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Authoritarianism and Corporatism in Europe and Latin
America Crossing Borders 1st Edition António Costa
Pinto Digital Instant Download
Author(s): António Costa Pinto, Federico Finchelstein
ISBN(s): 9781351398848, 1138303593
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 9.18 MB
Year: 2020
Language: english
Authoritarianism and Corporatism in
Europe and Latin America

What drove the horizontal spread of authoritarianism and corporatism between

Europe and Latin America in the 20th century? What processes of transnational
diffusion were in motion and from where to where? In what type of ‘critical
junctures’ were they adopted and why did corporatism largely transcend the
cultural background of its origins? What was the role of intellectual-politicians in
the process? This book will tackle these issues by adopting a transnational and
comparative research design encompassing a wide range of countries.

António Costa Pinto is Research Professor at the Institute of Social Sciences,

University of Lisbon. His research interests include fascism and authoritar-
ianism, political elites and democratization. He is the author of The Nature of
Fascism Revisited (2012), and he co-edited Rethinking Fascism and Dictator-
ship in Europe (2014) and Corporatism and Fascism. The Corporatist Wave in
Europe (2017).

Federico Finchelstein is Professor of history at the New School for Social

Research, New York. He is the author of several books on fascism, populism,
the Holocaust and Jewish history in Europe and Latin America, including
Transatlantic Fascism (2010), The Ideological Origins of the Dirty War (2014)
and From Fascism to Populism in History (2017).
Routledge Studies in Modern History

For more information about this series, please visit: https://www.routledge.

com/history/series/MODHIST

38 The Institution of International Order

From the League of Nations to the United Nations
Edited by Simon Jackson and Alanna O’Malley

39 The Limits of Westernization

American and East Asian Intellectuals Create Modernity, 1860–1960
Jon Thares Davidann

40 Liberalism in Pre-revolutionary Russia

State, Nation, Empire
Susanna Rabow-Edling

41 Informal Alliance
The Bilderberg Group and Transatlantic Relations during the Cold War,
1952–1968
Thomas W. Gijswijt

42 The Muslim Reception of European Orientalism

Reversing the Gaze
Edited by Susannah Heschel and Umar Ryad

43 Authoritarianism and Corporatism in Europe and Latin America

Crossing Borders
Edited by António Costa Pinto and Federico Finchelstein

44 The Origins of Anti-Authoritarianism

Nina Witoszek

45 Agrarian Reform and Resistance in an Age of Globalisation

The Euro-American World and Beyond, 1780–1914
Edited by Joe Regan and Cathal Smith
Authoritarianism and
Corporatism in Europe and
Latin America
Crossing Borders

Edited by
António Costa Pinto and Federico
Finchelstein
First published 2019
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2019 selection and editorial matter, António Costa Pinto and Federico
Finchelstein; individual chapters, the contributors
The right of António Costa Pinto and Federico Finchelstein to be identified
as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their
individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78
of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record has been requested for this book

ISBN: 978-1-138-30359-1 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-203-73095-9 (ebk)

Typeset in Times New Roman

by Taylor & Francis Books
Contents

List of illustrations vii

List of contributors viii
Preface and acknowledgements xi

1 The worlds of authoritarian corporatism in Europe and Latin

America 1
ANTÓNIO COSTA PINTO AND FEDERICO FINCHELSTEIN

2 Corporatism and Italian Fascism 10

GOFFREDO ADINOLFI

3 Intellectuals in the mirror of fascist corporatism at the turning

point of the mid-thirties 27
LAURA CERASI

4 Self-fashioning of a conservative revolutionary: Salazar’s integral

corporatism and the international networks of the 1930s 42
JOSÉ REIS SANTOS

5 Mihail Manoilescu and the debate and practice of corporatism in

Romania 65
CONSTANTIN IORDACHI

6 Corporations against corporatism in Quisling Norway,

1940–1950s 95
STEIN UGELVIK LARSEN

7 Authoritarianism and Corporatism in Latin America:

the first wave 110
ANTÓNIO COSTA PINTO
vi Contents
8 From Rome to Latin America: the transatlantic influence of
fascist corporatism 143
MATTEO PASETTI

