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PHYTOCHEMISTRY
Volume 1
Fundamentals, Modern Techniques,
and Applications
Edited by
Chukwuebuka Egbuna
Jonathan Chinenye Ifemeje, PhD
Stanley Chidi Udedi, PhD
Shashank Kumar, PhD
Apple Academic Press Inc. Apple Academic Press Inc.
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Phytochemistry, Volume 1: Fundamentals, Modern Techniques, and Applications
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-759-5 (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-429-42622-3 (eBook)
Phytochemistry, 3-volume set
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-762-5 (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-429-42627-8 (eBook)
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Phytochemistry / edited by Chukwuebuka Egbuna, Jonathan Chinenye Ifemeje, PhD,
Stanley Chidi Udedi, PhD, Shashank Kumar, PhD.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Contents: Volume 1. Fundamentals, modern techniques, and applications.
Issued in print and electronic formats.
ISBN 978-1-77188-759-5 (v. 1 : hardcover).--ISBN 978-0-429-42622-3 (v. 1 : PDF)
1. Botanical chemistry. I. Egbuna, Chukwuebuka, editor
QK861.P65 2019 572’.2 C2018-904824-7 C2018-904875-1
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ongress
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ABOUT THE EDITORS
Chukwuebuka Egbuna
Chukwuebuka Egbuna is a chartered chemist, a chemical analyst, and an
academic researcher. He is a member of the Institute of Chartered Chemists
of Nigeria (ICCON), the Nigerian Society of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology (NSBMB), the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), United Kingdom,
and the Society of Quality Assurance (SQA), USA. He has been engaged in
a number of roles at New Divine Favor Pharmaceutical Industry Limited,
Akuzor Nkpor, Anambra State, Nigeria, and Chukwuemeka Odumegwu
Ojukwu University (COOU), Nigeria. He has attended series of conferences
and workshops and has collaboratively worked and published quite a number
of research articles in the domain of phytochemistry. He has edited books
with top publishers such as Springer Nature and Elsevier. He is a reviewer
and an editorial board member for various journals, including serving as a
website administrator for the Tropical Journal of Applied Natural Sciences
(TJANS), a journal of the faculty of Natural Sciences, COOU. His primary
research interests are in phytochemistry, food and medicinal chemistry,
analytical chemistry, and nutrition and toxicology. He obtained his BSc
and MSc degrees in biochemistry at Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu
University.
Jonathan Chinenye Ifemeje, PhD
Jonathan Chinenye Ifemeje, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu
Ojukwu University, Nigeria. He obtained his PhD in applied biochemistry
from Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria, and his MSc degree in
nutrition and toxicology from the University of Port-Harcourt, Nigeria.
He has to his credits over 40 publications in both local and international
journals. Dr. Ifemeje is currently the Coordinator, Students Industrial
Work Experience Scheme (SIWES), COOU and has served as an external
examiner for various institutions. He is the Managing Editor of the Tropical
Journal of Applied Natural Sciences and is serving as a reviewer and an
editorial board member for various journals. He has worked extensively in
the area of phytochemistry, nutrition, and toxicology. He is a member of
vi About the Editors
various institutes, including the Institute of Chartered Chemists of Nigeria
(ICCON), the Nigerian Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
(NSBMB), and Society of Quality Assurance (SQA).
Stanley Chidi Udedi, PhD
Stanley Udedi Chidi, PhD, is a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Department
of Applied Biochemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, (UNIZIK), Awka,
Nigeria. He has taught in various institutions, including Madonna University
Okija, Nigeria, and Anambra State University, which is now Chukwuemeka
Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Nigeria. He is currently the Dean of Student
Affairs at UNIZIK. He has worked extensively in the field of phytochemistry
and food and medicinal chemistry and has supervised many MSc and PhD
students. He is well published with over 50 publications, which have attracted
over 170 citations. He is well traveled and has attended a series of workshops
and conferences locally and internationally. He is a member of various
professional institutes, which includes the Institute of Chartered Chemists
of Nigeria (ICCON), the Nigerian Society of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology (NSBMB), the Nutrition Society of Nigeria, and others. He obtained
his PhD and MSc degrees from UNIZIK, Nigeria.
