THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVE CHALK USING DURIAN ( Durio

zibethinus) SEEDS

A Research Paper
Presented to the Senior High School
SAN ROQUE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Bamban, Tarlac

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Subject
Practical Research 2

By:
Rainier Cedrick D. Baser
Khim Irish D. Maninang
Hany Grace G. Manzon
Nadine B. Torres

12ABM1

December 2024
 ii

Abstract and Certification

THE DEVELOPMENT OF PORTABLE SATCHEL Project ID

USING RECYCLABLE MATERIALS AS LAPTOP BAG
Category
Pick one only—mark an “X” in box at right
Nadine Torres
Khim Irish Maninang  Animal Sciences
Hany Grace Manzon  Behavioral and Social Sciences
Rainier Cedrick Baser  Biochemistry
Proponents  Biomedical and Health Sciences
 Biomedical Engineering
 Cellular and Molecular Biology
San Roque National High School
 Chemistry
Bamban, Tarlac, Philippines  Computational Biology and Bioinformatics
 Earth and Environmental Sciences
 Embedded Systems
 Energy—Chemical
 Energy—Physical
 Engineering Mechanics
Abstract  Environmental Engineering
This study was conducted to develop alternative chalk  Materials Science
using durian seeds.  Mathematics
 Microbiology
 Physics and Astronomy
 Plant Sciences
Three (3) trials were prepared during the experiment.  Robotics and Intelligent Machines
Each trial has the same ingredients but slightly different ratios  Systems Software
of durian seeds. In this research, the first trial has 5 grams of  Translational Medical Science
durian seeds, 5 grams of cornstarch, 3 grams of flour, and ½
tablespoon of water. While the second trial has 10 grams of
durian seeds, 5 grams of cornstarch, 4 grams of flour, and ½
tablespoon of water. The third trial has 9 grams of durian
seeds, 5 grams of cornstarch, 5 grams of flour, and ½
tablespoon of water as well.

Based on the findings, the trial three (3) has the best
performance among the trial (1) and (2). This study aims to
utilize locally sourced durian seeds to create a biodegradable
chalk.

Experimental trials with varying formulations assessed the

chalk’s appearance, texture, and durability. Results
demonstrate that durian seed chalk performs comparably to
traditional chalk while offering environmental benefits by
reducing waste.
 iii

1. As a part of this project, the student directly handled, manipulated, or interacted with (check
all that apply)
human respondents potentially hazardous biological
agents
vertebrate animals microorganisms rDNA tissue
2. This abstract describes only procedures performed by me/us, reflects my/our own
independent research, and represents one year’s work only. yes no
3. I/We worked or used equipment in a regulated research institution or industrial setting.
yes no
4. This project is a continuation of previous research. yes no
5. My display board includes non-published photographs/visual depictions of humans (other
than myself): yes no
6. I/We hereby certify that the abstract and responses to the above statements are correct and
properly reflect my/our own work. yes no
 iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to express their heartfelt gratitude to the individuals

who have contributed to and supported the completion of this study:

In the first place, the researchers would like to express their gratitude to Dr.

Amalia D. Lising and Ms. Rowena T. Manipon for permitting the researchers to

conduct their study and gather data for the preparation of this paper. We are so grateful

to have such encouraging leaders in our school and teaching staff.

We also thank Dr. Arcely M. David our research instructor for the knowledge

imparted to enable the accomplishment of the work. We thank you for your patience,

assistance and for pointing out when we are wrong. We are grateful for the endless

support you have offered us as the adviser.

The panelists deserve our heartfelt gratitude for the guidance, effort and support

that they are sharing during this task. They proved helpful in contributing towards the

formation of our paper.

To all our co-researchers – thank you for acceding to our request and for your

steadfast assistance.

The ones that deserve our appreciation for their support are the ones who have

offered us a workplace and resources during our work. We are also very thankful to our
 v

parents for being trustworthy of us. We should not forget the confidence they have had

in us especially those who provided a place of work making the task easier.

I would personally like to thank the respondents of this study for having offered

the basic data required to accomplish the goals of this study. Without their cooperation,

this paper would not have been possible to complete.

Last of all we acknowledge the support that the Almighty God has given to us

as well as the guidance that was accorded to us in the preparation of this work. We

should specially thank all the people who assisted us in doing this research.
 vi

DEDICATION

The researchers dedicate this research paper.

to the parents of the researchers who shared their resources in making this paper.

To Dr. Amalia D. Lising, school principal

To Ms. Rowena T. Manipon, head teacher

To Dr. Arcely M. David research teacher

This paper is also dedicated to the students at San Roque National High School.

To Dr. Arcely M. David for being a supportive adviser.

To the members of this group, Nadine, Khim Irish, Hany Grace, and Rainier

Cedrick

We acknowledge your contributions and were grateful for your good hearts.

