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INNOVATIONS IN
HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE

Editor-in-Chief:
Dr. Mohammed Wasim Siddiqui, Assistant Professor-cum-Scientist
Bihar Agricultural University | www.bausabour.ac.in
Department of Food Science and Post-Harvest Technology
Sabour | Bhagalpur | Bihar | P. O. Box 813210 | INDIA
Contacts: (91) 9835502897
Email: [email protected] | [email protected]

The horticulture sector is considered as the most dynamic and sustainable segment
of agriculture all over the world. It covers pre- and postharvest management of a
wide spectrum of crops, including fruits and nuts, vegetables (including potatoes),
flowering and aromatic plants, tuber crops, mushrooms, spices, plantation crops,
edible bamboos etc. Shifting food pattern in wake of increasing income and health
awareness of the populace has transformed horticulture into a vibrant commercial
venture for the farming community all over the world.

It is a well-established fact that horticulture is one of the best options for improving
the productivity of land, ensuring nutritional security for mankind and for sustaining
the livelihood of the farming community worldwide. The world’s populace is
projected to be 9 billion by the year 2030, and the largest increase will be confined
to the developing countries, where chronic food shortages and malnutrition already
persist. This projected increase of population will certainly reduce the per capita
availability of natural resources and may hinder the equilibrium and sustainability
of agricultural systems due to overexploitation of natural resources, which will
ultimately lead to more poverty, starvation, malnutrition, and higher food prices.
The judicious utilization of natural resources is thus needed and must be addressed
immediately.

Climate change is emerging as a major threat to the agriculture throughout the world as
well. Surface temperatures of the earth have risen significantly over the past century,
and the impact is most significant on agriculture. The rise in temperature enhances
the rate of respiration, reduces cropping periods, advances ripening, and hastens crop
maturity, which adversely affects crop productivity. Several climatic extremes such as
droughts, floods, tropical cyclones, heavy precipitation events, hot extremes, and heat
waves cause a negative impact on agriculture and are mainly caused and triggered by
climate change.
vi Innovations in Horticultural Science

In order to optimize the use of resources, hi-tech interventions like precision farming,
which comprises temporal and spatial management of resources in horticulture, is
essentially required. Infusion of technology for an efficient utilization of resources
is intended for deriving higher crop productivity per unit of inputs. This would be
possible only through deployment of modern hi-tech applications and precision
farming methods. For improvement in crop production and returns to farmers, these
technologies have to be widely spread and adopted. Considering the above-mentioned
challenges of horticulturist and their expected role in ensuring food and nutritional
security to mankind, a compilation of hi-tech cultivation techniques and postharvest
management of horticultural crops is needed.

This book series, Innovations in Horticultural Science, is designed to address the

need for advance knowledge for horticulture researchers and students. Moreover,
the major advancements and developments in this subject area to be covered in this
series would be beneficial to mankind.
Topics of interest include:
1. Importance of horticultural crops for livelihood
2. Dynamics in sustainable horticulture production
3. Precision horticulture for sustainability
4. Protected horticulture for sustainability
5. Classification of fruit, vegetables, flowers, and other horticultural crops
6. Nursery and orchard management
7. Propagation of horticultural crops
8. Rootstocks in fruit and vegetable production
9. Growth and development of horticultural crops
10. Horticultural plant physiology
11. Role of plant growth regulator in horticultural production
12. Nutrient and irrigation management
13. Fertigation in fruit and vegetables crops
14. High-density planting of fruit crops
15. Training and pruning of plants
16. Pollination management in horticultural crops
17. Organic crop production
18. Pest management dynamics for sustainable horticulture
19. Physiological disorders and their management
20. Biotic and abiotic stress management of fruit crops
21. Postharvest management of horticultural crops
22. Marketing strategies for horticultural crops
23. Climate change and sustainable horticulture
24. Molecular markers in horticultural science
25. Conventional and modern breeding approaches for quality improvement
26. Mushroom, bamboo, spices, medicinal, and plantation crop production
BOOKS IN THE SERIES

