Anaesthesia, Pain, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine
A.P.I.C.E. Proceedings of the 20th Postgraduate Course in
Critical Care Medicine, Trieste, Italy November 18 21, 2005 -
1st Edition
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VI
Chapter 10 – BioGrid: a collaborative environment for life science research
C.-H. HUANG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
ANTIBIOTICS
Chapter 11 – The classifications of antibiotics
R. DE GAUDIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Chapter 12 – An overview of antibiotic pharmacokinetics
M. PALAZZO 143
Chapter 13 – Evidence for immediate adequate parenteral antibiotics
V. EMMI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Chapter 14 – Focus on antibiotics: use and misuse in the intensive care unit,
and antibiotics monitoring
F. PEA, F. PAVAN, M. FURLANUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Chapter 15 – Clinical significance of monitoring the central nervous system
in the operation room and the intensive care unit
E. FREYE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Chapter 16 – Global hypothermia for neuroprotection after cardiac arrest
W. BEHRINGER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Chapter 17 – Vegetative state
N. LATRONICO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
CARDIOVASCULAR
Chapter 18 – A personal account from four decades of cardiac care:
is there a case for mechanical heart rhythm management?
J.L. ATLEE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Chapter 19 – Oesophageal pacing and cardioversion-defibrillation
J.L. ATLEE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
VII
Chapter 20 – Thrombolysis during cardiopulmonary resuscitation
B.W. BÖTTIGER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Chapter 21 – Cardiac resynchronisation therapy: do we know everything?
C. FANTONI, A. AURICCHIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Chapter 22 – Minimising reperfusion injury in settings of myocardial ischaemia
R. GAZMURI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Chapter 23 – Non invasive haemodynamic monitoring: where we are in 2005
R. MUCHADA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Chapter 24 – Role of shock timing in cardiac vulnerability to electric shocks
B. RODRIGUEZ, N. TRAYANOVA, D. GAVAGHAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Chapter 25 – Analysis of arterial pulse and ventricular devices
S. SCOLLETTA, S.M. ROMANO, B. BIAGIOLI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Chapter 26 – Ventilatory-metabolic monitoring and analysis of arterial pulse
P. GIOMARELLI, E. CASADEI, S. SCOLLETTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Chapter 27 – The assessment of cardiac performance in critically ill patients
C. SORBARA, A. ROSSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Chapter 28 – Haemodynamic monitoring of septic patients with pressure
recording analytical method: preliminary observations
G. TULLI, S.M. ROMANO, R. FEMINÒ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Chapter 29 – The dark side of the moon: in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation
E. CERCHIARI, N. CILLONI, F. SEMERARO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
LUNG
Chapter 30 – Physiopathology of atelectasis during anaesthesia
G. HEDENSTIERNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Chapter 31 – Effect of mechanical ventilation on right ventricular afterload
B. LACHMAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
VIII
Chapter 32 – Computed tomography evaluation of lung collapse
and recruitment manoeuvres during anaesthesia
L.M.S. MALBOUISSON, J.O.C. AULER JR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Chapter 33 – Mechanisms of repair and remodelling in ARDS
C. DOS SANTOS, P.R.M. ROCCO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Chapter 34 – Corticosteroids in ARDS: back to the future
A.B. SOUZA-FERNANDES, W.A. ZIN, P.R.M. ROCCO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Chapter 35 – Nitric oxide should be used in ARDS
H. GERLACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Chapter 36 – Formation and clearance of pulmonary oedema in ALI/ARDS
B. ALLARIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
FLUID, ELECTROLYTES AND ACID/BASE BALANCE
Chapter 37 – Diabetic ketoacidos: incidence, biochemical abnormalities,
pathophysiology, and diagnosis
K. HILLMAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Chapter 38 – Endogenous metabolic acid-base abnormalities: lactate and other strong ions
J. KELLUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Chapter 39 – Metabolic acidosis
F. SCHIRALDI, G. ESPOSITO, E.G. RUGGIERO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Chapter 40 – Metabolic alkalosis
F. SCHIRALDI, E. MIRANTE, F. PALADINO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Chapter 41 – Blood-gas monitoring
R.G.G. TERZI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
INFECTIONS, SEPSIS, MODS
Chapter 42 – Epidemiology of infections in the PICU
I. SALVO, F. IZZO, A. WOLFLER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
Chapter 43 – Strategy in the treatment of secondary peritonitis
R. HAHN, S. STORTECKY, C. SPISS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
IX
Chapter 44 – Combination therapy for sepsis: the wave of the future
or too complex to consider?
S. OPAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Chapter 45 – Implementation of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines
J.-L. VINCENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
PERIOPERATIVE MEDICINE
Chapter 46 – Perioperative cardiac risk stratification
J.O.C. AULER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Chapter 47 – Risk evaluation and anaesthetic strategy
in perioperative myocardial ischaemia
B. DRENGER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
Chapter 48 – Practice recommendations guidelines for pulmonary artery catheter
J.O.C. AULER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Chapter 49 – Perioperative neuroprotection: is it possible to prevent
brain injury in high risk patients?
J.O.C. AULER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Chapter 50 – Drug interactions in anaesthetic practice
V. FODALE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
Chapter 51 – Perioperative myocardial ischaemia
P. FOËX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
Chapter 52 – Left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction
P. FOËX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
Chapter 53 – Challenges in perioperative medicine: positioning
M. KLIMEK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
Chapter 54 – The neurotoxicity of commonly used general anaesthetics: is it possible?
V. JEVTOVIC-TODOROVIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
Chapter 55 – Neuroprotection by N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists
E. KOCHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
X
Chapter 56 – Neuroprotection by dexmedetomidine
E. KOCHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
Chapter 57 – Choice of anaesthetics for neurosurgical anaesthesia
P.M. PATEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
Chapter 58 – Brain protection - the clinical reality
P.M. PATEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
Chapter 59 – Challenges in perioperative medicine: neuroanesthesia
K.J. RUSKIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
Chapter 60 – Does anaesthesia influence the apoptosis pathway?
G. DELOGU, M. SIGNORE, A. ANTONUCCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
Chapter 61 – Anaesthesia in orthopaedic surgery
B. BORGHI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
CRITICAL BLEEDING AND TRANSFUSION
Chapter 62 – Severe bleeding in critical care
M. GIRARDIS, S. BUSANI, M. MARIETTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687
Chapter 63 – Transfusion triggers in surgery
P. VAN DER LINDEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695
TRAUMA AND DISASTER MEDICINE
Chapter 64 – Pre-hospital trauma care: controversial aspects
G. BERLOT, B. BACER, S. ROCCONI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707
Chapter 65 – The unstable trauma patient
G. GORDINI, M. MENARINI, E. BIGI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
Chapter 66 – What to do next: major chest trauma beyond the “recipe books”
F. PLANI, J. GOOSEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
Chapter 67 – Application of new educational methodologies in disaster medicine
F. DELLA CORTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745
XI
Chapter 68 – Terrorist attacks: what have we learned?
P. SINGER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751
PAEDIATRICS
Chapter 69 – Difficult airway
G. MARRARO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763
Chapter 70 – Rationale for the use of noninvasive ventilation in children
C. GREGORETTI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779
Chapter 71 – Neonatal helmet-continuous positive airway pressure in preterm infants
D. TREVISANUTO, N. DOGLIONI, N. GRAZZINA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787
Chapter 72 – Helmet-delivered CPAP in children
with acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure
G. CHIDINI, P. PELOSI, E. CALDERINI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795
PAIN
Chapter 73 – Organisation of an Acute Pain Service
M. STADLER, J. BOOGAERTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809
Chapter 74 – Pain management and patient satisfaction
D. CARISTI, L. MIOTTO, M. PIVA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819
QUALITY OF CARE
Chapter 75 – Monitoring process quality in intensive care
M. HIESMAYR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833
Chapter 76 – Evaluating quality of life after intensive care
M. CAPUZZO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853
List of Contributors
Adducci A. Bertacchini S.