Shashank Kumar, PhD
Shashank Kumar, PhD, is working as Assistant Professor at the Center for
Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda,
India. He obtained his BSc, MSc, and PhD Biochemistry from the Department
of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, India. He worked as Postdoctoral
Fellow at the Department of Biochemistry, King George’s Medical University,
Lucknow, India. Dr. Kumar has about 60 published scientific papers/reviews/
editorial articles/book chapters in various national and international peer-
reviewed journals and has been cited more than 1200 times. He has edited
several books on topics such as the “concepts in cell signaling,” “carbohydrate
metabolism: theory and practical approach,” and so forth. He has expertise
in the areas of free radical biology, cancer biology, characterization of plant
natural products, xenobiotic metabolism, and microbiology. He is familiar
with many biochemical techniques such as spectrophotometry, enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay, electrophoresis, polymerase chain reaction, real-time
polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, thin-layer chromatography,
high-performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography–mass
spectrometry, cell culture, and microbiological techniques. He has presented
About the Editors vii
his research findings at more than 25 national/international conferences and
attended about 30 workshops at different universities and medical colleges
throughout the India. Dr. Kumar is a life time member of Italo-Latin American
Society of Ethnomedicine, and the Indian Sciences Congress Association, and
member of the Asian Council of Science Editors, Dubai, UAE, and Publication
Integrity and Ethics, London. He has been awarded the Junior/Senior and
Research Associate Fellowships formulated and funded by various Indian
agencies, such as Indian Council of Medical Research, University Grants
Commission, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research India. Dr. Kumar
laboratory has been funded by the University Grant Commission, India, and
the Department of Science and Technology, India, for working on effects of
various phytochemicals on cancer cell signaling pathway inhibition.
CONTENTS
Contributors.................................................................................................xiii
Abbreviations.............................................................................................. xvii
Foreword...................................................................................................... xxi
Preface....................................................................................................... xxiii
PART I: Fundamentals of Phytochemistry.............................................. 1
1. Introduction to Phytochemistry......................................................................3
Chukwuebuka Egbuna, Jonathan C. Ifemeje, Toskë L. Kryeziu,
Minakshi Mukherjee, Hameed Shah, G. M. Narasimha Rao,
Laurence John Francis J. Gido, and Habibu Tijjani
2. Biosynthesis of Phytochemicals....................................................................37
Habibu Tijjani, Chukwuebuka Egbuna, and Luka D. Carrol
3. Mechanisms of Plant Defense Against Pathogens:
Phytoalexins Induction..................................................................................79
Hanan M. AL-Yousef and Musarat Amina
4. Biological Roles of Phytochemicals............................................................ 119
Peculiar Feenna Onyekere, Chioma Obianuju Peculiar-Onyekere,
Helen Ogechukwu Udodeme, Daniel Okwudili Nnamani, and
Christopher Obodike Ezugwu
5. Phytochemicals as Immunomodulators.....................................................153
Behnaz Aslanipour
6. Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals and Pharmafoods...............................179
Anywar Godwin
7. Role of Phytochemistry in Plant Classification:
Phytochemotaxonomy..................................................................................197
Felix Ifeanyi Nwafor and Ifeoma Celestina Orabueze
8. Plant Metabolomics.....................................................................................223
Sagar Satish Datir and Rakesh Mohan Jha
x Contents
PART II: Methods and Techniques...................................................... 245
9. Phytochemical Extraction, Isolation, and Detection Techniques............247
Temitope Temitayo Banjo, Paul Akinniyi Akinduti, Temitope Oluwabunmi Banjo,
and Vinesh Kumar
10. Techniques in Phytochemotaxonomy.........................................................261
Ifeoma Celestina Orabueze and Felix Ifeanyi Nwafor
11. Chromatographical Techniques in Phytochemical Research...................287
Sumera Javad and Shagufta Naz
12. Ultraviolet/Visible Spectroscopy and HPLC in
Phytochemical Analysis: An Introduction.................................................307
Ade Kujore
13. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography as
Sophisticated Tools in Phytochemical Analysis.........................................343
Deepa R. Verma and Rohan V. Gavankar
14. Analytical Techniques in Elemental Profiling...........................................367
Andrew G. Mtewa and Annu Amanjot
15. Phytochemical Test Methods: Qualitative, Quantitative
and Proximate Analysis...............................................................................381
Chukwuebuka Egbuna, Jonathan C. Ifemeje, Maryann Chinenye Maduako,
Habibu Tijjani, Stanley Chidi Udedi, Andrew C. Nwaka, and Maryjane Oluoma Ifemeje
