J. Inst. Eng. India Ser.

A
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40030-021-00539-8

CASE STUDY

Assessment of Reservoir Sedimentation using Satellite Remote

Sensing Technique (SRS)
Santosh Wagh1 • Vivek Manekar2

Received: 19 August 2020 / Accepted: 5 May 2021

Ó The Institution of Engineers (India) 2021

Abstract Globally, water and energy demands are Introduction

increasing continuously, while the storage capacity of
structures like dams and reservoirs is reducing due to Worldwide reservoir sedimentation is identified as most
sediment-induced problems. Study of the reservoir sedi- serious environmental problem. Sedimentation in the river
mentation is essential for restoring the storage capacities to valley and reservoir may lead to sustainable human soci-
ensure the increasing water and energy demands. This eties [14]. The reservoir sedimentation is the process of
study suggested the methodology for preparing the revised gradual accumulation of the incoming sediment load from
elevation–area–capacity curve for a reservoir for its effi- a river [3, 17]. The deposition of sediment in the reservoir
cient use. Also, it focused on two important issues through is mainly causing due to the reduction in flow velocity as
an example—estimation of the loss of the live storage well as sudden increase in cross-sectional area of the
capacity of the reservoir due to sedimentation and remedial stream [12]. The reduction in storage capacity due to
measures to regain the lost capacity. In the present study, sediment deposition in a reservoir over a period of time can
reservoir sedimentation is estimated using satellite remote be correlated with the reduction in water spread area at
sensing technique (SRS) considering a case of the Ujjani different elevations [2].
reservoir located in Maharashtra State, India. The modified Globally, it is estimated that about 1% of the reservoir
normalized difference water index (MNDWI) is employed capacity is lost every year due to sedimentation [9]. The
to determine the water surface area using ERDAS Imagine entire world is facing water scarcity due to an increased
software. The loss in live capacity because of deposition of rate of the use of water, reduction in storages, climate
sedimentation over 41 years is determined and estimated to change, pollution, etc. [13]. India shares 16% of world’s
be 174.592 Mm3 showing the rate of capacity loss as 4.26 population situated on 2% of the global land area causing
Mm3/year, which is 11.23% loss of the original capacity resources in danger [1]. India is facing severe forms of
under study zone. To regain the storage capacity of the water scarcity issues such as droughts, depletion in
reservoir, it is proposed to adopt manual and or mechanical groundwater levels, and pollution for the last few decades.
dredging with flushing for desilting the deposited sediment To deal with a difficult situation, such as increasing pop-
in the reservoir. ulation, industrialization, irrigation demand, and food
requirement, it is very essential to access the present live
Keywords Reservoir sedimentation  storage capacity of reservoirs for the effective water
Satellite remote sensing technique (SRS)  MNDWI  planning. For water planning engineers, it is therefore
Storage capacity  Dredging essential to know the actual volume of water available in a
reservoir. It is possible to reduce the negative effect of
& Santosh Wagh
sedimentation over the life and performance of the reser-
[email protected] voir by adopting appropriate techniques for sediment
management. The sediment generation and its rate are
1
SVNIT, Surat, Gujrat, India varying throughout the globe.
2
Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat, Gujrat, India

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 J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. A