Anesthesia Research Staff, IRCCS Istituti Department of Surgical, Anaesthetic and
Ortopedici Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy Radiological Sciences, Section of
Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care,
Allaria B. University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara,
2nd School of Specialisation in Anaesthe- Italy
sia and Intensive Care, University of Mi-
lan, Milan, Italy Biagioli B.
Department of Surgery and Bioenginee-
Almeida de Oliveira S. ring, Unit of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesio-
Heart Institute (InCor), University of São logy, University of Siena, Italy
Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
Bigi E
Antonucci A. U.O. Rianimazione – 118 Ospedale Mag-
Department of Anaestesia and Intensive giore, Bologna, Italy
Care, Policlinico Umberto I, ‘La Sapienza’
University, Rome, Italy Boldt J.
Department of Anesthesiology and Inten-
Atlee J.L. sive Care Medicine, Klinikum der Stadt
Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
College of Wisconsin, Froedtert Memo-
rial Lutheran Hospital, Milwaukee, Win- Boogaerts J
sconsin, United States Department of Anesthesia CHU-Charle-
roi, Charleroi, Belgium
Auler J.O.C. Jr.
Department of Anesthesiology and Surgi- Borghi B.
cal Intensive Care, Heart Institute, Uni- Anesthesia Research Staff, IRCCS Istituti
versity of São Paulo Medical School, São Ortopedici Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
Paulo, Brazil
Böttiger B.W.
Auricchio A. Department of Anaesthesiology, Universi-
Division of Cardiology, University Hospi- ty of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
tal of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
Brudniewski M.
Behringer W. Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital
Department of Emergency Medicine, das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Me-
Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria dical School, São Paulo, Brazil
Berlot G. Busani S.
Department of Perioperative Medicine, Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Policlinico
Intensive Care and Emergency, School of di Modena, Modena, Italy
Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Cattina-
ra University Hospital, Trieste, Italy
XIV
Calderini E. Policlinico Careggi, Florence University,
Terapia Intensiva de Marchi, Fondazione Florence, Italy
Policlinico Mangiagalli Regina Elena, Mi-
lan, Italy Della Corte F.
SCDU Anestesia e Rianimazione, Ospeda-
Capuzzo M. le Maggiore della Carità, Università del
Department of Surgical, Anaesthetic and Piemonte Orientale ‘A. Avogadro’, Nova-
Radiological Sciences, Section of ra, Italy
Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Uni-
versity Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy Delogu G.
Department of Anaestesia and Intensive
Caristi D. Care, Policlinico Umberto I, ‘La Sapienza’
Department of Perioperative Medicine, University, Rome, Italy
Intensive Care and Emergency, Trieste
University School of Medicine, Cattinara Doglioni N.
University Hospital, Trieste, Italy Paediatric Department, Medical School,
Padua University, Padua, Italy
Casadei E.
Department of Surgery and Bioenginee- Dos Santos C.
ring, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Department of Critical Care Medicine,
Unit, University of Siena, Italy and Interdepartmental Division of Criti-
cal Care, Saint Michael’s Hospital, Univer-
Cerchiari E. sity of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
U.O. Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, Ospe-
dale Maggiore, Bologna, Italy Drenger B.
Department of Anaesthesia, Hadassah
Chiani C. University Hospital at Mount Scopus, Je-
Department of Surgical, Anaesthetic and rusalem, Israel
Radiological Sciences, Section of
Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Uni- Emmi V.
versity Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione I,
IRCCS, Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia,
Chidini G. Italy
Terapia Intensiva de Marchi, Fondazione
Policlinico Mangiagalli Regina Elena, Mi- Esposito G.
lan, Italy Medicina d’Urgenza Ospedale S. Paolo,
Naples, Italy
Cilloni N.