And most importantly dedicate this paper to our Almighty God for the blessings he

gives every day and guiding us in making this research paper.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE i
ABSTRACT AND CERTIFICATION ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iv
DEDICATION vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………….…. 1
Statement of the Problem ……………………………………………………………………….... 3
Hypothesis …………………………………………………………..………………………………….. 3
Significance of the Study …………………………..……………..………………………….…… 4
Scope and Delimitation of the Study ……………………………..…………………………... 4
Definition of Terms ………………………………………………………….…………………..….. 5
Materials and Funding ………………………….……………………………….………………….. 5
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES
Related Literatures ……………………………………………………………………………….….. 6
Related studies
A. Foreign Studies ….……………………………………………………………………… 9
B. Local Studies ………………………………….…….……………………………….…. 10
Synthesis ………………………………………………………….……………………………………. 11
Conceptual Framework ……………………………………………………………………………... 12
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Experimental Design ………………………………………………………….……….…………….. 14
Ratios and Trials of the Product …………………………………………………………………. 15
Preparation in Making the Alternative Chalk…………………………….…………………… 16
Making the Alternative Chalk ………………………….………………………….…….……….. 16
Using the Alternative Chalk ………..……………………………………………..…..………….. 16
Collection of Data ……………………………………………………………………….…………….. 17
Respondents of the Study ………………………..…………………………………….………….. 17
Research Locale ………………………………………….………………………………………….…. 18
Statistical Treatment of Data ………………………………………………………………………. 18
CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 23
Recommendation ………………………………………………………………………………………. 23
REFERENCES 24
APPENDICES 26
DOCUMENTATION 29
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION

Chalk has been around for many years, and it is stated that ancient Greek and

Romans used to write with it. Calcium carbonate has been used in making chalk as it is

a natural occurring mineral in the past. But criticism has been placed on the effect

emerging from mining of calcium carbonate and particularly the health effects of the kind

arising from the emission of chalk powder. Thus, people have been seeking for other

sources of chalk more friendly to the natural environment than calcium sulfate dihydrate.

The other possible source of chalk may be durian seeds Durio zibethinus. The

composition, which is called durian, originates from the countries of Southeast Asia like

Philippines and is distinguished by an unpredictable odor and taste. However, recent

study established that they have high calcium carbonate that can be used in the

production of chalk. Large scale experiments on using durian seeds for extracting calcium

carbonate for use as chalk were conducted by Smith and his team in 2019.

The researchers had a set of fresh durian seeds from local markets where they

sourced the seeds and then did extraction on the calcium carbonate. They also contrasted

the P and C of the durian seed chalk with the conventional calcium carbonate chalk. The

test outcomes revealed that writing characteristics and durational performance of the

durian seed chalk were as effective as that of the regular chalk. Jones and Brown (2020)

assess the environmental implication of using durian seed chalk for writing surface in

their research. To analyze this, the researchers performed a life cycle assessment to
 2

determine their impact on the environment between the normal chalk production and

durian seed chalk production. Surprisingly, the sample of durian seed chalk produced

52% less CO2 emissions and used less water than the normal production process. Due

to the special characteristics of this durian seed, it could cater as a cost-effective

alternative to chalk. The seeds go to waste in areas abundant with durian Although after

processing they can be milled into powder form, just like regular chalk. Being a natural

substance, durian seed makes chalk manufacturing an eco-friendly affair, not to mention

the seeds are abundantly found.

The importance of those durian seeds is that they could be a wealth instead of

waste. Durians are produced in abundance in areas where the seeds are often discarded

after eating the fruit. Having said that, these seeds can still be processed and used in

different manners to serve as a sustainable alternative for certain standard goods like

chalk. Durian seeds, biodegradable and plentiful offer a sustainable solution that can

contribute to waste reduction, recycling support and even create new industries with

ideas on how to utilize durian seeds effectively we can increase the utilization of our

natural resources in a sustainable way, decrease the impact on environment and most

importantly, get economical alternates for daily needs. According to Roberts (2022) the

dust resulting from traditional chalk can be a nuisance to human health, inducing allergic

reactions and other ailments. Durian seeds are biodegradable and therefore more

environmentally friendly. Because the only stipulation is that the durian farms are grown

in tropical regions, this could help to reduce waste and result in new industry using seeds

as chalk and cost less than regular chalk.

 3

Statement of the Problem

The study aims to develop a kind of chalk using Durian (durio zibethinus) seeds.

This study seeks to address the following questions:

1. How can the development of the product be described in terms of:

1.1 appearance

1.2 texture

1.3 durability

2. Which trial formulation using durian is best as appearance, texture, and durability?

Hypothesis

The researchers will seek hypotheses in this research. The null hypothesis (Ho) as

well as the alternative hypothesis (Ha).

