FREE ELECTRON OF INTRODUCTION A number of physical properties of met. specific heat, magnetic susceptibility etc. can be explained on the theory was first developed by Drude and Lorentz by applying ¢h not explain the heat capacity and the paramagnetic susceptibility o! it explained properties\like Ohm’s law and metallic luster etc The difficultiés occurred in classical theory were removed classical theéry in brief and then the quantum theory as deve 7 FREE ELECTRON GAS MODEL (DRUDE LORENTZ CLASSICAL THEORY) ested by P. Drude in 1900, that the metal crysta consist of positive ion cores wil) sJectrons since these are responsible for the eas] e metal ions (cores). The Coulomb) als like thermal conductivity, electrical conductivig basis of free electron theory. sical laws of physics but it cou the conduction electrons thoug)| by using statistics. Firstly, we discuy Joped by Sommerfield. It was suggs their valence electrons (also known as conduction ¢ duction of electricity in metals) free to move among these positiv force of attraction between these positive ions and negatively ch free electrons to leave the metal surface. The potential field due to these ion cores is Sup] uniform and hence potential energy of electrons may be taken as constant, which is taken to bez for convenience. Hence, we have to deal only with the kinetic energy of the electrons. The repulsion between the electron is neglected It has been suggested that the free electrons in the metal behave like those of atoms OF i ecules in a perfect gas. Hence, these electrons are sometimes known as free electrons gas or fe or free electron cloud. However, this fermi g (i) Fermi gas is constituted by electrons which are which constitute ordinary gas are neutral (ii) The concentration of electrons in fermi gas is large 10® per m’ as compared concentration of atoms or molecules of ordinary gas (10% per ms ) In 1909, Lorentz suggested that this free electron gas like perfect gas obeys Maxwell-Boltzmaa istics. Hence, the classical theory is also known as Drude-Lorentz theory. i tthe experimental facts which must be explained satisfactorily by am as differs from ordinary gas in the following ways : charged particles while the atoms or moleaul stal Let us first give a look a theory. (i) Ohm's law is obeyed by all metallic conductors, (ji) High electrical and thermat conductivity, (iii) The specific resistivity (p) of metals at room temperature is of (jv) Above Debye temperature — i pised: 5 36Y OF METAL execTRON THEOR LS is iow temperature (but > 20 K), (a) Atlow temp —o rhe resistivity varies in presence of magnetic field. The effectis known as Magneto resistance. 1 +) For most metals p = 55, Where P is pressure ei oniing to Matthiessen’s rule, for metals containing small amounts of impurity, P= Po+P(T) \ hore pais constant and increase with impurity content and p(T) is temperature dependent part of resistivity {a Above Debye temperature, the ratio of thermal (K) to electrical (a) conductivity is proportional to T. ) Ace s ec T (Wiedemann-Franz law) where the constant of proportionality is nearly same for all the metals. jy) AtO K, most of metals show the phenomenon of super conductivity. On the basis of free electron theory following properties of solids have been explained. ;) Electrical conductivity s defined as the quantity of electricity that flows in unit time per unit area of cross-section of the nductor per unit potential gradient. According to free electron theory, in a solid the electrons move freely. If Fis the applied electric ‘ld, then the acceleration of an electron having charge ‘e’ is given by cE =a (21) If Ais the mean free path of electrons, then the relaxation time t between two successive collisions s given by (22) Integrating eq. 2.1, we get dx dt At c dx Hence a So average velocity between two successive collisions or ‘% MODERN'S CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS-II (B.Sc.. Sem-v), Putting the value of t from eq, 2.2, we get Since dmv? (Tis absolute temperature and ky, ° Boltzmann constang) So mv So v sity i is given by If nis number density of electrons in the conductor, then the current density i is gi Ny i= nev v= 23) or ‘ime t, then If q charge is flowing through a conductor of cross-section area A in tim : q = OAEt a or T= oAE | oe i = oAE we ee w(2AD or o-= a5 For unit area of cross-section o-% Using eq. (2.3) . neav o= GTA This expression shows that different conductivities of different materials are due to different number of free electrons. (ii) Ohm’s law i From eq, (2.4) we have ob= y or oE =J or ww This is microscopic form of Ohm's law: (iii) Thermal conductivity We know that if there is no temperature difference between two points in a specimen T, =T,, there is no transfer of energy. So to discuss the thermal conduct ivity of metals, we suy that a temperature gradient exists across the 5 specimen instead of voltage gradient, hence the 1 energy takes place due to this gradient. consider the specimen in the form of a metallic rod having two ends namely A and B js at higher temperature than B, then the conduction of heat from A to B takes place! llision, the electrons near A loose their kinetic energy while the electrons near B, of heat Q passing through a cross-section of the rod per unit area per second’ oo Q= ymadE A= ean free path Velocity of electronsow THEORY OF METALS A = acct Zz n = number density of free electrons ginetic theory of gases fom E= 34T dB | 3, dT a = hear Q= Fmars a aT ft aT Gp = DNs Gr «F] 1 K = Jak, 27 jue o! K is verified experimentally and the free electrons theory is found to be successful thermal conductivity. por emann-Franz relation A and Franz in 1853 discovered that all good electrical conductors are also good tors and the ratio of thermal conductivity to the electrical conductivity at any ut not too low temperature) is constant for all metals. K en constant vang eqs (2.7) and (2.3), we get : Svs OkyT oc oneav 2 = a(S) 7 ¢ K Ret Wiedemann-Franz relation. re and Opacity of metals oe When electromagnetic radiations fall on a metal, it produces forced oscillations in the free is absorbed by free electrons and the metal appears opaque. The excited electron on. uming to its initial state emits photon having the same energy as is absorbed initially. This energy sen out in the form of visible light in all directions, but only the light rays directed towards the wal surface can get through. Hence, the metal appears to reflect virtually all the light that is “dent on it, giving it the characteristic metallic lustre. ") Success of free eletron theory The free electron theory explained \) Electrical conductivity (2) Ohm's law i: Thermal conductivity ; (iedemann-Franz law ta ee one of metals and their high lustre. i : ae explain the heat capacity of spatial ce (i explain the paramagnetic susceptibility Juction electrons. _ "") lis unable to explain that why metals prefer certain structures. yfud MODERN'S CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS.) (B.Sc. Sem. (iv) It does not explain the occurrence of long mean free paths (of the order of centimetny) | low temperature. (2) This theory does not explain the temperature variation 0! theory predicts the variation of resistivity as VT, which actually is linear (vi) It does not explain why some crystals are metallic: El SOMMERFIELD'S QUANTUM THEORY We have seen that the classical theory of free electron gas could not explain many experimen facts. In the development of classical theory Maxwell-Boltamann statistics was used. Accordin, this, electrons were considered as distinguishable particles and hence metal was considered sim] a box of field electrons. Sommerfield in 1928, suggested that electron gas should be treated quantum mechanically the light of Pauli’s exclusion principle which states that ro fea purticis am have all the