9 A travelling intellectual of a travelling theory: Ramiro de Maeztu

as a transnational agent of corporatism 159
VALERIO TORREGGIANI

10 Fascism and corporatism in the thought of Oliveira Vianna: a

creative appropriation 180
FABIO GENTILE

11 Law and legal networks in the interwar corporatist turn: the case
of Brazil and Portugal 200
MELISSA TEIXEIRA

12 The appropriation of Manoilescu’s The Century of Corporatism in

Vargas’s Brazil 218
ANGELA DE CASTRO GOMES

13 Corporatism, dictatorship and populism in Argentina 237

FEDERICO FINCHELSTEIN

14 Nationalist authoritarianism and corporatism in Chile 254

MARIO SZNAJDER

15 The global circulation of corporatism: concluding remarks 275

SVEN REICHARDT

Bibliography 284
Index 289
Illustrations

Figures
5.1 The Corporatist Organization envisioned by the National
Corporatist League, 1935 75
6.1 Norway’s forthcoming Constitution. Corporate chamber,
Chamber of business, and Chamber of Culture. The organizations
of unions, of professions, business and culture (according to
Georg Halse) 100

Table
5.1 The organization of the Front of National Renaissance,
January 1940 85
Contributors

Goffredo Adinolfi is a research fellow at the Lisbon University Institute with a

doctorate in political science from the University of Milan (2005). His
research interests include political elites, democratization and Italian Fascism.
He is the author of Ai Confini del Fascismo: Propaganda e Consenso nel Por-
togallo Salazarista (1932–1944) ( 2007), and of chapters and articles like
‘Political elite and decision-making in Mussolini’s Italy’, in António Costa
Pinto (ed.), Ruling Elites and Decision-making in Fascist-Era Dictatorships
(2009), and ‘The institutionalization of propaganda in the fascist era: The
cases of Germany, Portugal and Italy’, The European Legacy (2012).
Laura Cerasi is Senior Lecturer in contemporary history at Ca’ Foscari Uni-
versity of Venice. Her research topics are: Fascism, corporatism and national-
ism; Political cultures and cultural institutions in the 19th and 20th centuries;
and Labour and counter-democracy in the Italian political thought. Among
her recent publications are Le libertà del lavoro. Storia, diritto, società (2016,
ed.); ‘Rethinking Italian corporatism’, in A. Costa Pinto (ed.); Corporatism and
Fascism. The Corporatist Wave in Europe (2017); and ‘Le metamorfosi del
lavoro. Culture politiche e semantiche della cittadinanza’, in L. Baldissara, M.
Battini (eds), Lavoro e cittadinanza. ascesa e declino di un binomio (2017).
António Costa Pinto is Research Professor at the Institute of Social Sciences,
University of Lisbon. He has been a visiting professor at Stanford Uni-
versity, Georgetown University, a senior associate member at St Anthony’s
College, Oxford, and a senior visiting fellow at Princeton University, the
University of California, Berkeley and New York University. His research
interests include fascism and authoritarianism, political elites and demo-
cratization. He is the author of The Blue Shirts: Portuguese Fascism in
Inter-war Europe (2000) and The Nature of Fascism Revisited (2012), and
he co-edited Rethinking Fascism and Dictatorship in Europe (2014) and
Corporatism and Fascism. The Corporatist Wave in Europe (2017).
Angela de Castro Gomes is Professor of modern history at UNIRIO and emer-
itus research professor at the Getúlio Vargas Foundation, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil. She is one of the leading historians of authoritarianism and corporatism
 Contributors ix
in Vargas’ Brazil. Her more influential work is A Invenção do Trabalhismo
(1988). She has recently edited Historia do Brasil Nação, Vol. 4 – Virado para
Dentro (2013).
Federico Finchelstein is Professor of history at the New School for Social
Research, New York. He is the author of several books on fascism, populism,
the Holocaust and Jewish history in Europe and Latin America, including
Transatlantic Fascism (2010), The Ideological Origins of the Dirty War (2014)
and From Fascism to Populism in History (2017).
Fabio Gentile is Professor of social sciences at the Federal University of Ceará,
Brazil. He has a PhD in politics from the Università degli Studi ‘L’Orientale’ di
Napoli (2004). His main research interests are in the influence of Italian Fas-
cism and corporatism in Brazil; he is preparing a study of the Brazilian intel-
lectual Oliveira Vianna. He recently published La rinascita della destra. Il
laboratorio politico-sindacale napoletano da Salò ad Achille Lauro (2013) and ‘Il
Brasile e il modello del corporativismo fascista’, in Passato e Presente (2014).
Constantin Iordachi is Professor at the Department of History, Central European
University, Budapest. He is the editor of the journal East Central Europe and
member of editorial committee of the journal Fascism: Comparative Fascist