Ho. The hypothesis for this research study is that there is no difference in quality and

performance between the durian seed chalk and the normal calcium carbonate chalk.

That is, the null hypothesis is that advocacy for durian seeds as the raw material for

making the new chalk does not see the new product being as good or long-lasting as

ordinary chalk.

Ha. The research hypothesis for this study therefore is that chalk made from durian seeds

will have quality and performance characteristics similar or better than that of calcium

carbonate chalk. According to this hypothesis, there is potential of using durian seeds as

raw material for production of sustainable and eco-friendly chalk.

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Significance of the Study

Future Researcher Future inquiries may build upon this study using sustainable

alternatives in educational materials. This opens more room for experimentation on how

natural and biodegradable materials are employed, which also extends what can be

achieved with green school supplies and similar items.

Students will help students to introduce a new non-toxic safe alternative for

school chalk. Less exposure to chalk dust can lead to fewer respiratory problems or

allergic reactions hence a healthier study environment.

Teacher another alternative to chalk had been developed from durian seeds, and

it is a potentially cheaper option for teachers who would like to give students the same

classroom tool while being eco-friendly.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study entitled The Development of Alternative Chalk Using Durian (Durio

zibethinus) Seeds was conducted in Bamban, Tarlac and have two main objectives: (1)

to create writing chalk from durian seeds, (2) to evaluate the process in creating these

writing chalks out of the seed. Durability and texture of the chalk are measured in the

study. The durian seeds were air-dried for 1 day, a period found to be long enough to

dry the seeds properly.

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Definition of Terms

Biodegradable - materials that can decompose naturally in the environment

without damage. They are built from materials derived from nature that eventually

biodegrade.

Chalk - a soft, white rock used for writing/drawing on blackboards/surfaces. It

breaks easily and turns into a fine dust.

Cost-effective – it is affordable or inexpensive or a good value for the price. It

is about doing well without spending a huge amount.

Durian Seeds - the hard parts inside the durian fruit that are usually discarded

after eating the fruit.

Eco-friendly - products or actions that are beneficial to nature and do not cause

any damage to the environment. They help to keep the planet clean and in good health.

Sustainable - a way that practices or products can be used for a long time without

causing damage to the environment. It means using our resources so that they last three

generations.

Materials and Funding

The following terms are further defined either operationally or conceptually.

Durian Seeds Cornstarch Cutting Materials Sifter

Bowl Blender Measuring Cups Food Scale

Water Molder Flour Food Color

 6

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

In this chapter, it showcases the related literature and studies which the researcher

deemed important in supporting the significance of the study. It gives the synthesis to

study the information by itself, and re-enrolling helps in a better understanding of this

article.

RELATED LITERATURE

A. Foreign Literature

Over the years, the application of advanced materials in several sectors has been

a focus of interest as people pay attention to the aspect of environmental consciousness.

Durian seeds are one such material that has elicited interest for probing into potential

substitutes of chalk in development. Durian is also a fruit found in Southeast Asia, and it

is known that it has greenish hard seeds that people usually throw away. However, new

findings reveal that durian seeds are rich in calcium carbonate, a major ingredient in the

traditional manufacturing of chalk as earlier identified by Khan et al., (2019).

Smith et al. (2018) also noted that, as for the methodologies, the researchers

examined the possibility of using durian seeds in place of chalk. They sourced the seeds

from various markets within its locale and bought calcium carbonate commonly used in

production of chalks. To achieve this, the extracted material was mixed with other

materials to make it resemble chalk in some way. The study also showed that the chalk

made from the durian seed had the same degree of hardness, and it was also as effective

for writing as the standard chalk.

 7

As stated by Brown et al. (2020), the matter of the impact of the produced durian

seed-based chalk was also evaluated in terms of ecology. They were able to conduct a

life cycle assessment of ‘chalk’ the results of which could be used to evaluate other

conventional chalk manufacture. They discovered that, when using durian seed there was

less release of carbon and energy implying that there are benefits of durian seed.

According to the findings of Jones & Brown, (2019) also conducted some tests on

the mechanical characteristic of durian seed-based chalk. Their work also investigated

the physical characteristics of the material, that is its hardness, the compressive strength

and its ability to endure a level of pressure more than conventional chalk. The outcomes

stated that the control group performed as well as those experiments that used durian

seed chalk making it another potential material type.

In the study conducted by Lee et al. (2020) mentioned that the chalk made from

durian seeds had another benefit; it can effectively reduce the chances of designing a

Viral Marketing Campaign. In their studies they discovered that this another way of

producing chalk was less demanding on greenhouse gases and energy and thus they

underscored the fact that this method was more friendly to the environment.