quany numbers identical. He used Fermi-Dirac statistics rather than Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics succeeded in explaining many experimental facts. We first consider the possible energy states fone dimension and then extend the iclea to three dimensional case: [EER] FREE ELECTRON GAS IN ONE DIMENSIONAL BOX confined to move in one dimensional rectangular box of k axis let the walls of the box be HR =o andx=L f electrical resistivity because 4 Consider an electron of mass mic L. ic,, The electron moves along a straight line say along, X elastic and non-potentiable. Let the electron can travel along, X-axis between The potential V is defined as ; OfordL The Schrodinger’s wave equation for the wave function Of the electron moving along a straight Inte may be written as dy dx For free electron inside the box V = 0, so the above equate beccanes Fig. 2.1 : Free electron in non-dimen- sional box bounded by infinite potentialbarrier de where E is the kinetic energy of the electron Y (x) = Be#+ Ce the constants to be determined by the boundary conditions.| a ' THEORY OF METALS Coe ound ay function ¥ = 0 atx=Oand at x=L wav anx= 0, = 0/5069, (210) becomes 9 B+C=0 C=-B ~ (2) oe (2.10) becomes (212) . Y= Bet Beta Bidtr_ cay jr ir = 2B ( 2 } ; 4 § y = 2iBsinky, oa Fe Asin kx, (~~ A = 2B ie ete wet) atx =L, y= 0,S0, 9, (2.13) becomes 0= on sin KL = o KL = t mx of k= Fig at or Bs oP aa For nth state eq. (2.13) becomes = Ae v, = Asin ** a5 Using eq. (2.9), we get 2mE wx b— EE ee pe BEET (me ~ Omit? = 2m Since E depends on n, so let us denote the energy of the electron by E,, So, the above equation © (nx canbe wri ~ 2 ‘written as E, (my w= (2.16) Thus we se from eq, (2.15) and (2.16) that wave function exists only for integral valuesofmand ee energy levels are also quantised. The number is called the quantum number. We i lowest energy is obtained when n = 1 from eq. (2.16), we have nxt E> mi? § sa E, =k, 5 =» (217)MODERN'S CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS} (BSc gu. Let us find the spacing between the energy levels - E,.,-E, = (n+1PE,- mE, =(Qn+HE, Energy level diagram is chown in Fig. (22) Itis.also obvious that the spacing between levels depends upon the length (L) of the: as on the value of ‘n’, the quantum number. The spacing between energy levels is imp when L is of the order of atomic dimensions. Fig. 2.2 : Energy level chagram of a particie in one dimensional box. The constant A in eq. (2.15) can be calculated by applying normalising condition probability of finding the electron in whole space is unity Iv. y.dx u At sin? (mmx/L) dr = 1 ar JHEORY OF METALS [rr fount Conditions function ¥ = Oatx=Oand atx =L wave Mir70,¥= 0/5069, (2.10) becomes Meee ee wen) of a ow (242) | eg @ 10) becomes | : y= Beh Bet = Bidar_ etry thee = 2B (f 7 } oe y= 2Bsink, Asin ky, (7° w= (2.13) ee A = 2B . y Atx= L, y= 0, So, eq, (2.13) becomes: O = AsinkL a sinkL = 0 o RL = mn, (1 = 0, 1,2, 04) nx o kez Le age * Bao 2.18) For nth state eq. (2.13) becomes = Asi us ~ Yn aint 2.15) Using eq. (2.9), we get 2mE ox ees kad wan WP (nx * = om? = Im Sonce E depends on n, so let us denote the energy of the electron by E,, So, the above equation r canbe written as E, = £m} ww» (2.16) Thus we see from eq, (2.15) and (2.16) that wave function exists only for integral values of n and won energy levels are also quantised. The number 1 is called the quantum number. We lowest energy is obtained when n = 1 from eq. (2.16), we have wr? EL mi " E, = rE, ~ @i7)Qn +E in = (+ IP E,-3 Energy level diagram is shown in Fig. (22) Itis also obvious that the spacing between levels depends upon the length (L) of the Bocas eg as on the value of ‘n’, the quantum number. The spacing between energy levels is important cag when L is of the order of atomic dimensions. Fig. 2.2 : Energy level diagram of a partcte in one dimensional box | The constant A in eq. (2.15) can be calculated by