Role of Oxidative Stress in Chronic Diseases, 1st Edition
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Role of Oxidative Stress
in Chronic Diseases
Editors
Isaias Dichi
Department of Internal Medicine
University of Londrina
Paraná
Brazil
José Wander Breganó
Department of Pathological, Clinical Analysis & Toxicological
University of Londrina
Paraná
Brazil
Andréa Name Colado Simão
Department of Pathological, Clinical Analysis & Toxicological
University of Londrina
Paraná
Brazil
Rubens Cecchini
Department of Pathological Sciences
University of Londrina
Paraná
Brazil
p,
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
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Foreword
The book “Role of Oxidative Stress in Chronic Diseases” published by the
distinguished CRC Press and edited by a group of talented researchers
from Brazil, is a valuable addition to the literature in this complex and
confusing area. It reveals how oxidative stress can be detected in almost
every human disease, and discusses its importance: is it bad (contributing
to disease pathology), good (helping to minimize pathology) or indifferent
(accompanying but not affecting disease pathology)? Diseases examined
include viral infections (HIV-1, hepatitis B and C), bacterial infectious
(tuberculosis), atherosclerosis and the metabolic syndrome, liver disease,
COPD, congestive heart failure, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel
disease, stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson disease, diabetes and various
forms of cancer (breast, skin, head and neck), as well as cancer cachexia.
There are also good discussions of the role of oxidative stress in
conditions predisposing to disease, such as hypertension, obesity and
exposure to lead, plus a chapter on how genetic polymorphisms might
affect oxidative stress.
Overall, this is a good book that I enjoyed reading, and I recommend it.
Professor Barry Halliwell
Deputy President (Research and Technology)
Tan Chin Tuan Centennial Professor
National University of Singapore
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Preface
The imbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants mechanisms is
considered one of the most important pathophysiological mechanisms of
chronic diseases. This lack of equilibrium may be responsible for both cause
and/or consequences of chronic diseases. The incidence of chronic diseases
is growing rapidly concomitant with aging of the population; cancer,
metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases are examples of these age-related
chronic diseases. On the other hand, many transmissible chronic diseases
have re-emerged or continue to affect the poorer regions of the world. This
book intends to report the recent findings of the role of oxidative stress in the
aforementioned chronic diseases; understanding the mechanisms by which
oxidative stress act on chronic diseases will enable us to comprehend the
rationale which underlies intervention in such conditions. Clinical studies
on humans can validate theoretical postulates concerning the beneficial
effects of different treatments.
Londrina, Paraná Isaias Dichi
Brazil José Wander Breganó
Andréa Name Colado Simão
1st February 2014 Rubens Cecchini
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Contents
Foreword v
Preface vii
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
SECTION 2: OXIDATIVE STRESS AND GENETIC
POLYMORPHISM
2.1 The Role of Genetic Polymorphisms in Oxidative Stress 7
Ana Paula Kallaur, Sayonara Rangel Oliveira and
Edna Maria Vissoci Reiche
SECTION 3: OXIDATIVE STRESS IN TRANSMISSIBLE
CHRONIC DISEASES
3.1 Oxidative Stress and Human Immunodeficiency Virus 45
Type 1 (HIV-1) Infection
Edna Maria Vissoci Reiche, Helena Kaminami Morimoto,
Elaine Regina Delicado de Almeida, Sayonara Rangel Oliveira,
Ana Paula Kallaur and Andréa Name Colado Simão
3.2 Role of Oxidative Stress in Hepatitis B and C Virus 90
Danielle Venturini, Andréa Name Colado Simão and Isaias Dichi
3.3 Tuberculosis 108
Paulo Camara Marques Pereira, Camila Renata Corrêa and
Sueli Aparecida Calvi
SECTION 4: OXIDATIVE STRESS IN METABOLIC DISEASES
4.1 Oxidative Stress in Overweight and Obesity 121
Andréa Name Colado Simão, Marcell Alysson Batisti Lovozoy
and Isaias Dichi
4.2 Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis 137
Carlos Hermano da Justa Pinheiro, Laureane Nunes Masi and
Rui Curi
x Role of Oxidative Stress in Chronic Diseases
4.3 Diabetes Mellitus 160
Agnieszka Piwowar and Ewa Żurawska-Płaksej
4.4 Role of Oxidative Stress in Hypertension 199