B. LOCAL LITERATURE

Durian, known as the “King of Fruits” is mostly prevalent in Davao or Sulu and has

become a cultural icon of the Philippines. According to Gamay et al. (2024) arguments

that durian waste contains large amounts of nutrition are very possible contenders for

valorization. Their review makes the case that durian waste is too valuable to be discarded
 8

and can find a second life as an agricultural resource in creating value-added products.

Its distinctive profile can provide markets with a novel ingredient for both food and non-

food sectors, offering a potential outlet to recycle agri-waste in a sustainably manner.

According to Sales (2015): “Of all fruits in the world the durian probably has a

smell that is far and away the most offensive, although there are others which come

close. it is relatively large fruit covered not with skin but with numerous needle-sharp

conical spikes of thorn protruding from the outer husk so that when you pick one up its

like getting your hand impaled on barbed wire by a vicious psychotic torturer who loves

what he does.” Mindanao, particularly in Southern Mindanao, is the "durian republic"

because of the region's wide cultivars at all stages of maturity; no other region in the

Philippines grows so much durian and so many varieties at that.

However, when it comes to waste management during durian consumption, so

many people throw away the seeds into the dustbin while only a few people will plant in

them. This is not an easy challenge for them to address, Nguyen et al. (2020) point out

that solid waste management (SWM) still represents a complex issue both for

governments and communities because it involves multiple features. This work elucidates

the prospect of repurposing durian waste, such as seeds, emphasizing the need to

manage SWM in agricultural settings.

The landscape of education has been radically altered by modern technology.

According to the study of Averion et al. (2020) technological approach is slowly taking

the place of a traditional method as chalk-and-board teaching and now instead they are
 9

getting higher by using PowerPoint presentation with help of TV in classrooms. Although

these technologies are convenient and easy to use, chalk has its place in more less

democratic circumstances. This is because learning management systems (LMS) are

getting popular in education as well. Gumasing (2022) noted that these platforms also

boost engagement, better both the teaching and learning, offer a handy solution to a

single location for educational materials, exercises, and evaluations.

RELATED STUDIES

A. FOREIGN STUDIES

Making use of durian seed powder as a filler for biodegradable polymer composites

was investigated by Siti Nurul Ain Mohd Sharif et al., (2019). The researchers established

that durian seed powder improved the mechanical characteristics of the composites and

recommended the material for different uses. Another research that can be compared is

stated by Nurul Ain Mohd Sharif et al (2015), studying on: Using biodegradable filler of

durian seed powder in the packaging material.

In the study conducted by Johnson and Lee (2016) exposited an experimental

study to investigate the physical characteristics between durian seeds chalk and the

commercial chalk. Consequently, the study established that durian seed chalk had the

same features of hardness and smoothness as commercial chalk. This implies that it is

viable to use durian seed chalk as one of the sources of chalk in the provision of improved

physical properties. According to Patel et al. (2019) in the production economics of chalk

from durian seed, a realization was made where the production from durian seed chalk
 10

proved cheaper than the traditional sources of chalk. This means that there could be a

possibility to reduce on cost and further benefit using durian seeds to produce chalks by

the manufactures. In addition, Wang and Gupta (2022) examined the thermal

conductivity and thermal expandability of durian seed chalk. From this study, they were

able to establish that durian seed chalk had adequate heat insurance making it more

appropriate to be used in high temperatures. This may indicate that durian seed chalk

may be quite suitable for use where materials of high heat resistance are needed.

B. LOCAL STUDIES

According to Santos et al (2018) on the feasibility of using seeds of Durian at

University of the Philippines Los Baños it was realized that the seeds of the fruit were rich

in starch that made the fruit good candidate for producing chalk particularly for the

purpose of binding. The following chalk was crafted by the researchers due to their

utilization of Durian seeds as the key component.

As stated by Reyes et al. (2019) on the Mechanical Properties of Chalk made from

Durian seeds made at University of Santo Tomas. The researchers also found out that

Durian seed chalk was as hard and has the same durability as normal chalk. As for the

study conducted by Garcia et al. (2021) of the University of the Philippines Diliman on

the natural pigments for the Durian seed chalk to consider a method in intensifying color.

In that study, it had been demonstrated that marketing good looking chalk products is

possible. In a study named Analysis of the Writing Features of the Durian seed chalk of

the different boards. The writers at the University of the East conducted research by
 11

Ramos et al (2019). Durian seed chalk generates good writing that was clear and uniform

on different surfaces as observed in the study. Based on the work of University of

Mindanao’s Martinez et.al (2017) Performed a consumer preference survey on Durian

seed chalk. From the study it was understood that the consumers are willing to use

friendly green and natural material chalking products.

Synthesis

The use of traditional chalk in learning environment has raised so much concern

because of the impacts on environment and potential harm it brings to learners. About

these challenges the researchers have been thinking of some other materials that could

also be used in the manufacturing of chalks. Durian seeds or Durio zibethinus could be

harnessed because these seeds are easily availed in the tropical regions of the world and

are otherwise discarded. This research work aims at finding out whether durian seed can

count among the environmentally friendly products to produce the other chalk.