16. Animal Models in Phytopharmacology......................................................427
Ahmed A. Adedeji, Mulkah O. Ajagun-Ogunleye, and Marta Vicente-Crespo
17. Toxicological Testing of Plant Products.....................................................463
Monica Neagu and Carolina Constantin
18. Role of Biostatistics in Phytochemical Research:
Emphasis on Essential Oil Studies.............................................................481
S. Zafar Haider, Gaurav Naik, Hema Lohani, and Nirpendra K. Chauhan
PART III: Computational Phytochemistry......................................... 495
19. Computational Phytochemistry in Drug Discovery:
Databases and Tools.....................................................................................497
Sugumari Vallinayagam, Karthikeyan Rajendran and Vigneshkumar Sekar
20. Stemness Modulation by Phytochemicals to
Target Cancer Stem Cells............................................................................513
Prem Prakash Kushwaha, Pushpendra Singh, and Shashank Kumar
Contents xi
21. Targeting Cancer Cell Carbohydrate Metabolism
by Phytochemicals........................................................................................537
Swastika Dash, Prem Prakash Kushwaha, and Shashank Kumar
22. Herbal Drug Discovery: The Envision Biotechnology Approach............561
Aniko Nagy
PART IV: Phytochemical Research...................................................... 569
23. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis and
In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Tectona grandis
Bark Extract Against Human Breast Cancer Cell Line (MCF-7)...........571
Arul Priya R., K. Saravanan, and Umarani B.
24. Phytochemical Analysis of Nigella sativa L. Seeds Aqueous
Extract by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy and
Fourier-Transform Infrared.......................................................................587
Shaista Jabeen N., Jagapriya L., Senthilkumar Balasubramanian, Devi K., and
Jaison Jeevanandam
25. Phytochemical Studies on Five Nigerian Indigenous Vegetables.............605
Faleyimu, O. I., Solomon T., and Ajiboye John Adebayo
Index .........................................................................................................619
CONTRIBUTORS
Ajiboye John Adebayo
Department of Chemical Sciences, Ondo State University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa,
Nigeria
Ahmed A. Adedeji
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Gitwe,
Rwanda
Mulkah O. Ajagun-Ogunleye
Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University
Western Campus, Uganda
Paul Akinniyi Akinduti
Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
Annu Amanjot
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Mbarara University of Science and Technology,
Mbarara, Uganda
Musarat Amina
Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Hanan M. AL-Yousef
Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Behnaz Aslanipour
Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Bornova, 35100 İzmir, Turkey
Temitope Oluwabunmi Banjo
Institute for Human Resources Development, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
Temitope Temitayo Banjo
Department of Biological Sciences, Wellspring University, Irhirhi Road, Benin City, Edo state, Nigeria
Umarani B.
PG and Research Department of Zoology, Nehru Memorial College (Autonomous), Puthanampatti,
Tiruchirappalli 621 007, India
Senthilkumar Balasubramanian
Department of Zoology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkaddu, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
Luka D. Carrol
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
Nirpendra K. Chauhan
Centre for Aromatic Plants (CAP), Industrial Estate Selaqui-248011, Dehradun (Uttarakhand) India
Carolina Constantin
Pathology Department, “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, Colentina University Hospital,
Bucharest, Romania
xiv Contributors
Swastika Dash
Department of Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central
University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151001, India
Sagar Satish Datir
Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
Chukwuebuka Egbuna
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu Univer-
sity, Anambra State- 431124, Nigeria
Christopher Obodike Ezugwu
Department of Pharmacognosy and Environmental Medicines, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001,
Enugu State, Nigeria
Rohan V. Gavankar
Department of Biotechnology, VIVA College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Virar, Maharashtra, India
Anywar Godwin
Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Makerere University, Kampala,
Uganda
S. Zafar Haider
Centre for Aromatic Plants (CAP), Industrial Estate Selaqui, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248011, India
Jonathan C. Ifemeje
Department of Biochemistry, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Anambra State, Nigeria
Maryjane Oluoma Ifemeje
Department of Biochemistry, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Anambra State, Nigeria
Sumera Javad
Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
Rakesh Mohan Jha
Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
Jaison Jeevanandam
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009
Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
Laurence John Francis J. Gido
Research Center of the College of Medicine, Davao Medical School Foundation, Inc., Davao City,
Philippines
Devi K.