All rivers, streams and nallas transport the sediments capacity curve gives the capacity loss of the reservoir due
naturally. The sediment transportation is important since to sedimentation. The popularity of the conventional
sediment trapping in the reservoir has shown large impacts method such as hydrographic survey is restricted mainly
on the downstream ecosystems [9]. By interfering with the due to the involvement of extensive fieldwork, costly
natural sediment fluxes due to reservoir construction, equipment, skilled manpower and time consumption. For
humans have seriously affected the river morphology and these reasons, hydrographic surveys are normally con-
ecosystems in many ways [10]. The Asian continent has a ducted at a frequency of 5–15 years, though the recom-
total amount of sediment generation as 6350 Million mended frequency is five years [7]. Remote sensing
Tonnes and the sediment rate as 380 (t km-2y-1), whereas technique in conjunction with geographic information
India is having an average yield of soil erosion as 5334 system (GIS) provides spatial, temporal, and spectral
Million Tonnes with an average rate of 1640 (t km-2y-1) attributes and evaluates the sediment distribution pattern of
[11]. The annual average sediment deposited in Indian a reservoir. The main advantage of satellite data over the
reservoirs is 1080 Million Tonnes [11]. Therefore, it is conventional procedure includes its repetitive coverage
essential to quantify the sediment generation and deposi- over a long period [2, 7, 17, 18].
tion rate for using the water resources judiciously. It is revealed that the substantial amount of loss in the
Assessing sediment is a part of active research. Effective storage capacity of the reservoir is evident due to reservoir
management is only possible if the quantity of the sediment sedimentation. Capacity assessment on a regular basis is
can be measured because what cannot be measured, cannot essential for effective management of resources. Presently,
be managed. Measuring sediment is important and equally assessment surveys are conducted by the government
important is the location of the measurement. This will agencies like CWC in association with local bodies. The
ensure appropriate protective measures to be taken to hydrographic survey for Ujjani reservoir was conducted in
reduce the sedimentation effects for efficient management. the year 2012 by Central Water Commission, New Delhi
Location-wise it is preferred to measure the sediment in the [4]. It was observed that the original capacity in the study
catchment area itself for catchment area treatment, at the zone of the Ujjani reservoir was 3320 Mm3, which was
reservoir or dam for capacity improvement, and in the reduced to 2896.09 Mm3. The loss in the studied storage
downstream for preventing the downstream structures and capacity was observed as 423.91 Mm3 over a period of 35
the reach. Broadly speaking, there are three sediment years, indicating the loss in capacity as 12.76%. Similarly,
management techniques—structural, recurrent and non- Jayakwadi reservoir in Godavari basin, Maharashtra, which
structural. The structural technique is adopted in the field is major reservoir having original gross storage capacity of
for controlling the sediment employing check dam, sedi- 2909.041 Mm3. The hydrographic survey for the reservoir
ment traps, and retention basins, bypass channels, etc. The was conducted by Central Water Commission, New Delhi
recurrent technique contains the actions like sluicing, [4] in the year 1999, and gross capacity was observed as
flushing, dredging, etc., whereas the non-structural tech- 2659.445 Mm3. The loss in the gross storage capacity was
nique is a peripheral technique of managing sediment such observed as 249.596 Mm3 over a period of 23 years,
as catchment area treatment, sediment modeling, managing indicating the loss in gross capacity as 8.58%. Hence, it
land use, and optimizing reservoir operation rules. As far as become necessary to examine the storage capacity of
reservoir sedimentation is concerned, it requires hydraulic reservoir periodically for its effective implementation.
measurements (water level, velocity, and discharges) and In the present study, satellite remote sensing technique
sediment measurements (grain size, concentration, load, (SRS) and modified normalized difference water index
etc.). There are numerous methods/techniques available for (MNDWI) method were used to measure the water spread
the measurement of sediment deposited in the reservoir area. MNDWI is a modified method of the normalized
such as mathematical models, conducting surveys, data- difference water index (NDWI). The water features shown
driven models, empirical models, model studies, artificial in MNDWI classification are more accurate as it is sensi-
intelligence, and using satellite data. Reservoir sedimen- tive to intermixing of features with vegetation and built-up
tation surveys are carried out using different techniques land classifications [6]. The specific objective of the pre-
such as differential global positioning system (DGPS), sent study is to assess reservoir sedimentation and suggest
satellite remote sensing, stream flow analysis, and area remedial measures for desilting. For this study, the Ujjani
reduction method [2]. Due to the deposition of sediment in reservoir is considered as a study area and live storage zone
the reservoir, the water spread area at an elevation goes on for the assessment.
decreasing. Using remote sensing technique, water spread
area at different elevations can be determined and revised
elevation–area–capacity curve can be prepared. The dif-
ference between the original and revised elevation–area–