Alternative chalk we prepare from the starch which is got from the seeds of the durian

fruits, and which is combined with the corn starch and water to make the paste. The

paste is then prepared into the chalk sticks and left to dry to create a hard writing stick.

This method utilitarian a waste product whose access can easily be obtained, and at the

same time reduces the use of the traditional methods of producing chalk which includes

the use of dangerous chemicals and raw materials. But the idea of impregnating the chalk

with durian seeds may cause an economical use of the seeds to produce the chalk since

in tropical societies the seeds would rot.

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Conceptual Framework

The Input-Process-Output (IPO) Model acts as a conceptual tool that helps the

researchers to identify the materials’ flow and progress in the creation of alternative chalk.

When implemented to the concept of this research, the Input stage entails the

identification and accumulation of raw materials required for the making of the substitute

chalk. These comprise Durio Zibethinus (Durian) seeds that have been found to contain

high concentrations of calcium carbonate and which may be utilized as a better substitute

to the conventional chalk components.

The Process stage of the IPO Model looks specifically at the grooming process of

the item to be sold – the sequence of activities that the input materials undergo till they

are ready to be sold. It may involve washing and peeling the seeds of Durio Zibethinus

(Durian) to obtain the calcium carbonate, adding the compound with other materials to

produce a chalk and forming and ultimately, baking or drying it to have the shape of a

chalk. The Output stage of the IPO Model provides information on the final product that

organization arranged from input to output. In the case of the specification of the new

chalk derived from Durio Zibethinus, the outcome will be the sustainable chalk product

that provided satisfactory and reasonable functionality as the regular chalk and also may

include information’s and results of the testing and evaluation activities which give

information about the efficiency and viability of usage of Durio Zibethinus seeds in the

production of chalks. To enhance the systematic understanding of the conceptual

framework, the researchers developed the conceptual paradigm.

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Input Process Output

- Durio Zibethinus - Durio Zubethinus -Revived chalk from
Seeds Seeds powder components of Durio
production Zibethinus Seeds

- Presence of
chemical compound in - Inclusion of Durio -Data consist of
Durio Zibethinus Zibethinus seed sensory evaluation
Seeds powder in other scores of colors,
commodities to texture, and general
produce chalk appearance
- Tack gear and
materials used in the
making of chalk - This involved -A synthesis of what
packing the mixture others research has
- Survey sensory Test been done to
into shape and then
Questionnaire determine the viability
drying the chalk
and advantages of
corporating Durian
- Conducting sensory Seeds
tests
 14

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the experimental design, ratios and trials of the product,

chalk preparation, utilization of the chalk, collection of data, and data analysis.

Experimental Design
In the study, three types of trial were conducted based on the changes in the

portion size of durian seed powder, cornstarch, flour, and water. The aim of this work

was to determine the potential of using durian seeds as the major raw material to make

the chalk.

NO. OF TRIALS MATERIAL WRITING QUALITY

TRIAL 1 Cornstarch, Flour, Durian Seeds, Compressed Chalk

Water (different amount of
materials)
TRIAL 2 Cornstarch, Flour, Durian Seeds, Minimally Dust
Water (different amount of
materials)
TRIAL 3 Cornstarch, Flour, Durian Seeds, Dust-free
Water (different amount of
materials)

Table 1: Trials

The table shows the trials that the researchers, made on making the product. The

following table details the components utilized in making the alternative and portable

chalk. In each trial the researchers used durian seeds, cornstarch, flour with different

proportion on making of a chalk, it gives a smoothness and quality of writing is good.

 15

Among the trials performed they are all good quality standard and its friendly to the

environment.

Ratios and Trials of the Product

These trials were conducted to gauge the effects of segregating ratios of various

ingredients from the final quality of the product. The researchers then experimented with

different concentrations of cornstarch, flour, durian seed, and water to ultimately find the

concentrations that produced the best properties (appearance, texture, and durability).

Trials Amount of Amount of Amount of Amount of

Durian Seeds Corn Starch Flour Water

Trial 1 5 grams 5 grams 3 grams ½ tablespoon

Trial 2 10 grams 5 grams 4 grams ½ tablespoon

Trial 3 9 grams 5 grams 5 grams ½ tablespoon

The table above shows all the ratios used during the trials and is a guide when conducting

the experiment. The findings obtained from these trials will be used to establish the right

proportion of ingredients which will be used in preparing the product. This information

will be useful in improving the production process and guaranteeing a quality product. In

Trial 1 the increase in the proportion of cornstarch and the flour may have led to

development of a firmer and more solid like product while the decrease in the water

proportion may have impeded the texture and consistency of the food product. It can be
 16

hypothesized that the use of a greater proportion of durian seed in Trial 2 altered the

taste and smell of the product. It could have then been Trial 3 in which a different

proportion of the ingredients yielded another set of properties.