Studies, and author and co-editor of over fifteen books among which are The
Biopolitics of the Danube Delta (2014); The Collectivization of Agriculture in
Communist Eastern Europe (2014); Hungary and Romania Beyond National
Narratives (2013); Anti-Semitism and the Holocaust in East-Central Europe
(2012); Comparative Fascist Studies: New Perspectives (2010); Transforming
Peasants, Property and Power: The Process of Land Collectivization in Roma-
nia, 1949–1962 (2009); and Charisma, Politics and Violence: The Legion of
‘Archangel Michael’ in Inter-War Romania (2004).
Stein U. Larsen is Professor emeritus of comparative politics at the University
of Bergen, Norway. He has published extensively on fascism, authoritar-
ianism and democratization. Among other works, he has co-edited Who
Were the Fascists? The Social Roots of European Fascism (1981), Fascism
and European Literature (1991); Fascism Outside Europe: The European
Impulse Against Domestic Conditions in the Diffusion of Global Fascism
(2001) and Charisma and Fascism in Interwar Europe (2007).
Matteo Pasetti is a research fellow at the University of Bologna. He received his
doctorate in history from the University of Urbino with a thesis on the roots of
Italian Fascism and its relationship with the trade unions, which was devel-
oped into his book Tra Classe e Nazione: Rappresentazioni e Organizzazione
del Movimento Nazional-Sindacalista, 1918–1922 (2008). More recently he has
been researching the transnational spread of corporatist cultures and experi-
ences during the interwar period. He is the editor of Progetti Corporativi tra le
due Guerre Mondiali (2006) and the author of L’Europa corporativa. Una
storia transnazionale tra le due guerre mondiali (2016).
x Contributors
Sven Reichardt is Full Professor of contemporary history at the University of
Konstanz. His research interests include global fascism, social movements
and civil societies, the history of war, civil war and terrorism. His publications
include, Camicie nere, camicie brune (2009); Authentizität und Gemeinschaft.
Linksalternatives Leben in den siebziger und frühen achtziger Jahren (2nd
edition, 2014). He is currently working on a book on global fascism.
José Reis Santos is a research fellow at the Institute for Contemporary History
of the New University of Lisbon and Guest Research Fellow at the Central
European University. He holds a PhD in Contemporary History from the
New University of Lisbon, with the thesis Neither Fascism or Nazism? Pro-
cesses of Diffusion and the Reception of the Estado Novo as a Third Way on
the Context of Institutional Transitions in the Europe of the New Order. His
main research interests are comparative fascism studies and electoral beha-
viour. He recently published Salazar e as Eleições. Um estudo sobre as eleições
gerais de 1942 (2011), and The Electoral Vulnerability of Social Democratic
Parties in Europe (with André Krouwel and Matthew Wall, 2013).
Mario Sznajder is the Leon Blum Professor of political science emeritus at the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He is the author of various books and arti-
cles on the ideology and practice of fascism, human rights and politics,
democratization in Latin America and anti-Semitism and politics. He pub-
lished with L. Roniger, The Legacy of Human Rights Violations in the South-
ern Cone: Argentina, Chile and Uruguay (1999); The Politics of Exile in Latin
America (2009); and co-edited, Exile, Diaspora, and Return. Changing Cul-
tural Landscapes in Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay (2018).
Melissa Teixeira is Assistant Professor of history at the University of Pennsyl-
vania and was previously a prize fellow in history, politics, and economics at
Harvard University. She holds a PhD from Princeton University and an
MPhil from the University of Cambridge. Her research interests include
modern Brazil and Portugal, legal and economic history, and global and
transnational history. She is currently preparing a book on corporatism,
tentatively titled South Atlantic Economic Lives: Remaking Capitalism and
Citizenship in Twentieth-Century Brazil.
Valerio Torreggiani is a research fellow at the Institute of Contemporary His-
tory, Nova University of Lisbon. He received his PhD in History of Europe
(19th–20th centuries) from the Tuscia University of Viterbo. He has been a
post-doctorate fellow in Economic History at Roma Tre University and visit-
ing fellow at the Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon. His main
research interests are the transnational diffusion of corporatist ideas, with spe-
cific attention to the British world in the first half of the 20th century. On this
topic he has authored several articles and essays in international journals and
volumes as well as the book Stato e culture corporative nel Regno Unito (2018).
Preface and acknowledgements