U.O. Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, Ospe- Fantoni C.
dale Maggiore, Bologna, Italy Division of Cardiology, University Hospi-
tal of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
Cross A.S.
Division of Infectious Diseases, Brown Feminò R.
Medical School, Memorial Hospital of Institute of Anesthesiology and Intensive
Rhode Island, Pawtucket, Rhode Island, Care, A.O.U. Careggi, University of Flo-
United States rence, Florence, Italy
De Backer D. Fodale V.
Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatric
University Hospital, Free University of and Anesthesiological Sciences, School of
Brussels, Belgium Medicine. Policlinico Universitario ‘G.
Martino’, University of Messina, Messina,
De Gaudio A.R. Italy
Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione,
XV
Foëx P. Goosen J.
Nuffield Department of Anaesthetics, Trauma Unit Johannesburg Hospital, Di-
University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe vision of Trauma and Critical Care, De-
Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom partment of Surgery, Faculty of Health
Sciences, University of the Witwater-
Freye E. srand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Clinics of Vascular Surgery and Renal
Transplantation, Heinrich-Heine-Univer- Gordini G.
sity Clinics, Düsseldorf, Germany U.O. Rianimazione – 118 Ospedale Mag-
giore, Bologna, Italy
Frugiuele J.
Anesthesia Research Staff, IRCCS Istituti Gowdak L.H.W.
Ortopedici Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy Heart Institute (InCor), University of São
Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
Furlanut M.
Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Gratarola A.
Toxicology, Department of Experimental SCDU Anestesia e Rianimazione, Ospeda-
and Clinical Pathology and Medicine, le Maggiore della Carità, Università del
University of Udine, Udine, Italy Piemonte Orientale ‘A. Avogadro’, Nova-
ra, Italy
Garcia C.S.N.B.
Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Grazzina N.
Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophy- Paediatric Department, Medical School,
sics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Padua University, Padua, Italy
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Gregoretti C.
Gazmuri R.J. Dipartimento di emergenza e accettazio-
Department of Medicine, Division of Cri- ne, Azienda Ospedaliera CTO-CRF-ICOR-
tical Care, and Department of Physiology MA, Turin, Italy
and Biophysics, Rosalind Franklin Uni-
versity of Medicine and Science, and Me- Grüne F.
dical Service, Section of Critical Care Me- Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus
dicine, North Chicago VA Medical Cen- University Medical Centre, Rotterdam,
ter, North Chicago, Illinois, United States The Netherlands
Gerlach H. Gunnerson K.J.
Vivantes – Klinikum Neukoelln, Klinik für The Virginia Commonwealth University
Anaesthesie, operative Intensivmedizin Reanimation Engineering and Shock Cen-
und Schmerztherapie, Berlin, Germany ter (VCURES) Laboratory, Departments
of Anesthesiology/Critical Care and Emer-
Giomarelli P. gency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth
Department of Surgery and Bioenginee- University Medical Center, Richmond,
ring, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Virginia, United States
Unit, University of Siena, Italy
Hahn R.
Girardis M. Department of Anesthesiology and Gene-
Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Policlinico ral Intensive Care, Medical University of
di Modena, Modena, Italy Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Gommers D. Hedenstierna G.
Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical
Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Nether- Physiology, University Hospital, Uppsala,
lands Sweden
XVI
Hiesmayr M. rechts der Isar,Technische U
niversität
Department of Cardiac Thoracic Vascu- München,Mü nchen,Germany
lar Anaesthesia and Intensive Care,Medi-
cal U
niversity Vienna,Austria Krieger J.E.
Heart Institute (InCor),U
niversity of São
Hillman K Paulo Medical School,São Paulo,Brazil
Division of Critical Care,The Simpson
Centre for Health Service Innovation,Li- La Mura F.
verpool Hospital,Sydney,Australia SCDUAnestesia e Rianimazione,Ospeda-
le Maggiore della Carità,U
niversitàdel
Himmelseher S. Piemonte Orientale ‘A.Avogadro’,Nova-
linik fü
K r Anaesthesiologie,K
linikum ra,Italy
rechts der Isar,Technische Universität
Mü nchen,München,Germany Lachmann B.