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Study area between FRL and MDDL of the reservoir based on the
availability of cloud-free satellite images.
The Ujjani reservoir is located between Latitude The study area falls in Path 96 and Row 60 of Resource
18°:03’:0900 N to 18°:30’:3600 N and Longitude 74°: 32’: 4900 sat-1 and Resource sat-2 satellite for LISS-III Sensor of
E to 75°: 12’: 1300 E. The location of the reservoir is shown resolution 23.5 m. The images are selected based on vari-
in Fig. 1. The reservoir was constructed near village Ujjani ation in water level and availability of cloud-free data. In
in Madha taluka of Solapur district, the Maharashtra state this study, data from the water year, 2017–2018 (1st June
of India, on the river Bhima of Krishna basin. The total 2017 to 31st May 2018) have been used for higher and
catchment area of the reservoir is 14858 sq. km. The lower water levels. To get the sharp changes in a curve,
designed gross storage capacity of the reservoir at full closer interval satellite data are needed; therefore, data of
reservoir level (FRL) 497.31 m is 3484.22 Mm3, and live summer 2015, 2017 have been used for middle water
storage capacity between FRL and minimum draw down levels. Due to the non-availability of middle-level satellite
level (MDDL) 491.03 m is 1681.41 Mm3. The designed data from the water year 2017–2018 is one of the limita-
dead storage capacity is 1802.81 Mm3. The reservoir was tions of the present study. Total of six images are used. Out
first impounded in the year 1977. The Ujjani dam is the of which, five images of Resource sat-2 and one image of
terminal dam on the Bhı̄ma River having twenty-two dams Resource sat-2A are used in this study. The multispectral
constructed on its upstream side and is the largest dam in bands: 0.45–0.52 (Blue); 0.52–0.59 (Green); 0.62–0.68
the valley. A variety of soil types are found in the catch- (Red); 0.77–0.86 (NIR); 1.55–1.70 (SWIR) are available
ment of Ujjani reservoir. The soils are classified as clayey for the analysis. The sequence of the date of the satellite
loam, loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam and clay [15]. pass is taken according to the ascending order of water
Bhima river and its tributaries clearly indicate the catch- levels.
ment is sloping gently eastwards [16]. In the western ghat,
the ranges attain varying height of about 1300 m, resulting
in very steep slopes. The slopes in the northern part of the Data Used
catchment are moderate, whereas in the southern part the
slops ranges from moderately steep to steep. The central For the estimation of the volume of the sediment deposited
catchment area shows gentle slope and covers most of the in the reservoir, the satellite image data are used to measure
area [16]. the water spread area at different water surface elevations.
The selection of water level for the analysis is ranging
between FRL and MDDL of reservoir based on the avail-
Materials and Methods ability of cloud-free satellite images.
Total six images are used, out of which five images of
Field Data Resource sat-2 and one image of Resource sat-2A are used
in this study. The satellite images of different water levels
The reservoir level data for the Ujjani reservoir are between R.L. 491.650 m and R.L 497.310 m for the period
obtained from the field office of respective reservoir, which between Jan 2015 and May 2018 on particular date, i.e., 16
is responsible for the collection of reservoir data and May 2018, 22 April 2018, 25 February 2015, 14 February
operation of the reservoir. The original elevation–area– 2017, 28 January 2018 and 29 November 2017, are used.
capacity table and elevation–area–capacity curve of the The sequence of the date of satellite pass is taken according
Ujjani reservoir at the year of first impoundment (1977) are to ascending order of water levels as shown in Table 2.
taken as a base in this study and are presented in Table 1
and Fig. 2, respectively. These data are used to study the
sedimentation pattern since the impounding of the reser- Methodology
voir. The capacity of the reservoir in the year 2018 is
estimated using satellite remote sensing technique (SRS). Water spread area corresponding to different water levels is
found out from satellite images on the date of the satellite
Satellite Data pass. The difference between the aerial spread of water
between the current year and earlier years is the areal
For the estimation of the volume of the sediment deposited reduction at these levels. Flow chart of methodology
in the reservoir, the satellite image data are used to measure adopted in the present study is presented in Fig. 3.
the water spread area at different water surface elevations.
The selection of water level for the analysis is ranging

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Fig. 1 Index map of the study area

Table 1 Elevation–area–capacity table of Ujjani reservoir (1977) using ERDAS imagine software [5]. The MNDWI makes
the use of reflected shortwave-infrared radiation (SWIR)
Elevation Difference in Area (M. Cumulative capacity
(m) elevation (m) Sqm) (M. Cum) and visible green light to enhance the presence of water
while eliminating the presence of soil and vegetation fea-
458 0.00 0.00 0.000 tures. The higher reflectance of built-up and lower reflec-
463 5.00 2.54 6.575 tance of water in the SWIR band result in negative values
468 5.00 8.49 32.381 of built-up and positive values of water features in the
473 5.00 28.80 130.705 MNDWI-derived images [6]. The modified normalized
478 5.00 55.20 338.162 difference water index (MNDWI) is determined using the
483 5.00 91.40 697.910 following relationship given in Eq. 1.
488 5.00 148.00 1282.381
ðGreen  SWIRÞ
493 5.00 236.00 2229.239 MNDWI ¼ ð1Þ
ðGreen þ SWIRÞ
498 5.00 368.60 3731.654
The selection of these wavelengths maximizes the
reflectance properties of water.
The MNDWI value ranges from -1 to 1, whereas zero
Use of Spectral Index for Extracting Water Features indicates the threshold value. If MNDWI [ 0, the cover
type is water and if MNDWI \ 0 cover type is no water
The modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) [6].
method is employed to determine the water surface area