• Spices: Agrotechniques for Quality Produce

Amit Baran Sharangi, PhD, S. Datta, PhD, and Prahlad Deb, PhD
• Sustainable Horticulture, Volume 1: Diversity, Production, and
Crop Improvement
Editors: Debashis Mandal, PhD, Amritesh C. Shukla, PhD, and
Mohammed Wasim Siddiqui, PhD
• Sustainable Horticulture, Volume 2: Food, Health, and Nutrition
Editors: Debashis Mandal, PhD, Amritesh C. Shukla, PhD, and
Mohammed Wasim Siddiqui, PhD
• Underexploited Spice Crops: Present Status, Agrotechnology, and
Future Research Directions
Amit Baran Sharangi, PhD, Pemba H. Bhutia,
Akkabathula Chandini Raj, and Majjiga Sreenivas
• The Vegetable Pathosystem: Ecology, Disease Mechanism, and
Management
Editors: Mohammad Ansar, PhD, and Abhijeet Ghatak, PhD
• Advances in Pest Management in Commercial Flowers
Editors: Suprakash Pal, PhD, and Akshay Kumar Chakravarthy, PhD
• Diseases of Fruits and Vegetable Crops: Recent Management Approaches
Editors: Gireesh Chand, PhD, Md. Nadeem Akhtar, and Santosh Kumar
• Management of Insect Pests in Vegetable Crops: Concepts and
Approaches
Editors: Ramanuj Vishwakarma, PhD, and Ranjeet Kumar, PhD
• Temperate Fruits: Production, Processing, and Marketing
Editors: Debashis Mandal, PhD, Ursula Wermund, PhD,
Lop Phavaphutanon, PhD, and Regina Cronje
• Diseases of Horticultural Crops: Diagnosis and Management,
Volume 1: Fruit Crops
Editors: J. N. Srivastava, PhD, and A. K. Singh, PhD
• Diseases of Horticultural Crops: Diagnosis and Management,
Volume 2: Vegetable Crops
Editors: J. N. Srivastava, PhD, and A. K. Singh, PhD
viii Books in the Series

• Diseases of of Horticultural Crops: Diagnosis and Management,

Volume 3: Ornamental Plants and Spice Crops
Editors: J. N. Srivastava, PhD, and A. K. Singh, PhD
• Diseases of Horticultural Crops: Diagnosis and Management,
Volume 4: Important Plantation Crops, Medicinal Crops, and
Mushrooms
Editors: J. N. Srivastava, PhD, and A. K. Singh, PhD
• Biotic Stress Management in Tomato
Editors: Shashank Shekhar Solankey, PhD, and Md. Shamim, PhD
• Medicinal Plants: Bioprospecting and Pharmacognosy
Editors: Amit Baran Sharangi, PhD, and K. V. Peter, PhD
• Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Crops: Production, Processing, and
Marketing
Editors: Debashis Mandal, PhD, Ursula Wermund, PhD,
Lop Phavaphutanon, PhD, and Regina Cronje
ABOUT THE EDITORS

Amit Baran Sharangi, PhD

Professor and former Head,
Department of Plantation, Spices,
Medicinal and Aromatic Crops,
Faculty of Horticulture,
BCKV (Agricultural University),
Nadia, West Bengal, India

Amit Baran Sharangi, PhD, is a Professor in Horti­

cultural Science and former Head of the Department
of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops in the Faculty of Horti­
culture at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya (Agricultural University),
India. He has been teaching for 23 years and was instrumental in the process
of coconut improvement leading to the release of a variety Kalpa Mitra from
the Central Plantation Crops Research Institute. He spent time at several
laboratories around the world, including the laboratories of Professor Cousen
in Melbourne, Australia; Professor Picha in the USA; and Dr. Dobson in the
UK. He has published about 85 research papers in peer-reviewed journals, 60
conference papers, and 26 books with reputed publishers including Springer
Nature. He has also published chapters in books published from Springer,
CRC Press, Nova Science Publishers, and others. One of his papers was
ranked among the top 25 articles in ScienceDirect. Presently he is associated
with 50 international and national journals in a variety of roles, including
editor-in-chief, associate editor, regional editor, technical editor, editorial
board member, and reviewer.
Professor Sharangi has visited abroad extensively on academic missions
and has received several international awards, such as the Endeavour Post­
doctoral Award (Australia), INSA-RSE (Indian National Science Academy)
Visiting Scientist Fellowship (UK), Fulbright Visiting Faculty Fellowship
(USA), Achiever’s Award (Society for Advancement of Human and Nature,
Man of the Year—2015 (Cambridge, UK), Outstanding Scientist (Venus
International Foundation), Bharat Ratna Mother Teresa Gold Medal Award in
2020, etc. He has delivered invited lectures in the UK, USA, Australia, Thai­
land, Israel, and Bangladesh on several aspects of herbs and spices. Professor
x About the Editors