applying normalising condition ie. the Probability of finding the electron in whole space is unity Jusrwedr = 1 \ AP fsin® (nnx/L) dx = 1 5 Fig. 2.3 : First tour wave functions and. levels for ein one dimensional box.evecTRON THEORY OF MEF, et A 2 Yn = E sin (nmx/L) (2:18) for n= 1, 2,3, 4, wave functions are represented in Fig. (23) First four i ip Fermi emery qetus now see how N electrons could be distributed on this one dimensional line riectoons are indistinguishable particles and obey Pauli’ exclusion principle which states that aq eectons can have al the four quantum numbers identical. Tati, each qu. fam Sate can worteyped at the most by one electron. (These quantum states are referred to as orbitals in case of stoms) but there May be more than one quantum states i.e. having the same energy, such states are dawn as degenerate quantum states (orbitals). In a linear solid, there are two quantum numbers of conduct value of #, s can have two values depending upon the orientation of electrons. Hence, every orbital _ orquantum state can accommodate two electrons one with spin up (1) and other with spin down {iy in other words each energy level is doubly degenerate. If there are nine electrons of course he having spin up and others having spin down, Then in the ground state of the system these auld be accommodated in five levels with n = 1, 2, 3,4, 5. First four levels accommodating one pair gf electrons (with spin up and down) each and the fifth level accommodating the unpaired last ‘jectron. That is, the states with » > 5 are empty. Let 1; denotes the uppermost filled energy level, and if there are N electrons (assumed even), we can write = ee = N/2 Ae Gis wn (219) Since each level can accommodate a pair of electrons. Here n, is the quantum number representing the uppermost filled energy level. The uppermost filled energy level at absolute zero is known as Fermi level and the energy value corresponding to this level is known as Femi energy, Ep Hence eq, (2.16) gives for n = np 1 (ane Y E,= a i ) ae .. (2.20) Hence, eqs. (2.19) and (2.20) gives a a? (Nay E, = lac] — (221) It is clear from above that energy of the top electrons depends upon number of electrons (N) and size of the box (L). Thus, for N/L = 1 electrons/angstrom = 10" electrons/m, we have from eq, (2.21) 2 E, = 96eV Thus to accommodate 10! electrons /m, the energy of uppermost electron must be 9.6 eV. (ii) Total energy Thetotal energy E, ofthe entiresystem can be calculated by sumuning up the individual energis : 72. Therefore, E, E, B, .. etc, between energy levels corresponding to ee 22) In e & weN Here the factor 2 comes into picture since each level accommodates two electrons with gaa energies. Here by using eq, (2.16), we get v ~ Qa) 2mi> ot LY = Pyare sre)) ~ 1x forx2t Le ENR? = Sele ] Making use of eq. (221), we get 1 E,= 3 NE w= 22 Thus, we find that for one dimensional problem, the average (Kinetic) energy in the ground state is third of that of the fermi energy. (iii) The density of states [D (E)] The density of states is defined as the number of electronic or quantum states per unit er range and is usually denoted by D (E). Therefore, dn ‘DE)= & oe where dn is the number of quantum states present in the energy range between E to E + dE. Si : each quantum state contains two electrons, actual density of states is twice the value given i eq. (2.24), ie. Now according to eq, (2.16), (ny Fo R(T] ae (mx) dn ~ mit hE wrenELECTRON THEORY OF METALS. dn mu dE D() = 2 a + (2.26) Again from ey. (2.16), we get o= (2.27) 1g, (2.27) in eg, (2.26), we get mL anf _1 Die) Energy Ee Fig. 2.4 : Density of states as a function of energy for one dimensional line. ult is shown plotted in Fig. 2.4. at all the states upto Fermi level E, are 'E ELECTRON GAS IN THREE DIMENSIONS \s now’ consider the free electron gas in three dimensional crystal assumed to be in the a cubical box of edge L. It is also assumed that