Department of Zoology, PG and Research Unit, Dhanabagyam Krishnaswamy Mudaliar College for
Women (Autonomous), Sainathapuram, RV Nagar, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632001, India
Ade Kujore
Cecil Instruments, Milton Technical Centre, Cambridge, UK
Shashank Kumar
School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences, Central
University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151001, India
Vinesh Kumar
Department of Sciences, Kids’ Science Academy, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
Contributors xv
Prem Prakash Kushwaha
Department of Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central
University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151001, India
Toskë L. Kryeziu
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Pristina, Pristina, Kosovo
Jagapriya L.
Department of Zoology, PG and Research Unit, Dhanabagyam Krishnaswamy Mudaliar College for
Women (Autonomous), Sainathapuram, RV Nagar, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632001, India
Hema Lohani
Centre for Aromatic Plants (CAP), Industrial Estate Selaqui-248011, Dehradun, Uttarakhand India
Maryann Chinenye Maduako
Department of Biochemistry, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Anambra State, Nigeria
Andrew G. Mtewa
Department of Chemistry, Institute of Technology, Malawi University of Science and Technology,
Thyolo, Malawi
Minakshi Mukherjee
Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
Aniko Nagy
Envision Biotechnology, Grandville, Michigan, USA
Gaurav Naik
Centre for Aromatic Plants (CAP), Industrial Estate Selaqui, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248011 India
Shagufta Naz
Department of Biotechnology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
Monica Neagu
Pathology Department, “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, Colentina University Hospital,
Bucharest, Romania
Shaista Jabeen N.
Department of Zoology, PG and Research Unit, Dhanabagyam Krishnaswamy Mudaliar College for
Women (Autonomous), Sainathapuram, RV Nagar, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632001, India
Daniel Okwudili Nnamani
Department of Pharmacognosy and Environmental Medicines, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001,
Enugu State, Nigeria
Felix Ifeanyi Nwafor
Department of Pharmacognosy and Environmental Medicines, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu
State, Nigeria
Andrew C. Nwaka
Department of Biochemistry, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Anambra State, Nigeria
Ifeoma Celestina Orabueze
Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria
Peculiar Feenna Onyekere
Department of Pharmacognosy and Environmental Medicines, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001,
Enugu State, Nigeria
xvi Contributors
Faleyimu O. I.
Department of Biological Sciences, Ondo State University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa,
Nigeria
Chioma Obianuju Peculiar-Onyekere
Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
Karthikeyan Rajendran
Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu 626005, India
G. M. Narasimha Rao
Department of Botany, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530 003, India
Arul Priya R.
PG and Research Department of Zoology, Nehru Memorial College (Autonomous), Puthanampatti,
Tiruchirappalli 621 007, India
K. Saravanan
PG and Research Department of Zoology, Nehru Memorial College (Autonomous), Puthanampatti,
Tiruchirappalli 621 007, India
Vigneshkumar Sekar
Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu 626005, India
Hameed Shah
CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for
Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Science, 100049 Beijing, China
Pushpendra Singh
Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), New Delhi, India
Solomon, T.
Department of Biological Sciences, Ondo State University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa,
Nigeria
Habibu Tijjani
Natural Product Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bauchi State University, Gadau,
Nigeria
Helen Ogechukwu Udodeme
Department of Pharmacognosy and Environmental Medicines, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001,
Enugu State, Nigeria
Stanley Chidi Udedi
Department of Applied Biochemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
Deepa R. Verma
Department of Botany, VIVA College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Virar, Maharashtra, India
Sugumari Vallinayagam
Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu 626005, India
Marta Vicente-Crespo
Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, St. Augustine International University, Kampala,
Uganda DrosAfrica Trust, UK