Sharangi is associated with a number of research projects as Principal and

Co-Principal Investigator. He is an elected Fellow of the WB Academy of
Science and Technology (WAST) and a Fellow of the International Society
for Research and Development (ISRD, UK), the Society for Applied
Biotechnology (SAB), International Scientific Research Organisation for
Science, Engineering and Technology (ISROSET), Academy of Environ­
ment and Life Sciences (AELS), and the Scientific Society of Advanced
Research and Social Change (SSARSC). He is an active member of many
other science academies and societies, including the New York Academy of
Science (NYAS), World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
(WASET), African Forest Forum (AFF), Association for Tropical Biology &
Conservation (ATBC, USA), Society of Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry
(SPP),International Society for Noni Science (ISNS),SAS Eminent Fellow,
to name a few.

K. V. Peter, PhD
K. V. Peter, PhD, is a former Vice-Chancellor
at Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) India;
Director of the ICAR–Indian Institute of Spices
Research, Calicut; Director of Research at KAU;
and Professor of Horticulture since 1979. He is
an acknowledged teacher and science manager. A
postgraduate from G.B. Pant University of Agri­
culture and Technology Pantnagar, Uttarakhand
(1969–1975), he is associated with the develop­
ment of biotic stress resistant varieties in chili (Pant-CI, Pant-C2), tomato
(Sakthi), and brinjal (Surya) grown throughout the Indian sub-continent.
Dr. Peter is the recipient of several national awards, including the Rafi
Ahmad Kidwai Award; Dr. M H Marigowda National Award; HSI-Shiva
Sakthi Award for Life Time Contributions to Vegetable Research; recogni­
tion award and Dr. K. Ramiah Memorial Award of the National Academy
of Agricultural Sciences, New Delhi; PNASF Gold Medal; KRLCC
Award–2015 for contributions to Education and Science; Suganda Bharati
Award–2015 from the Indian Society of Spices Calicut; gold medal from
the Indian Society of Vegetable Science, Varanasi; VEGNET International
Award–2018 from PNASF Bengaluru; and Gurupuja Puraskar–2018 from
the KCBC Media Commission. He is a fellow of the National Academy
of Agricultural Sciences, New Delhi; National Academy of Sciences,
About the Editors xi