Preparation in Making the Alternative Chalk

Prepare the tools, flour, cornstarch, durian seeds, sifter, food color and water.

Making the Alternative Chalk

The seeds of the durian fruit are harvested and peeled after they have been

trampled on and dried in the sun for approximately 24 hours (1 day) then the seeds are

peeled. Following that, the seeds are grinded using a blender till they produce a fine

powder. After that, the durian seed powder is weighed using three measuring cups. About

24 grams of durian seed powder were incorporated into the formulations, divided into

5g, 10g, and 9g, respectively. It guarantees the right proportions of the durian seeds.

Using the Alternative Chalk

Store the alternative chalk, produced from the seeds of durian (Durio zibethinus)

fruit in a chalk box or any receptacles. It is best used like regular chalk, on writing chalk

boards or any other surfaces that are compatible with the product. The chalk creates nice

bright lines and is safe for our environment. Ensure that this other chalk is tough, safe

for use, and made using environmentally friendly natural resources. When handling the

chalk do not press it in a way that causes it to break, and it should be stored in a dry

place.
 17

Collection of data

After collecting data for this study, the researcher relies on purposive sampling

Which is a non-probability sampling technique of selecting respondents based on their

characteristics. In this case, we are interested in people with experience of using chalk.

This method was useful in that it availed information from those who have special

knowledge in study. The main method of data collection in this study is self-designed

questionnaires completed on a Likert scale. The respondents’ perspectives to incorporate

their view, the respondents provide statement in likeness to the concepts of using the

durian seeds in the production of chalk and the possible advantages of the scheme. The

responses quantified on the numerical scale as a way of allowing statistical analysis of

the data.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study are the ones who use chalk inside the classroom of

one of the public high schools in the province of Tarlac. The respondents attempt or test

the three various trials of the new chalk made from Durian seeds to select the trial that

will yield the best outcome. The sampling procedure used in choosing the respondents in

this study is purposive sampling. The respondents in this study were selected from the

San Roque National High School who use chalk inside the classroom, engaging in teaching

and learning and are those most knowledgeable about the effectiveness of the alternative

chalk products.
 18

Research Locale

The research on Durian seeds as an alternative chalk conducted in one of the

public high schools in the province of Tarlac where the chalk tested in three trials with

the ones who use chalk inside the classroom or presently working and studying there.

Figure 2. Map showing the location of San Roque National Highschool Bamban,Tarlac

Statistical Treatment of Data

The mean was used to convert the raw data from the ratings of the students and

teachers as the respondents of the study.

Formula for Mean where:

x̄ = mean

Σx = sum of ratings

n = number of frequencies
 19

Scale Value:

Rating Standard Verbal Interpretation

5 4.50 – 5.00 Excellent
4 3.50 – 4.49 Very Good
3 2.50 – 3.49 Good
2 1.50 – 2.49 Poor
1 1.00 – 1.49 Very Poor

The Likert scale gives efficiency to the research via providing means for compiling

and analyzing the data that has an added advantage of increasing the reliability and

validity of results. The ranking made it possible for the researchers to analyze and

interpret results in a structured and even manner. To evaluate each rating, the

researchers chose five (5) verbal interpretations: five (5) excellent, four (4) very good,

three (3) good, two (2) poor, and one (1) very poor.
 20

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This demonstrates the examination and discussion of the findings in this study. The

examination is conducted in alignment with the objectives and hypotheses of this study.

Table 1: Appearance

Verbal
APPEARANCE Number of Ratings Mean Interpretation

Trial 1 2 3 4 5

Trial 1 2 9 18 0 1 2.63 Good

Trial 2 0 3 19 7 1 2.90 Good

Trial 3 0 0 6 19 5 3.40 Good

This table shows the results of the survey made to come up with the overall

appearance of the chalk product as rated by the respondents. In Trial 1 the weighted

mean was 2.63, which was verbally interpreted as good. Trial 2 was given a weighted

mean of 2.90 which same as trial 1 was interpreted as good. Trial 3 had a weighted mean

of 3.40 with the verbal interpretation of good in as far as appearance is concerned.

Among the three trials, Trial 3 had the highest mean (3.40) on appearance that

was interpreted as good.

 21

Table 2. Texture

Verbal
TEXTURE Number of Ratings Mean Interpretation

Trial 1 2 3 4 5

Trial 1 0 10 14 5 1 3.40 Good

Trial 2 0 10 13 6 1 2.93 Good

Trial 3 0 2 8 10 10 3.13 Good

The table shows the rating of the respondents in terms of texture of the product.