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Fig. 2 The elevation–area–capacity curve of the Ujjani reservoir (1977)

Table 2 Details of satellite image pass for the Ujjani reservoir w.r.t. water levels
Date of satellite pass Satellite/Sensor Path Row Water level (m)

16 May 2018 Resource sat-2/ LISS-III 96 60 491.650

22 April 2018 Resource sat-2/ LISS-III 96 60 492.650
25 February 2015 Resource sat-2/ LISS-III 96 60 493.835
14 February 2017 Resource sat-2/ LISS-III 96 60 495.060
28 January 2018 Resource sat-2A/LISS-III 96 60 496.045
29 November 2017 Resource sat-2/ LISS-III 96 60 497.310

Thresholding areas. A simple logical criterion by which the water pixel can
be classified as water in both images is applied to get water
The areas where clear water and other land cover demarcation spread area. For example, a pixel will be a water pixel if it falls
are there, density slicing technique is used for delineation of between threshold values in SWIR band as well as in ratio
water spread areas. In this technique, entire gray values of image. If this condition is not satisfied, then the pixel can be
pixels occurring in the image are divided into 256 shades. All rejected from water class.
the gray values corresponding to water pixels are grouped in
one value, which is displayed in output. This process divides Estimation of Water Spread Area at Different
the image into water and other pixels. From the study of his- Elevations using Satellite Image Data
togram peaks, minimum and maximum values for water pixel
are identified and image is density sliced. When there is a Using the range of values water spread areas were
confusion water and other land cover boundary, multiband extracted for all the scenes. The original water spread areas
modeling criteria can be used for identification of water spread at different water levels on the date of satellite pass are

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Fig. 3 The methodology adopted for reservoir capacity estimation

taken from the original elevation–area–capacity shown in where V = Volume between two successive elevations h1
Table 1. The water spread is extracted from the false color and h2; H = Elevation difference (h2 – h1) and A1 and A2
composite (FCC) images of the Ujjani reservoir for dif- are areas of reservoir water spread at elevation h1 and h2.
ferent water levels on the date of the satellite pass. The From the original elevation–area–capacity table, the
false color composite (FCC) images for different water area and capacity at the intermediate reservoir elevations
levels on the date of satellite pass (29 November 2017 and on the date of satellite pass are obtained by linear inter-
16 May 2018) and classified images of the Ujjani reservoir polation. Here, the lowest water level shown among all
are shown in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively. satellite images, i.e., on 16 May 2018, is 491.650 m, which
is considered to estimate the corresponding cumulative
revised capacity of the reservoir from the original eleva-
Result and Discussion tion–area–capacity table, worked out to be 1928.920 Mm3.
Now assuming this capacity as original cumulative
The reservoir capacity between two consecutive reservoir capacity at water level 491.650 m for estimating the
elevations is calculated using the trapezoidal formula as cumulative capacities between the consecutive levels.
given below in Eq. 2. Above the lowest water level, the cumulative capacities
Hn pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffio between the consecutive levels are added to obtain the
V¼ A1 þ A2 þ ðA1  A2Þ ð2Þ
3 cumulative original and revised capacities at the different
image levels. The difference between the cumulative