Prayagraj, U.P.; National Academy of Biological Sciences, Chennai; Inter­

national Society of Noni Science, Chennai; Indian Academy of Horticulture
Science, New Delhi; and Confederation of Horticultural Associations of
India (CHAI), New Delhi.
National Book Trust (NBT), New Delhi, published his authored book
Plantation Crops in three languages (English, Hindi, and Malayalam) and
Tuber Crops in English. Woodhead Publishing (Elsevier) published the
three-volume series titled Handbook of Herbs and Spices, now revised into
two volumes (2012). ICAR New Delhi published the book Genetics and
Breeding of Vegetable Crops. New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi,
published Dr. Peter’s 12-volume series Horticultural Science; five-volume
series Underutilized and Underexploited Horticultural Crops, two volumes
of Science of Horticulture, much read Climate Resilient Horticultural Crops
of Future and Production and Protection of Horticultural Crops. Dr. Peter’s
co-edited the books Agricultural Bioinformatics, Fruit Breeding, Horticulture
Biotechnology-Methods and Applications, and Ornamental Horticulture.
Daya Publishing Company (Astral International Pvt. Ltd.) published six
volumes of Biodiversity of Horticultural Crops, two volumes of Future Crops
and the books Nutri-Horticulture and Horticultural Crops for Nutritional
Security. He co-edited the book Handbook of Industrial Crops with late Prof.
V. L. Chopra, published by Taylor and Francis, USA. Brillion Publishing,
New Delhi, published his edited books Horticultural Crops of High Nutritive
Values, Horticultural Sciences: Perspectives and Applications, Phytochem­
istry of Fruits and Vegetables, Zero Hunger India: Policies and Perspectives,
Vegetables for Nutrition Security, and Origin and Biological Diversity of
Horticulture Crops. He published monographs on jackfruit and mangoes in
two volumes, co-edited by him, and published by Studium Press, LLC, which
are informative and widely read. Orient Blackswan UK (Universities Press
Hyderabad) published the books Biotechnology: Methods of Gene Transfer
and Tissue Culture and Spiders of India, along with renowned scientists in
the respec-tive fields. With Prof. G. R. Rout, Dr. Peter co-edited Genetic
Engineering in Horticultural Crops, published by Elsevier USA.
Dr. Peter is a trustee of Federal Aswas Trust, Ernakulam, India. He is
chairman and member of scientific review committees of several research
institutes. He is also President of the Indian Society of Vegetable Science and
Editor (Horticulture) of Agricultural Research, published by the National
Academy of Agricultural Sciences, New Delhi. He is also President of the
Kerala Chapter of the National Academy of Sciences.
CONTENTS

Contributors............................................................................................................xv
Abbreviations .........................................................................................................xxi
Foreword.............................................................................................................xxvii
Preface .................................................................................................................xxix

1. Medicinal Plants: Perspectives and Retrospectives .................................... 1

D. V. Swami, M. Anitha, M. Chandra Surya Rao, and A. B. Sharangi

2. Traditional Medicine in Health Care and Disease Management............. 29

Sumana Sarkhel

3. Herbal Drug Discovery Against Inflammation: From Traditional

Wisdom to Modern Therapeutics............................................................... 39
Shalini Dixit, Karuna Shanker, Madhumita Srivastava, Priyanka Maurya,
Nupur Srivastava, Jyotshna, and Dnyaneshwar U. Bawankule

4. Foeniculum vulgare Mill: Flavoring, Pharmacological,

Phytochemical, and Folklore Aspects......................................................... 77
Navneet Kishore and Akhilesh Kumar Verma

5. Ocimum basilicum: A Model Medicinal Industrial Crop

Enriched with an Array of Bioactive Chemicals....................................... 93
Sunita Singh Dhawan, Pankhuri Gupta, and Raj Kishori Lal

6. Syzygium aromaticum, Curcuma longa, and Lavandula:

Volatile Components and Antioxidant Activities......................................119
Hiroko F. Kasai

7. Anti-Hyperglycemic Property of Medicinal Plants................................. 147

Karanpreet Singh Bhatia, Arpita Roy, and Navneeta Bhardavaj

8. Improved Production and Postharvest Technologies

in Ashwagandha (Indian Ginseng) ........................................................... 195
A. C. Jnanesha and Ashish Kumar

9. Endangered Medicinal Plants of Temperate Regions:

Conservation and Maintenance ................................................................ 213
Dhiman Mukherjee

10. Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Threatened

Medicinal Plants of North East India....................................................... 255
Kalkame Ch. Momin and N. Surmina Devi
xiv Contents

11. Essential Oils: Clinical Perspectives and Uses ........................................ 273

Jugreet Bibi Sharmeen and Mahomoodally Mohamad Fawzi

12. Asparagus sp.: Phytochemicals and Marketed Herbal Formulations... 299

Vikas Bajpai, Pratibha Singh, Preeti Chandra, and Brijesh Kumar

13. Phytosomes: Preparations, Characterization, and

Future Uses ................................................................................................. 319
Palakdeep Kaur and Uttam Kumar Mandal