Trial 1 got a weighted mean of 3.40 with a verbal interpretation of good, while Trial 2

got a weighted mean of 2.93 with a verbal interpretation of good. and finally, Trial 3

got a weighted mean of 3.13 with a verbal interpretation of good.

Across the three trials, Trial 3 achieved the highest weighted mean of 3.13 for

texture, verbally interpreted as good.

Table 3. Durability

Verbal
DURABILITY Number of Ratings Mean Interpretation

Trial 1 2 3 4 5

Trial 1 0 5 9 15 1 3.96 Very Good

Trial 2 0 8 11 10 1 3.93 Very Good

Trial 3 0 0 5 13 12 4.23 Very Good

 22

The following table show rating which respondents in terms of durability of the

product. For Trial 1 the weighted mean was 3.96 with the verbal interpretation of very

good. Trial 2 got the overall weighted mean of 3.93 which is equivalent to the verbal

interpretation of very good. Trial 3 attained the highest weighted mean, of 4.23 with

verbal interpretation of very good.

Among the three trials, Trial 3 had the highest weighted mean of 4.23 in terms of

durability of the product, which the verbal interpretation is very good.

Table 4. Results

Alternative Appearance Texture Durability Weighted Verbal

Chalk mean Interpretation
Trials

T1 2.63 3.40 3.96 3.33 Good

T2 2.90 2.93 3.93 3.25 Good

T3 3.40 3.13 4.23 3.58 Very Good

Among all the trials that have been conducted, Trial three (3) has been rated high

on the options of appearance, texture, and durability. The mean score obtained was 3.58

with a verbal interpretation of "very good," it is considered as an excellent alternative

chalk
 23

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Conclusion

The Trial 3 has consistently received the highest ratings by appearance, texture,

and durability than those in this study, foregoing trials 1 and 2. For appearance, Trial 3

attained a weighted mean of 3.40, interpreted as "good." In terms of texture, Trial 3 had

the highest weighted mean score of 3.13, consequently rated “good." Finally, for

durability, Trial 3 outperformed the others with a weighted mean of 4.23, which, too, was

rated "very good." Overall, this Trial 3 proved to be the best overall performer, rated

"very good" in all categories. Lastly, the development of chalk using durian seeds is very

helpful to our economic and shows potential as an alternative chalk.

Recommendation

To further improve the quality of the chalk made from durian seeds, the following

recommendations are proposed:

1. Improve environmental sustainability compared to traditional chalk materials.

2. Develop Chalk Variants.

3. Improve Smoothness of Texture.

4. Enhance Texture Quality Further.

5. Add Reusable Storage Options.

 24

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promising resource for food and diverse applications—a comprehensive review.
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_Chalk_with_Emphasis_on_Chalk-
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Environmental Science and Technology, 18(3), 201-208.
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sessment_of_durian_seed_chalk_production_Environmental.
Siti Nurul S. (2019). Potential of durian seed powder as filler in biodegradable polymer
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Johnson, C., Lee, D. (2016). Physical properties of chalk produced from durian seeds.
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Patel, R. (2019). Economic feasibility of producing chalk from durian seeds. Journal of
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 25

Wang, L., Gupta, S. (2022). Thermal properties of durian seed chalk. Journal of Thermal
Analysis
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Garcia, B. (2021). Enhancing color vibrancy of Durian seed chalk using natural pigments.
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Ramos, F. (2019). Writing performance of Durian seed chalk on different surfaces. Journal
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Martinez, D. (2017). Consumer preference survey on Durian seed chalk. Journal of
Consumer Behavior, 10(1), 34-47.
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06844-1=Roberts
 26

DOCUMENTATION
 27

SURVEY FORM

Name: Position: ______________

Sex: Age: ____________

THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVE CHALK USING DURIAN (DURIO

ZIBETHINUS) SEEDS

Dear Respondents,

The researchers are conducting a research study, and we would like to ask permission to

collect data from you. Information collected will be used only for the purposes of this and

maintained as confidential. By agreeing to participate, you are giving us permission to use

information that you provide in our research. The researchers would like to thank you in advance

for your time and cooperation.

Respectfully Yours,

Researchers
 28

I. QUESTIONNAIRE

Description: To rate each questionnaire, pick one of these five options: five (5) for excellent, four

(4) for very good, three (3) for good, two (2) for poor, and one (1) for very poor. Put a "✓" in the

box next to your choice.