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Fig. 4. a False color composite image of Ujjani reservoir 29 Fig. 5. a False color composite image of Ujjani reservoir 16 May
November 2017. b Classified image of Ujjani reservoir 29 November 2018 b Classified image of Ujjani reservoir 16 May 2018.
2017
throughout 41 years (1977 to 2018). Besides this, the Ujjani
capacities of the original survey (1977) and the SRS sur- reservoir has a total catchment area of 14,858 Sq.km. This
veys (2018) estimates the loss in the study storage zone as analysis indicates that the live storage capacity of the Ujjani
shown in Table 3. reservoir is reduced over 41 years due to sedimentation will
An elevation–area–capacity curve of the Ujjani reservoir continue if no attention is paid to this. It requires the removal of
is compared for the years 1977 and 2018 based on the sediment from the reservoir to regain its capacity.
elevation, area and the capacity of the reservoir in the year
of first impounding (1977) and the estimated area and Recommendations for Regaining of Storage
capacity of the reservoir for the corresponding elevations in Capacity
the year 2018 using SRS technique. It is shown in Fig. 6.
The gross capacity of the Ujjani reservoir for the base year The present study makes the following recommendations
(1977) up to R.L. 497.310 m is 3484.220 Mm3. The original to regain the storage capacity of the Ujjani reservoir
capacity in the zone under consideration (491.650 m to 497.310 Mechanical/manual excavation of deposited sediment is
m) is 1555.300 Mm3. The revised capacity estimated in the recommended to regain the capacity, which will also
zone under consideration (491.650 m to 497.310 m) is encourage local employment. Dumping of the excavated
1380.708 Mm3. The difference between the original and esti- material to low lying areas downstream side of the dam in
mated cumulative capacity represents the loss of capacity due the close vicinity, preferably about 1 km distance, will
to sedimentation in the study storage zone of the Ujjani reser- prove cost-effective. Encouraging the farmers is to make
voir. The loss in live capacity since the year of impounding the use of deposited silt for agriculture purposes. Also, through
year 1977 to the SRS survey in the year 2018 is estimated as awareness campaigns in the vicinity of the reservoir, pro-
174.592 Mm3, which is reduced by 11.23% as compared to the motion for the use of sediment for a commercial purpose,
original storage capacity under study zone of the reservoir. The e.g., manufacturing of bricks, etc., can be propagated.
rate of live capacity loss is observed to be 4.26 Mm3/year

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Table 3 Loss in Live storage capacity due to sedimentation in the Ujjani reservoir
Date of Reservoir Original area Revised area Original volume Revised volume Original cumulative Revised cumulative
satellite water level (1977) (Mm2) (2018) (Mm2) (1977) (Mm3) (2018) (Mm3) volume (1977) (Mm3) volume (2018) (Mm3)
pass (m)

16 May 491.650 209.250 197.422 1928.920 1928.920 1928.920 1928.920

2018
22 Apr 492.650 228.900 211.216 218.990 204.280 2147.910 2133.200
2018
25 Feb 493.835 256.960 235.885 287.110 264.773 2435.020 2397.973
2015
14 Feb 495.060 288.280 253.816 333.890 299.875 2768.910 2697.484
2017
28 Jan 496.045 313.310 274.568 296.140 260.162 3065.050 2958.010
2018
29 Nov 497.310 348.740 281.364 419.170 351.618 3484.220 3309.628
2017

Fig. 6 Original and revised elevation–area–capacity curve of Ujjani reservoir (1977&2018)

It is possible to increase the storage capacity of the Ujjani ponds: to be constructed along the channel or streams to trap
reservoir by minimizing the reservoir sedimentation rate by the sediment, to store water and to increase infiltration.
adopting soil conservation methods such as i. Contour bunds: Sedimentation ponds stabilize the gullies, channels, streams
crops to be planted along the contour, which increases subjected to severe bed erosion.
infiltration and reduces soil erosion compared with farming
along the slopes, ii. Earthen embankment: can be built across
the slope to reduce slope gradient and surface water flow
velocity. The embankment can be used for plantation of trees
and plants for trapping sediments, and iii. Sedimentation

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Conclusions morphometric prioritization method and sediment production rate

A remote sensing and GIS approach. Geomat., Nat. Hazards Risk.
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storage capacity of the reservoir is evident due to reservoir reservoir sedimentation using remote sensing and recommenda-
sedimentation. Capacity assessment on a regular basis is tion for desilting patratu reservoir India. Hydrol Sci. J. (2016).
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essential for effective management of resources. The
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these reasons, hydrographic surveys are normally con- 5. H. Xu, Modification of normalized difference water index
ducted with longer frequency. Remote sensing technique in (NDWI) to enhance open water features in remotely sensed
conjunction with geographic information system (GIS) imagery. Int. J. Remote Sens. (2006). https://doi.org/10.1080/
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provides spatial, temporal, and spectral attributes and
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evaluates the sediment distribution pattern of a reservoir. of NDWI and MNDWI for assessment of waterlogging by inte-
The main advantage of satellite data over the conventional grating digital elevation model and ground level. Geocarto Int.
procedure includes its repetitive coverage over a long (2014). https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2014.965757
7. M.K. Goel, S.K. Jain, P.K. Agarwal, Assessment of sediment
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modelling for sediment yield: A case study of Ujjani reservoir in
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