This book brings together scholars with established international expertise in

corporatism, fascism and authoritarianism in Europe and Latin America and
is the result of an informal working group that meets irregularly at the Insti-
tute of Social Sciences of the University of Lisbon. The group has always
brought together a number of political scientists and historians working in
different countries and areas of expertise and had already published several
books on topic such as charisma, political elites and decision-making pro-
cesses, and theories of fascism.1
The theme of the diffusion of corporatism in European dictatorships of the
era of fascism was already developed in a previous volume published by
Routledge: António Costa Pinto, ed., Corporatism and Fascism. The Cor-
poratist Wave in Europe (2017). This book should be seen as a companion
volume to that one, since it expands the comparative and transnational study
of corporatism both across and within Europe and Latin America. This book
is also related with a previous project, comparing the European and Latin
American corporatist experiences as well, already published in Portuguese.2
This volume is the product of some workshops and discussions held in
Lisbon, at the Institute of Social Science, in New York, at the Remarque
Institute of New York University, at the New School for Social Research, and
at the Getúlio Vargas Foundation, in Rio de Janeiro, during which draft
papers were presented, discussed extensively and subsequently revised in the
light of both conceptual guidelines agreed at the workshops and feedback
provided by the editors and by three anonymous reviewers. The editors also
commissioned some chapters, and have worked closely with the contributors
to harness their individual expertise along with maintaining the coherence of
the work.
We would like also to thank the Institute of Social Sciences of the Uni-
versity of Lisbon for its generous support; and Stewart Lloyd-Jones for
translating and editing some of the texts for publication. António Costa Pinto
is grateful to New York University where he benefited greatly from a
Remarque Fellowship in 2017, and where he completed the research for this
book. Finally, we would like to thank all the authors, for their active support
and encouragement throughout the preparation of this book.
xii Preface and acknowledgements
Notes
1 Previous publications are A. C. Pinto and A. Kallis, eds, Rethinking Fascism and
Dictatorship in Europe, London, Palgrave, 2014; A. C. Pinto, ed., Rethinking the
Nature of Fascism, London, Palgrave, 2011; A. C. Pinto, ed., Ruling Elites and
Decision-Making in Fascist-Era Dictatorships, New York, SSM-Columbia Uni-
versity Press, 2009; and A. C. Pinto, R. Eatwell and S. U. Larsen, eds, Charisma
and Fascism in Interwar Europe, London, Routledge, 2007.

2 A. C. Pinto and F. C. P. Martinho, ed., A Vaga Corporativa. Corporativismo e

Ditaduras na Europa e na America Latina, Lisbon, Imprensa de Ciências Sociais,
2016, and, A Onda Corporativa. Corporativismo e Ditaduras na Europa e na Amér-
ica Latina, Rio de Janeiro, Editora da Fundação Getúlio Vargas, 2016.
1 The worlds of authoritarian corporatism
in Europe and Latin America
António Costa Pinto and Federico Finchelstein