Department of Anesthesiology,Erasmus
Holzer M. Medical Centre,Rotterdam,The Nether-
Department of Emergency Medicine, lands
Vienna General Hospital,Vienna,Austria
Latronico N.
Huang C.-H. Institute of Anesthesiology-Intensive
Department of Computer Science and En- Care,University of Brescia,Spedali Civili,
gineering,U
niversity of Connecticut, Brescia,Italy
Storrs,Connecticut,United States
Lindeboom J.A.H.
Ince C. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sur-
Department of Physiology,Academic Me- gery,Academic Medical Center,U
niversi-
dical Center,U
niversity of Amsterdam, ty of Amsterdam,Amsterdam,The Net-
Amsterdam,The Netherlands herlands
Izzo F. Malbouisson L.
Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Department of Anesthesiology and Surgi-
Care U
nit,Children Hospital V.Buzzi, cal Intensive Care,Heart Institute,Hospi-
Milan,Italy tal das Clínicas,U
niversity of São Paulo
Medical School,São Paulo,Brazil
Jevtovic-Todorovic V.
Department of Anesthesiology,U niversi- Marietta M.
ty of Virginia Health System,Charlot- Surgical Intensive Care n
Uit,Policlinico
tesville,Virginia,U
nited States di Modena,Modena,Italy
Kellum J.A. Marraro G.A.
The CRISMA (Clinical Research,Investi- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Depart-
gation,and Systems Modeling of Acute ment,and Paediatric Intensive Care U
nit,
Illness)Laboratory,Department of Criti- Fatebenefratelli and Ophthalmiatric Ho-
cal Care Medicine,University of spital,Milan,Italy
Pittsburgh,Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania,U
ni-
ted States Menarini M.
O
. .Rianimazione –18Ospedale Mag-
U
Klimek M. giore,Bologna,Italy
Department of Anesthesiology,Erasmus
niversity Medical Centre,Rotterdam,
U Milstein D.M.J.
The Netherlands Department of Physiology;Department
of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,Acade-
Kochs E.F. mic Medical Center,University of Am-
linik fü
K r Anaesthesiologie,K
linikum sterdam,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
XVII
Miotto L. Pea F.
Department of Perioperative Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and
Intensive Care and Emergency, Trieste Toxicology, Department of Experimental
University School of Medicine, Cattinara and Clinical Pathology and Medicine,
University Hospital, Trieste, Italy University of Udine, Udine, Italy
Mirante E. Pelosi P.
Medicina d’Urgenza Ospedale S. Paolo, Terapia Intensiva de Marchi, Fondazione
Naples, Italy Policlinico Mangiagalli Regina Elena, Mi-
lan, Italy
Morales M.M.
Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Petrini F.
Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute Anestesia e Rianimazione – PO SS.ma An-
of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio nunziata, Università G. d’Annunzio di
de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Chieti, Pescara, Italy
Muchada R. Piva M.
Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Department of Perioperative Medicine,
Care, ‘Eugène Andre’ Hospital, Lyon, Intensive Care and Emergency, Trieste
France University School of Medicine, Cattinara
University Hospital, Trieste, Italy
Nordström C.-H.
Department of Clinical Science, Division Plani F.
of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Trauma Unit Johannesburg Hospital, Di-
Lund, Sweden vision of Trauma and Critical Care, De-
partment of Surgery, Faculty of Health
Opal S.M. Sciences, University of the Witwater-
Division of Infectious Diseases, Brown srand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Medical School, Memorial Hospital of
Rhode Island, Pawtucket, Rhode Island, Racca F.
United States Dipartimento di emergenza e accettazio-
ne, Azienda Ospedaliera CTO-CRF-ICOR-
Paladino F. MA, Turin, Italy
Medicina d’Urgenza Ospedale S. Paolo,
Naples, Italy Reis Miranda D.
Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus
Palazzo M. Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Nether-
Department of Critical Care Medicine, lands
Charing Cross Hospital, London, United
Kingdom Rocco P.R.M.
Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation,
Patel P. Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophy-
Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthe- sics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro,
sia Service VA Medical College, Universi- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
ty of California, San Diego, California,
United States Rodriguez B.
Oxford University Computing Laborato-
Pavan F. ry, Oxford, United Kingdom
Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and
Toxicology, Department of Experimental Romano S.M.
and Clinical Pathology and Medicine, Department of Critical Care, Internal Me-
University of Udine, Udine, Italy dicine and Cardiology, University of Flo-
rence, Florence, Italy
XVIII
Rossi A. Signore M.
Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Car- Department of Haematology, Oncology
diovascular Department, University Ho- and Molecular Medicine, Biotecnology
spital ‘Careggi’, Florence, Italy Division, Istituto Superiore di Sanità,
Rome, Italy
Ruggiero E.G.
Medicina d’Urgenza Ospedale S. Paolo, Singer P.
Naples, Italy General Intensive Care Department, Ra-
bin Medical Center, Campus Beilinson,
Ruskin K.J. Petah Tikva; The Sackler School of Medi-
Department of Anesthesiology, Yale Uni- cine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
versity School of Medicine, New Haven,
Connecticut, United States Sorbara C.
Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Car-
Salvo I. diovascular Department, University Ho-
Department of Anesthesia and Intensive spital ‘Careggi’, Florence, Italy
Care Unit, Children Hospital V. Buzzi,
Milan, Italy Sorbello M.
Anestesia e Rianimazione – PO SS.ma An-
Santamaria L.B. nunziata, Università G. d’Annunzio di
Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatric Chieti, Pescara, Italy
and Anesthesiological Sciences, School of
Medicine. Policlinico Universitario ‘G. Souza-Fernandes A.B
Martino’, University of Messina, Messina, Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation,
Italy Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophy-
sics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro,
Schiraldi F. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Medicina d’Urgenza Ospedale S. Paolo,
Naples, Italy Spiss C.
Department of Anesthesiology and Gene-
Schmidlin D. ral Intensive Care, Medical University of
Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Hirslan- Vienna, Vienna, Austria
den Klinik im Park, Zürich, Switzerland
Spöhr F.
Schmidt A.P. Department of Anaesthesiology, Universi-
Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital ty of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Me-
dical School, São Paulo, Brazil Stadler M.
Department of Anesthesia CHU-Charle-
Scolletta S. roi, Charleroi, Belgium
Department of Surgery and Bioenginee-
ring, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Sterz F.
Unit, University of Siena, Italy Department of Emergency Medicine,
Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
Scoponi M.
Anestesia e Rianimazione – PO SS.ma An- Stortecky S.
nunziata, Università G. d’Annunzio di Department of Anesthesiology and Gene-
Chieti, Pescara, Italy ral Intensive Care, Medical University of
Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Semeraro F.
U.O. Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, Ospe- Terzi R.G.G.
dale Maggiore, Bologna, Italy Faculdade de Ciências Médicas – UNI-
CAMP – Universidade Estadual de Cam-
pinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
XIX
Trevisanuto D. Vincent J.-L.
Paediatric Department,Medical School, Department of Intensive Care,Erasme
Padua University,Padua,Italy Hospital,Free U
niversity of Brussels,
Brussels,Belgium
Tulli G.
Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Wolfler E.A.
Care,Hospital Nuovo San Giovanni di Department of Anesthesia and Intensive
Dio,Florence,Italy Care U
nit,Children Hospital V.Buzzi,
Milan,Italy
Ungerstedt U.
Department of Clinical Science,Division Zin W.A.
of Neurosurgery,U
niversity Hospital, Laboratory of Respiration Physiology,
Lund,Sweden Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophy-
sics,Federal U
niversity of Rio de Janeiro,
Van der Linden P. Rio de Janeiro,Brazil
Department of Anesthesiology,CHU
Brugmann –HUDERF,Brussels,Belgium