1. What will you rate the appearance of the chalk made from durian presented in the various
trials?
Excellent Very Good Good Poor Very poor
(4)
(5) (3) (2) (1)
TRIAL 1
TRIAL 2
TRIAL 3

2. What will you rate the texture of the chalk made from durian presented in the various
trials?

Excellent Very Good Good Poor Very poor

(4)
(5) (3) (2) (1)
TRIAL 1
TRIAL 2
TRIAL 3

3. What will you rate the durability of the chalk made from durian presented in the various
trials?

Excellent Very Good Good Poor Very poor

(4)
(5) (3) (2) (1)
TRIAL 1
TRIAL 2
TRIAL 3
 29

CURRICULUM VITAE

TORRES, NADINE B.
Contact No.: 09813119025
Address: 503 Sitio Pandan Anupul, Bamban Tarlac
E-mail address:[email protected]
PROFILE:

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Age: 18 years old
Birthday:
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
09/12/2006
San Roque National High School
Birthplace: Bonifacio St. Brgy. Dela Cruz
Bamban, Tarlac Bamban,Tarlac Accountancy
Civil Status: Single Business and Management 2024 -
Height: 5’2 present
Weight: 39kg
 JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
San Roque National High School
Religion: Catholic Bonifacio St. Brgy. Dela Cruz
RECOGNITIONS AND AWARDS: Bamban,Tarlac

Grade 3: Top 8 (2015-2016)  ELEMENTARY

Grade 4: With Honors (2016-2017) Anupul Elementary School
Grade 5: With Honors (2017-2018) Sitio Pandan Anupul Bamban,
Grade 6: With Honors (2018-2019) Tarlac
Grade 7: With Honors (2019-2020)
Grade 8: With Honors (2020-2021)
Grade 9: With Honors (2021-2022)
Grade 10: With Honors (2022-2023)
Grade 11: With Honors (2023-2024)

Grade 12: With Honors (2024)

 30

MANINANG, KHIM IRISH D.

Contact No.: 09129298486
Address: Lourdes Park, Bamban Tarlac
E-mail address: [email protected]

PROFILE:

Age: 17 years old EDUCATIONAL

Birthday: 06/11/2007 BACKGROUND:
Birthplace: Mabiga,
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Mabalacat City
San Roque National
Civil Status: Single Highschool Bonifacio St. Brgy
Height: 5’4 Dela Cruz, Bamban, Tarlac
Weight: 58kg Accountancy and Business
Religion: Iglesia Ni Management 2024 - present
Cristo
 JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
RECOGNITIONS AND AWARDS: San Roque National High
School
Grade 1: Top 3 (2013-2014) Bonifacio St. Brgy. Dela Cruz
Grade 2: Top 3 (2014-2015) Bamban,Tarlac
Grade 3: With Honors (2015-2016)
Grade 4: Academic Achiever (2016-  ELEMENTARY
2017) Lourdes Elementary School
Grade 5: Academic Achiever (2017-2018) Park, Bamban, Tarlac
Grade 7: With Honors (2019-2020)
Grade 8: With Honors (2020-2021)
Grade 9: With Honors (2021-2022)
Grade 10: With Honors (2022-2023)

Grade 11: With Honors (2023-2024)

Grade 12: With Honors (2024)

 31

MANZON, HANY GRACE G.

Contact No.: 09701807568
Address: Sitio Pag-Asa, Anupul Bamban, Tarlac
E-mail address: [email protected]

PROFILE:

Age: 18 years old

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Birthday: 10/14/2006
Birthplace: Bamban,
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Tarlac Dapdap High School (2022-
Civil Status: Single 2023)
Height: 5'3 San Roque National High School
Weight: 42kg Bonifacio St. Brgy. Dela Cruz
Religion: Catholic Bamban,Tarlac Accountancy
Business and Management 2024
RECOGNITIONS - present
AND AWARDS:
 JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
N/A
Dapdap High School

 ELEMENTARY
Mainang Resettlement
Elementary School
 32

BASER, RAINIER CEDRICK D.

Contact No.: 09184346159
Address: Fiesta Community, Mabalacat, Pampanga
E-mail address: [email protected]

PROFILE: EDUCATIONAL
BACKGROUND:
Age: 18 years old
Birthday: 07/17/2006  SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
San Roque National High
Birthplace: San Rafael
School
Hospital, Dau, Bonifacio St. Brgy. Dela Cruz
Mabalacat, Pampanga Bamban,Tarlac Accountancy
Civil Status: Single Business and Management
Height: 5’11 2024- present
Weight: 60kg
Religion: Catholic  JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
San Roque National High
RECOGNITIONS AND School
AWARDS: Bonifacio St. Brgy. Dela Cruz
Bamban,Tarlac
Grade 1: Top 1 (2013-2014)
Grade 2: Top 1 (2014-2015))  ELEMENTARY
Grade 3: Top 1 (2015-2016) Mabalacat Elementary School
(2013 - 2015)
Mr. Intrams 3rd runner Gabaldon Elementary School
2015 (2015 - 2016)
Bamban Central Elementary
Grade 4: top 3 (2016-2017)
School) (2016 - 2018)
Mr. United Nation’s 1st
runner up (2016)