potential inside the box is zero and outside \itely large. +hrodinger wave equation for a free particle in three dimensions is given as 2mE +—v Vivir 0 229), y+hy = 0 (230) 2mE Re 7 ~- (2.31) vhere E is the total energy of the electron, The general solution of eq. (2.30) is of the type asn( 2) (on 8) y= Asin ka. sin ky. sinkz -- (232) y:where When m,n, and n, are positive integers and the solution represents a = wave, The value of A is determined by normalising the wavefunction over the volume, ie ww = sin? kx. sin? k,y. sin? kz de dds = 1 g =, wer ini . e Ek Ea fs or an Td So eq. (232) becomes Eq, (231) can be written as Hence, or or E, where r Periodic boundary conditions. We have considered a cubical box of edge L but in case of a crystal there are infinitely such boxes stacked together, which means that the wave function must satisfy the periodic conditions ie, they are periodic with a period L. Hence. wa+Ly, =wi,y+Lz)=y(xy2+ =x, yz) Wave function satisfying the free particle Schrodinger equation (2.29) and the condition (2.38) are of the form of a travelling plane wave vir) = Aexp(ik.r) (0) = Aexpli(k,x+ky+k2]cTRON THEORY OF METALS ¢ BLE a7 the periodic boundary conditions (2.38) to eq. (2.39), we get exp [ilk +kyy +k2)] = exp lithe + kL +k y+ k2)] exp (ik,L) = 1 ipeans that f, can have only the values given below applying rich Loe 2h 44m, pe k= 04 Fat. Oe 4 4, have similar values as k, That is any component of k is of the form 2pn/L, where p is wk, an" The components of k ie. k, k, and k, along with spin s are the quantum numbers of the integet bem The value of norma sing constant A is given as [J J sexpli(k 1 dexp (i(k 7 yd dy de = 1 f APLXLxL AD a2 Hence, normalised wave function is given as V(r) = VV exp [i(k7)] ~~ (240) FERMI DIRAC STATISTICS AND ELECTRONIC DISTRIBUTION IN SOLIDS Asdiscussed in the case of one dimensional distribution of N electrons that according to Pauli’s \usion principle no two electrons can have all the quantum numbers identical. The quantum ers in three dimensional cases are k,, k,, k, ands. Since $ catthave twovahiés ie. + 1/2 and 2.hence each energy level with given f,, K, and k, can accommodate two electrons one with spin and other with spin down. Hence; N electrons require N/2 energy levels, where N is assumed to even. It is also assumed that the system is in-its ground state i.e. at absolute zero. The (N72)th el which is also referred to as n, and-is known as Fermi level. It divides the filled-and empty els. The energy corresponding to Fermi level ri, is called Fermi energy F,; According to classical ry all the electrons in a metal-can have the same energy; so that, at 0 K, they all condense into lowest available energy. But when quantum statistics is applied we find that these electrons ipy states between the energy values 0 and Epp. Fermi has shown that the probability of occupancy of a particular quantum state is given as 1 AE) = Spie—B,)/ e+ €(E) is known as Fermi factor or Fermi furtction. Eis the energy of the given state and B, is the energy at temperature T. The function (2.41) is plotted in Fig: (2.5) for various values of T. Let us consider the behaviour of Fermi factor at different temperatures. (a) At T = 0K, the exponential term when E < E,, approaches zero as ¢~ s =( and we get = «Aly E>E,, we get f(E) = 0& MODERNS CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS. (B'S, Semi py The meaning of f ( that all the quantum s all the states having E = 1 for E < Epy is ates are occupied and E,, are empty at 0K It is observed that Eyy is of the order of several electron volts. (b) When kT << Ey it is found that kT is small as compared with E, for all metals below their melting points (kT at room temperature is only 0,03 eV), we also find that 1 at E=E,.