14. Synthetic Seeds vis-a-vis Cryopreservation: An Efficient Technique

for Long-Term Preservation of Endangered Medicinal Plants ............. 337
Md. Nasim Ali and Syandan Sinha Ray

15. Use of Microcomputed Tomography and Image Processing

Tools in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants .................................................. 361
Yogini S. Jaiswal, Yanling Xue, Tiqiao Xiao, and Leonard L. Williams

16. Postharvest Care of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants:

A Reservoir of Many Health Benefiting Constituents............................. 387
Ankan Das and A. B. Sharangi

17. Prosopis cineraria (Khejri): Ethanopharmacology and

Phytochemistry........................................................................................... 409
Tarun Kumar Upadhyay, Manas Mathur, Rakesh Kumar Prajapat, Sunil Kumar Nagar,
Kulveer Singh, Fahad Khan, Pratibha Pandey, and Mohammad Mustufa Khan

18. Mitigation of Obesity: A Phytotherapeutic Approach ............................ 425

A. B. Sharangi and Suddhasuchi Das

19. Ethnomedicinal Plants of North Eastern Himalayan Region of

India to Combat Hypertension ................................................................. 461
Pintubala Kshetri, K. Tamreihao, Subhra Saikat Roy, Thangjam Surchandra Singh,
Susheel Kumar Sharma, and Meraj Alam Ansari

20. Medicinal Plants: Consumption, Supply Chain, Marketing,

and Trade in India...................................................................................... 485
Debashis Mandal

21. Potential of Spices as Medicines and Immunity Boosters ...................... 507

Minoo Divakaran, K. Nirmal Babu, and K. V. Peter

22. Medicinal Plants: Future Thrust Areas and Research Directions......... 521
K. V. Peter and A. B. Sharangi

Index .................................................................................................................... 537

CONTRIBUTORS

Md. Nasim Ali

Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra
KrishiViswavidyalaya, Mahanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India, E-mail: [email protected]

M. Anitha
Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal, and Aromatic Crops, Dr. YSRHU, Venkataramannagudem,
West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh – 534101, India, E-mail: [email protected]

Meraj Alam Ansari

ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Center, Imphal – 795004, Manipur, India

K. Nirmal Babu
Director, ICAR Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut – 673012, Kerala, India

Vikas Bajpai
Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute,
Lucknow – 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
Dnyaneshwar U. Bawankule
Molecular Bioprospection Department, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Near
Kukrail Picnic Spot, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow – 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India

Navneeta Bhardavaj
Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur Village, Rohini,
New Delhi – 110042, India, E-mail: [email protected]

Karanpreet Singh Bhatia

Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur Village, Rohini,
New Delhi – 110042, India

Preeti Chandra
Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute,
Lucknow – 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India

Ankan Das
Department of Horticulture, Institute of Agricultural Science, University of Calcutta,
51/2 Hazra Road, Kolkata – 700019, West Bengal, India

Suddhasuchi Das
Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal, and Aromatic Crops, Faculty of Horticulture,
Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya (Agricultural University), Mohanpur – 741252,
West Bengal, India
N. Surmina Devi
College of Horticulture and Forestry, CAU, Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh – 791102, India

Sunita Singh Dhawan

Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh,
India, E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]
xvi Contributors

Minoo Divakaran
Assistant Professor, Providence Women’s College, Calicut – 673009, Kerala, India,
E-mail: [email protected]

Shalini Dixit
Analytical Chemistry Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants,
Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow – 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
Mahomoodally Mohamad Fawzi
Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit – 80837,
Mauritius; Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang – 550000, Vietnam,
E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]

Pankhuri Gupta
Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh,
India

Yogini S. Jaiswal
Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State
University, The North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC – 28081, USA,
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

A. C. Jnanesha
CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Center, Boduppal, Hyderabad,
Telangana – 500092, India, E-mail: [email protected]

Jyotshna
Analytical Chemistry Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants,
Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow – 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India

Hiroko F. Kasai
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Ebara 2-4-41, Tokyo – 142-8501, Japan,
E-mail: [email protected]

Palakdeep Kaur
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical
University (MRSPTU), Bathinda, Punjab – 151001, India