In 1952, President Laureano Gómez tried (and failed) to reorganize political

representation in Colombia along authoritarian corporatist lines and this
attempt might be the end of the first wave of corporatism associated with the
era of fascism in Europe and Latin America. A Catholic corporatist with
Francoist sympathies and authoritarian tendencies, and leader of the Colom-
bian Conservative Party, Gómez hoped to bring about a constitutional reform
that would have transformed him into the president of an authoritarian,
paternalist and more confessional state with an executive that was increas-
ingly independent of the legislature and with a corporatist senate.1 This failed
experiment marked the end of a time of authoritarian institutional reform
inspired by corporatism, which was one of the most powerful authoritarian
models of social and political representation to emerge during the first half of
the 20th century.2 But corporatism was not entirely gone. After 1945, this
authoritarian corporatism would be highly influential in the development of
the new populism, especially in Latin America when populists first reached in
power.3 If Gómez had failed, leaders like Juan Domingo Perón in Argentina
will not forget the interwar legacy of corporatism.4
Corporatism left an indelible mark on the first decades of the 20th cen-
tury – during the interwar period particularly – both as a set of institutions
created by the forced integration of organized interests (mainly independent
unions) into the state and as an organic-statist type of political representation,
alternative (and more rarely complementary) to liberal democracy.5 Variants
of corporatism had inspired conservative, radical-right and fascist parties, not
to mention the Roman Catholic Church and the ‘third way’ favoured by some
sections of the technocratic and even by left-wing elites.6 Democracies and
hybrid regimes, from Ireland, to Weimar Germany, Brazil or France, were
also to create corporatist institutions, but corporatism stimulated the political
crafting of dictatorships, from Benito Mussolini’s Italy through Primo de
Rivera in Spain and the Austria of Engelbert Dollfuss, to Getúlio Vargas’s
‘New State’ or the brief dictatorship of José Felix Uriburu in Argentina.
Some of these dictatorships, especially Italian Fascism in the 1930s made
corporatism a universal alternative to economic liberalism.7 As one of the
most cited theoreticians of corporatism, Mihail Manoilescu, noted, ‘of all the
2 António Costa Pinto & Federico Finchelstein
political and social creations of our century – which for the historian began in
1918 – there are two that have in a definitive way enriched humanity’s patri-
mony … corporatism and the single party’.8 Manoilescu dedicated a study to
each of these political institutions without knowing in 1936 that some aspects
of the former would be long-lasting and that the latter would become one of
the most durable political instruments of dictatorships.9
This book deals with the diffusion of corporatism in Europe and Latin
America, and especially as a set of authoritarian institutions that spread
across the interwar period. Powerful transatlantic processes of institutional
transfers and ideological and political diffusion were a hallmark of interwar
dictatorships and corporatism was at the forefront of this process of cross-
national diffusion of authoritarian institutions, both as a new form of orga-
nized interest co-optation by the state and of an authoritarian type of poli-
tical representation that was an alternative to parliamentary democracy.10
The book represents the first attempt to analyse the transnational processes of
intellectual and political diffusion of corporatism in both sides of the Atlantic
and of its processes of institutionalization in Europe and Latin America.11

Social and political corporatism during the first wave of democratization

Corporatism was a modern take on past forms of organization with the aim
of disputing emerging forms of liberal democracy across the Atlantic and
beyond. The model was the medieval corporations but the enemy were the
political forms that emerged out of the ideals of the enlightenment. Also
corporatism was a key dimension of what historian Zeev Sternhell has pow-
erfully described as the anti-enligthtenement12
Corporatism as an ideology and as a form of organized interest representa-
tion was first promoted strongly by the Roman Catholic Church, from the late-
19th through to the mid-20th century, as a third way of social and economic
organization in opposition to both socialism and liberal capitalism.13 Pope Pius
XI assumed that as a result of the Great Depression liberal capitalism and its
associated political system was in decline and that new forms of economic and
social organization were now needed.14 The powerful intellectual and political
presence of corporatism in the political culture of Catholic elites both in
Europe and Latin America paved the way for other more secular influences.
Corporatism became a powerful ideological and institutional device against
liberal democracy during the first half of the 20th century, but the neo-cor-
poratist practices of some Dictatorships and democracies during its second
half – both in Europe and Latin America and the different traditions of the use
of the concept within the social sciences in the 1970s and 1980s – demands a
conceptual clarification of the phenomenon being studied in this book. This
includes disentangling social from political corporatism:15

Social corporatism ‘can be defined as a system of interest representation

in which the constituent units are organized into a limited number of
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