(E) = 5 . Hence the meaning of E, is that, at the Fermi level the probability of occupation is fifty percent. The plot for T, and T, (> 0) temperatures is also shown in Fig. (2.5). The value of f(E) is still practically unity For energies above E,. the Fermi distribution becomes identical with that of Boltzmann distribution. The meaning of this is that all the states below E, are not filled and hence all the states above E, are not empty for a temperature T, or T, (> 0). Fig. 2.5 : Plot of fermi factor vs energy of states Hence, we find that at E = 2 the value of f(E) = > which implies that E, is a level wl half way between the filled and empty levels. E, isa function of temperature and the relation bets E, and E,, is given as (o) At very high temperatures when k T — E,. the relation (2.42) does not remain valid and t entire distribution becomes Maxwell-Boltzmann. This is shown for temp. T, in the Fig. (2.5). FERMI ENERGY E,,, Fermi energy Ey, is the energy which corresponds to the Fermi level, below which all ‘quantum states (levels) are filled and above will be empty at 0 K. This level is denoted by me (ky wave vector). Now each level is determined by the quantum numbers k,, k, and k. and each level occupied by two eléctrons, one having spin up and the other having spin dowit in ground stat a system of N free electrons the occupied levels may be represented as points inside a sphere space or n space. The energy at the surface of the sphere is the Fermi energy which is given as! eq. (2.37). J cite ony We now find the number of points in space represented by 11,. Now each point average a unit volume in the integer space and volume of the positive octant is + 8ay THEORY OF METALS ec TRO 49 octant is al: rer of points in t wut yo becomes twice this number. ints of poll y (i.e. number per unit volume) then in the box there are total NL? rT fal + When we consider spin of electrons, the a ye det nist electrons. | » (244) 4 £9 (243) becomes Eg = AE ae = 3 GRNPO (2.45) Hence, we find that the Fermi energy is function of the density of electrons. We also conclude bssteven at absolute zero, electrons have some finite energy. Pl OENSITY OF AVAILABLE ELECTRONIC STATES D (E} ‘Now we are interested to find an expression for the number of allowed (available) states per sa volume in an energy range between E and E + dE. The density of state D (E) is obtained from the fact that all the energy states below fermi energy ‘occupied and the total number of states must be equal to the total number of electrons. 5 fo@dE-Nn (246) Q From eq, (2.45), we get nN- ean Bre, - There i A relore, J se fore, Ihe aE = 55 Bpressing the integral as infinite integral, we get 1 (2my? =a lS gf? ” DE) = oF (=) B a A at al Mt oe to this expression the variation of D(E) with E is sineee i * Way of expressing result (2.48) is as given ahead. rt wit el5 {TER PHYSICSI (B.Sc., Sem, 50. MODERN'S CONDENSED MATTER PRU) | From eq. (2.47), 3 InN = > InE,+ const 31 = 25, iN 3N Hence =.= (2.49) lence DE) Ge = 2E- Thus, we find that the number of states per unit energy range per unit volume at the Fermi energy isjust Fig. 26. The en ear hee the total number of conduction electrons divided by the _*unetion O(E) wi peel ; Fermi energy, Density of filled electronic states, ‘The density of filled electron states N (E) at a particular temperature and between the energy E and E +d Bis given as, N(E) dE = D(E) f(B) dE ~ ee Where /(E) is the Fermi factor. The difference between N(E) and D(E) is that; D(E) measures the number of states at a given energy and N(E) measures the number of Particles actually having a given energy. Average kinetic energy E, Average kinetic energy E, is calculated as “ = x f ED) de 251) D(E)dE Eo = Substituting for E,,, from eq. (2.45), we get Eo = 5 Ew Example 2:1. Metallic silver has 1 free electron per atom. Find the fermi energy if density of silver je 10.5 g cm and atomic weight is 1.08 gm atom. (H-P.U. 2000) Solution. #3Np? Since zspow THEORY OF METALS _ aft weknow that density, d= yy M___ 108 v= Me 4 10.5x 10° 3x6,023%10 195410872 - 3.142108 [ye LeV=16 «10-99 = 55eV Fin the energies ofthe sx lowest energy levels ofa particle in a cubical box. Which of the Solution, We know that energy for a cubical notedge L is given as E (123) @12) (31) (432) Ia) a2) Now first six states are given by quantum isd) s (ny, My m) (1,1), (1,1,2), (1,2,2) ] en) }) energies corresponding to quantum numbers can be calculated from ei above expression and we find pil Ey, = 3 E, Eyyy = 6E, Eypy = 9E, can) Ey = LE, Exp = 12E, Ey, = ME 77 tere Ba * oa Hence, we find that E,, E, are non-degenerate, E,, E, and E, are three fold degenerate and E, is fold degenerate. Eumple 2.3. The fermi energy of silver is 5.51. eV. (a) What is the average energy of the free electrons site a OK? (b) What temperature is necessary forthe average molecular energy in an ideal gas fo have ‘value? (c) What is the speed of electrons with this energy ? Given K = 1.38 x 10-3] K+. (H.P.U. 2008) Solution. (a) As we know, average electron energy 3 3 fF) = —ER= =x551 Bs 5° 5 Fp = 3306eV 1) Foran ideal gas, average molecular energy at temperature T, i given as rb 3 % = 347 z. y-19 3 afes] 2, 3306eVaxLexI0™ V/V oi {- 3° 138x103 )/K oeg2 MODERN'S CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS: (B.Sc. SemVi, PbiUn\) (©) Let v be velocity of electron, then kinetic energy Lal ee 3. = Bo 72 [2tweasse") 9.110" 13 = 10° m/sec Example 2.4. Calculations of Fermi energy for some monovalent elements yield the following results Metat Cu Li Rb Cs Ag K E,(eV) 7.04 4.72 182 153 5512.12 If the fermi velocity of an electron in one of the metals of the above series is 0.73 x 10° m/s, identify the metal and also calculate the fermi temperature. Solution. We have x 9.1 x 10%! x (0.73 x 10° te. the metal is caesium. Fermi temperature is defined as that temperature at which kT, = E, Ep _2.42x108J E " [3sn0SUK aS Example 2.5. The Fermi energy in silver is 5.51 eV. Find (i) the average energy of the free electrons in silver at OK. (ii) At what temperature a classical free particle like an ideal gas molecule will have this kinetic energy ? Given k = 1.38 x 10 JK> Tp = Solution. (@ Given E, = 551eV ” 3 Since B= 5 bp 3 3 x 5.51 = 3,306 eV 3 (i) The kinetic energy of calssical particle at kelvin temperature T= 5 kT ie, Ep = kT 2 3K Fro " or TRON THEORY OF METALS ate T= 28.306«L6«0-" 3138x102 T = 255x t0'K CLV =16 «10 p) LTIPLE CHOICE Ct ————— nmni-Frenz law gives the relationship between : Polarisability Susceptibility polarisabili conductivit states abore fermi level Ey are " ' 1} thermal conductivity and electrical \n) thermal conductivity and electrical «) electrical conductivity and electrical ;) thermal conductivity and electrical 3 410K. allt ay empty (b) completely fill ly filled Shere ve kinetic energy of e electron in the ground states in one dimension is ; 1 1 i) of fermi energy (b) | of that fermi energy 1 ) 5 of the fermi energy (4) equal to that of fermi energy. (H.P.U. 2007) In Drude-Lorents’s theory for the free electron 885, the statistics used was : :) Maxwell- Boltzmann statistics (b) Fermi-Dirac statistics ) Bose-Einstein statistics (d) None of the above. (H.P.U, 2009) 4t OK fermi level lies : 2) Above top of the valence band E, ») Below the bottom of conduction band E ) Midway between the top of the valence band and bottom of conduction band. The average kinetic energy of electron in the ground state, in three dimensions, (HP.U. 2001 S, 2006) 3 2 ‘i of fermi energy (0) offermi energy 1 7 (. = of fermi energy (d) equal to that of fermi energy. 7. Free electron Fermi gas consists of : 2) bound and non-interacting electrons (6) free and non-interacting electrons (9) bound and interacting electrons () free and interacting electrons. “I Sommerfield model of electron : (a) the ie is we constant inside the metal (b) the potential is taken variable inside the metal (©) the potential is taken infinite inside the metal (4) potential has no role inside the metal Lid