Fahad Khan
Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering Technology, 19, Knowledge Park-II,
Institutional Area, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh – 201306, India

Mohammad Mustufa Khan

Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Integral Institute of Allied Health Sciences & Research
(IIAHS&R) and Department of Biochemistry, Integral Institute of Medical Sciences & Research
(IIMS&R), Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh – 226026, India

Navneet Kishore
Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, North Campus, New Delhi – 110007, India
Pintubala Kshetri
ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Center, Imphal – 795004, Manipur, India

Ashish Kumar
CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Center, Boduppal, Hyderabad,
Telangana – 500092, India
Contributors xvii

Brijesh Kumar
Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute,
Lucknow – 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India, E-mail: [email protected]

Raj Kishori Lal

Division of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic, Lucknow,
Uttar Pradesh – 226015, India
Debashis Mandal
Department of Horticulture, Aromatic, and Medicinal Plants, Mizoram University, Aizawl – 796004,
Mizoram, India, E-mail: [email protected]

Uttam Kumar Mandal

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical
University (MRSPTU), Bathinda, Punjab – 151001, India, E-mail: [email protected]

Manas Mathur
School of Agriculture, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan – 302017, India

Priyanka Maurya
Analytical Chemistry Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants,
Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow – 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India

Kalkame Ch. Momin

College of Horticulture and Forestry, CAU, Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh – 791102, India,
E-mail: [email protected]

Dhiman Mukherjee
Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidayalaya, Kalyani – 741235, West Bengal,
India, E-mail: [email protected]
Sunil Kumar Nagar
School of Agriculture, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan – 302017, India

Pratibha Pandey
Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering Technology, 19, Knowledge Park-II,
Institutional Area, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh – 201306, India

K. V. Peter
Former Vice-Chancellor, Kerala Agricultural University, and Former Director, ICAR Indian Institute of
Spices Research, Calicut; Mullakkara, P O Mannuthy – 680651, Thrissur, Kerala, India

Rakesh Kumar Prajapat

School of Agriculture, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan – 302017, India

M. Chandra Surya Rao

MS Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management,
Odisha – 761211, India

Syandan Sinha Ray

IRDM Faculty Center, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute,
Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama, Narendrapur, Kolkata – 700103, West Bengal, India

Arpita Roy
Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur Village, Rohini,
New Delhi – 110042, India
xviii Contributors

Subhra Saikat Roy

ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Center, Imphal – 795004, Manipur, India,
E-mail: [email protected]

Sumana Sarkhel
Department of Human Physiology, Vidyasagar University, Paschim Midnapore – 721102, West Bengal,
India, E-mail: [email protected]
Karuna Shanker
Analytical Chemistry Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants,
Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow – 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India,
Tel.: +91-522-2718580, Fax: +91-522-2719072, E-mail: [email protected]

A. B. Sharangi
Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal, and Aromatic Crops, Faculty of Horticulture,
Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya (Agricultural University), Mohanpur, Nadia – 741252,
West Bengal, India, E-mail: [email protected]

Susheel Kumar Sharma

ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Center, Imphal – 795004, Manipur, India

Jugreet Bibi Sharmeen

Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit – 80837, Mauritius

Kulveer Singh
School of Agriculture, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan – 302017, India

Pratibha Singh
Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute,
Lucknow – 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
Thangjam Surchandra Singh
ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Center, Imphal – 795004, Manipur, India

Madhumita Srivastava
Analytical Chemistry Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants,
Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow – 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India

Nupur Srivastava
Analytical Chemistry Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants,
Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow – 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India

D. V. Swami
Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal, and Aromatic Crops, Dr. YSRHU, Venkataramannagudem,
West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh – 534101, India

K. Tamreihao
ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Center, Imphal – 795004, Manipur, India

Tarun Kumar Upadhyay

Parul Institute of Applied Sciences and Animal Cell Culture and Immunobiochemistry Lab,
Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat – 391760, India, E-mails: [email protected];
[email protected]
Akhilesh Kumar Verma
Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, North Campus, New Delhi – 110007, India,
Phone: 011-27666648, E-mail: [email protected]