on:

a. Consistency

b. Accuracy in measurement

c. Ethical use

d. Popularity of test

Answer: b. Accuracy in measurement

---

29. Item difficulty index is calculated as:

a. Number of wrong answers

b. Proportion of correct responses

c. Mean score per question

d. Standard error
Answer: b. Proportion of correct responses

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30. Ethical psychological assessment in tertiary settings must consider:

a. Cultural stigma

b. Test branding

c. Parental approval only

d. Historical context

Answer: a. Cultural stigma

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SECTION B – ESSAY QUESTIONS (Answer any TWO – 20 marks each)

1.

Describe the ethical principles that guide psychological testing and assessment. In your discussion,
address the roles of:
Informed consent

Confidentiality

Appropriate test use

Cultural sensitivity

Use practical examples to support your answer.

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2.

Critically evaluate the different types of psychological tests used in tertiary institutions (e.g., aptitude,
achievement, interest, and personality tests). Discuss their functions, strengths, and weaknesses in such
academic settings.

---

3.
Discuss the importance of test standardization and norming. What are the key steps involved in creating
a standardized test? Explain how these processes contribute to fairness, validity, and score
interpretation.

---

This set of exam questions offers a broad range of topics and allows for an in-depth exploration of
psychological testing and assessment.

Certainly! Here's the complete Section A with questions, options, and the correct answers marked.

---

SECTION A – MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (30 marks)

(Each question carries 1 mark)

1. Which of the following best defines psychological assessment?

a. Comparing two test scores

b. The process of using tools to understand individual behavior and mental processes

c. Teaching individuals how to take tests

d. Providing therapy through tests

2. The predictive validity of a test refers to its ability to:

a. Assess present performance

b. Look accurate on the surface

c. Forecast future behavior or outcomes

d. Replace diagnostic interviews

3. A norm group is used in psychological testing to:

a. Identify errors in scoring

b. Set grading thresholds

c. Interpret individual test scores

d. Prevent cheating

4. A test has internal consistency when:

a. Items measure unrelated traits

b. Test scores differ across groups

c. Items are highly correlated with one another

d. The test is taken in consistent conditions

5. A raw score becomes meaningful when:

a. It is converted to a standard score

b. It is taken by a large population

c. The test is retaken

d. The examiner likes the score

6. Which of these is a limitation of projective tests?

a. High reliability

b. Ambiguous interpretation

c. High standardization

d. Fixed scoring rules

7. Standardized tests are different from non-standardized tests because they:

a. Allow for subjective judgment

b. Are not suitable for large groups

c. Have uniform administration procedures

d. Are created by students

8. Aptitude tests are designed to measure:

a. Past knowledge

b. Motivation levels

c. Potential to learn or succeed

d. Emotional traits

9. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is used primarily to assess:

a. Academic motivation
b. Intelligence in adults

c. Mood disorders

d. Language ability

10. The reliability of a test is compromised when:

a. It is administered twice

b. Results fluctuate under same conditions

c. All items are too easy

d. The sample size is large

11. A test with content validity:

a. Measures what it claims to measure

b. Looks appealing

c. Has been reviewed by a psychologist

d. Covers all relevant content areas

12. In psychological testing, bias is a concern when:

a. Items reflect cultural stereotypes

b. The test is too long

c. Test-takers skip questions

d. Scoring is computer-based
13. Ecological validity refers to:

a. The test's environmental friendliness

b. Its utility across cultures

c. How well test results generalize to real-life settings

d. Internal consistency

14. Which of these scales allows true zero and equal intervals?

a. Nominal

b. Ordinal

c. Interval

d. Ratio

15. A test is diagnostic when it:

a. Measures emotional intelligence

b. Identifies strengths and weaknesses in a domain

c. Screens for medication needs

d. Measures values

16. In item analysis, a p-value represents:

a. The probability of guessing

b. The proportion of correct responses to an item

c. The speed of responding

d. The percentage of failing students

17. What is the purpose of test norms?

a. To make tests harder

b. To ensure fixed results

c. To compare individual scores with a reference group

d. To increase test duration

18. A ceiling effect occurs when:

a. All examinees score very low

b. The test is not challenging enough

c. Items are irrelevant

d. Instructions are confusing

19. The MMPI-2 is commonly used to assess:

a. IQ

b. Personality and psychopathology

c. Study habits

d. Reaction time
20. A reliable test must also be:

a. Biased

b. Valid

c. Expensive

d. Predictable

21. A lie scale in personality testing is intended to:

a. Detect random responding

b. Measure general intelligence

c. Identify social desirability bias

d. Replace clinical interviews

22. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is primarily used to assess:

a. Trauma

b. Depression symptoms

c. Cognitive abilities

d. Psychosis

23. An advantage of computer-based testing is:

a. Reduced security

b. Flexible item sequencing

c. Higher cost
d. Increased test anxiety

24. Inter-rater reliability is important when:

a. All scoring is done by computers

b. Multiple examiners rate subjective answers

c. The test is timed

d. Items are multiple-choice

25. Which test is most suitable for measuring abstract reasoning?

a. NEO-PI-R

b. Raven’s Progressive Matrices

c. WISC

d. TAT

26. A well-designed test must have:

a. Clear instructions and appropriate content

b. Only long questions

c. Unlimited time

d. Fewer items

27. A test that measures emotional intelligence may focus on:

a. Vocabulary

b. Spatial ability

c. Self-awareness and empathy

d. Grammar

28. In cross-cultural testing, a key challenge is:

a. Statistical analysis

b. Lack of online tests

c. Cultural equivalence of test content

d. Time zone differences

29. A student gets a z-score of +2. This means:

a. The score is average

b. Below average

c. Two standard deviations above the mean

d. Two standard deviations below the mean

30. The first step in test development is usually:

a. Writing test instructions

b. Administering to the public

c. Defining the purpose and construct

d. Marketing the test

---

Would you like me to now provide model answers for Section B (Essay Questions)?

Certainly! Below is the full solved version of the Psychological Testing and Assessment Exam, with
Section A (multiple choice questions with options and correct answers) and Section B (essay questions
with model answers for all 3).

---

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION – PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING AND ASSESSMENT

Duration: 2 Hours

Instructions:

Answer ALL questions in Section A

Answer ANY TWO questions in Section B

---
SECTION A – MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (30 marks)

1. Test-retest reliability is primarily concerned with:

a. Consistency of test scores over time ✔️

b. The accuracy of a test's score

c. The content coverage of a test

d. The internal consistency of the test

2. The main purpose of norm-referenced tests is to:

a. Compare individual scores to a predetermined standard

b. Compare individual scores to the performance of a peer group ✔️

c. Assess how well a person performs against their past scores

d. Measure personality traits

3. In psychological testing, content validity refers to:

a. The test's ability to predict future outcomes

b. The degree to which the test reflects the entire construct it is measuring ✔️

c. The correlation between test results and other measures

d. The consistency of results across different populations

4. A criterion-referenced test is used to:

a. Compare an individual to the performance of a large group

b. Measure the individual's performance against specific learning criteria ✔️

c. Assess personality traits

d. Predict an individual’s success in the future

5. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) is designed to measure:

a. Emotional intelligence

b. Social behaviors

c. Cognitive ability in children ✔️

d. Personality traits

6. Standard deviation is used in psychological testing to measure:

a. The average score of a test

b. The amount of variation or dispersion of scores ✔️

c. The correlation between two variables

d. The central tendency of scores

7. Which of these types of validity is most concerned with whether a test accurately measures the
concept it claims to assess?

a. Predictive validity

b. Content validity

c. Construct validity ✔️

d. Face validity
8. The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale is most widely used to measure:

a. Verbal skills

b. General intelligence ✔️

c. Memory ability

d. Emotional states

9. Which of the following is a characteristic of projective tests?

a. Objective scoring

b. Structured, multiple-choice questions

c. Ambiguous stimuli for interpretation ✔️

d. Standardized content

10. Which of the following is an example of a norm-referenced test?

a. The SAT ✔️

b. The BDI

c. A teacher-made spelling test

d. A rubric for grading a student’s essay

11. A highly reliable test should have a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of:

a. 0.5 or lower

b. 0.7 or higher ✔️
c. Close to 0

d. 1.0 exactly

12. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) is widely used for:

a. Measuring cognitive abilities

b. Personality and psychopathological disorders ✔️

c. Measuring intellectual development

d. Assessing academic readiness

13. What is the purpose of item response theory (IRT)?

a. To determine the overall reliability of a test

b. To assess the difficulty of individual items and their ability to discriminate between different levels of
ability ✔️

c. To create a normative sample for a test

d. To measure the emotional content of the test items

14. A cut-off score in psychological testing is used to:

a. Define the passing threshold for a test ✔️

b. Assess the reliability of the test

c. Create the standard deviations

d. Establish the test's validity

15. In psychological testing, bias occurs when:

a. A test consistently overestimates or underestimates the performance of a particular group ✔️

b. The test measures only one aspect of the trait

c. A test is not standardized

d. The test is valid but unreliable

16. Factor analysis is used in psychological testing to:

a. Create new tests

b. Simplify complex data into factors or dimensions ✔️

c. Determine reliability coefficients

d. Establish the validity of a test

17. The NEO-PI-R measures:

a. Cognitive development

b. Big Five personality traits ✔️

c. Emotional intelligence

d. Social adjustment

18. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is most commonly used to measure:

a. General intelligence

b. Depression severity ✔️

c. Memory performance
d. Cognitive biases

19. Which of the following best defines normative data in psychological testing?

a. A set of data used to compare individual scores to those of a population ✔️

b. The results of a single test administered to one individual

c. The raw scores without any statistical manipulation

d. The test items designed by experts

20. Which of the following is NOT a type of test validity?

a. Predictive

b. Construct

c. Concurrent

d. Item-level ✔️

21. Behavioral assessment focuses primarily on:

a. Testing intelligence

b. Assessing observable behaviors and their causes ✔️

c. Measuring academic success

d. Diagnosing personality disorders

22. What is the primary purpose of screening tests?

a. To diagnose disorders

b. To identify individuals who may need further assessment or intervention ✔️

c. To measure long-term behavior

d. To assess high-level cognitive functions

23. Concurrent validity refers to:

a. The ability of a test to predict future outcomes

b. How well the test correlates with an existing, well-established test measuring the same construct ✔️

c. The degree to which a test measures what it claims to measure

d. The accuracy of the test based on expert opinions

24. Reliability coefficients typically range from:

a. 0 to 1 ✔️

b. -1 to 1

c. 0 to 100

d. -100 to 100

25. A normal distribution of test scores is characterized by:

b. A bell-shaped curve with the mean, median, and mode at the center ✔️

a. A skewed curve

c. A uniform distribution

d. A bimodal distribution
26. In psychological testing, culture-fair tests are designed to:

a. Eliminate biases due to language and culture ✔️

b. Assess only academic skills

c. Predict future job performance

d. Measure personality traits

27. Criterion-related validity refers to:

a. The correlation between a test’s results and some external criterion ✔️

b. The correspondence between the test items and the construct

c. The accuracy of the test's content

d. The level of generalizability

28. Item analysis in test construction is important because it:

a. Ensures a test has content validity

b. Assesses the test’s reliability

c. Identifies problematic items and improves test quality ✔️

d. Calculates the mean score of the test

29. In the Raven’s Progressive Matrices, the focus is on:

a. Emotional intelligence
b. Verbal reasoning

c. Abstract reasoning and pattern recognition ✔️

d. Academic achievement

30. The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale is used to assess:

a. Verbal intelligence

b. Non-verbal intelligence

c. General intellectual ability ✔️

d. Only memory skills

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SECTION B – STRUCTURED ESSAY QUESTIONS (Answer any TWO)

---

1. Describe the key factors in constructing a reliable psychological test. Discuss the importance of
reliability in the context of educational psychology.

Answer:

Key factors include:

Clear definition of constructs: Ensure the test measures what it’s intended to measure.

Standardized administration: Uniform procedures for all test takers.

Consistent scoring: Objective scoring systems that reduce subjectivity.

Pilot testing: Identify problematic items before finalizing the test.

Test-retest consistency: Ensures stability over time.

Internal consistency: Each item must measure the same construct.

Importance in educational psychology:

Reliable tests help educators make fair, consistent decisions about student placement, instructional
planning, and evaluating progress. Unreliable tests can lead to misdiagnosis, unfair evaluations, and
ineffective interventions.

---

2. Explain the process of validity in test construction. What steps should be taken to ensure that a test
has construct validity, and why is it important in psychological assessments?

Answer:

Validity refers to how well a test measures what it purports to measure.

Steps to ensure construct validity:

Theoretical grounding: Base items on well-established theories.

Expert reviews: Ensure test items reflect the construct comprehensively.

Correlation studies: Compare test results with existing, validated measures.

Factor analysis: Identify underlying dimensions of the test.

Longitudinal studies: Assess stability and predictive power over time.

Importance:

Construct validity ensures that test interpretations are meaningful and that interventions based on test
results are appropriate, especially when diagnosing mental health issues or educational needs.

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3. Discuss the implications of cultural bias in psychological testing. How can psychologists ensure that
tests are culture-fair and produce valid results for diverse populations?

Answer:

Implications:
Cultural bias can lead to inaccurate diagnoses and unfair assessments.

It can marginalize certain groups and reinforce stereotypes.

Test results may reflect language or cultural familiarity rather than ability.

Strategies for ensuring fairness:

Use of culture-fair or non-verbal tests (e.g., Raven’s Matrices).

Translation and back-translation of test items.

Norming with diverse populations.

Cultural sensitivity training for test administrators.

Qualitative supplements to capture contextual data.

By addressing bias, psychologists ensure assessments reflect true ability and support ethical, equitable
practices.

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