Ramón Rodrigo and Jaime González
4.5 Oxidative Stress in Metabolic Syndrome 246
Andréa Name Colado Simão, Marcell Alysson Batisti Lovozoy
and Isaias Dichi
4.6 Oxidative Stress in Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Liver 260
Disease
Fernanda Aparecida Domenici and Helio Vannucchi
4.7 Congestive Heart Failure 282
Paula Schmidt Azevedo, Priscila Portugal dos Santos,
Ana Angélica Henrique Fernandes, Marcos Ferreira Minicucci,
Leonardo Antonio Mamede Zornoff and Sergio Alberto Rupp de Paiva
4.8 Oxidative Stress in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary 314
Disease
Paul A. Kirkham and Peter J. Barnes
4.9 Oxidative Stress in Childhood Severe Acute Malnutrition 349
Asha V. Badaloo and Kwesi G. Marshall
4.10 Oxidative Stress in Skeletal Muscle Function and 373
Dysfunction
Carlos Hermano da Justa Pinheiro, Marco Aurélio Salomão Fortes
and Rui Curi
4.11 Lead Exposure and Oxidative Stress 391
Monica Maria Bastos Paoliello and
Ana Carolina Bertin de Almeida Lopes
4.12 Common Features of Oxidative Stress and Metabolic 421
Impairments in Human Erythrocytes and Nucleated Cells
Mehrdad Ghashghaeinia, Thomas Wieder and Michael Duszenko
SECTION 5: OXIDATIVE STRESS IN AUTOIMMUNE AND
NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES
5.1 Oxidative Stress in Rheumatoid Arthritis: New Insights 481
Luz P. Blanco, SongLing and Joseph Holoshitz
5.2 Inflammatory Bowel Disease 501
José Wander Breganó and Isaias Dichi
Contents xi
5.3 Role of Mitochondria and Oxidative Stress in Parkinson’s 521
Disease
Renato X. Santos, Sónia C. Correia, Susana Cardoso,
Cristina Carvalho, Emanuel Candeias, Ana Plácido,
Ana I. Duarte, Maria S. Santos and Paula I. Moreira
5.4 Immunopathological Mechanisms and Oxidative Stress 549
Damage in Multiple Sclerosis
Sayonara Rangel Oliveira, Ana Paula Kallaur, Damacio Ramón
Kaimen-Maciel and Edna Maria Vissoci Reiche
5.5 Oxidative Stress in Stroke 589
Sayonara Rangel Oliveira, Ana Paula Kallaur and
Edna Maria Vissoci Reiche
SECTION 6: OXIDATIVE STRESS IN CANCER AND CACHEXIA
6.1 Oxidative Stress in Breast Cancer 609
Carolina Panis and Rubens Cecchini
6.2 Melanoma and Oxidative Stress 642
Alessandra Lourenço Cecchini Armani, Sara Santos Bernardes Real
Prado, Vania Aparecida Terra Malachias and Rubens Cecchini
6.3 Oxidative Stress in Head and Neck Cancer 657
André Armani, Alessandra Lourenco Cecchini, Sara Santos
Bernardes and Rubens Cecchini
6.4 Cancer Cachexia and its Relationship with Free Radicals 668
Flávia Alessandra Guarnier and Rubens Cecchini
Index 687
Color Plate Section 693
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
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Introduction
The first reports of the independent existence of free radicals appeared in
the early 20th century. Until the mid 1980s, studies of free radicals, were
mainly restricted to chemical processes involving industrial research
related to rubber, plastic, oil, paint and food. However few addressed
biological and medical studies. In fact, until the late 1960s, one could not
imagine the possibility of generating free radicals in living organisms. The
participation of these highly reactive chemical species in biological processes
and diseases began to be evident in 1968 with the discovery of an enzyme
called eritrocuprein. It was later renamed superoxide dismutase, having
but one function which was to participate in the dismutation reaction of
the superoxide anion. During the 1970s and 1980s, the concept of oxidative
stress was introduced, and since then medical research has had an explosive
growth in this area. Also during this period, the anion superoxide production
by macrophages and the generation of the hydroxyl radical as a major factor
in the harmful effects of these species in humans was indentified for the first
time. Most of these studies reported injurious effects being promoted by
these species on cells and tissues. Meanwhile, there was also the discovery
of nitric oxide as a vascular relaxing factor and its involvement in damaging
processes associated with the formation of peroxynitrite by reaction with
superoxide anion. The number of diseases, partially or wholly associated to
the action of free radicals, increased dramatically during this period. Today,
however, it is rare to find a disease in which free radicals are not involved in
its mechanism. Although the participation of radicals as a harmful agent is
extremely important in cell damage and disease, a new chapter in the history
of free radicals unfolded in the 1990s with the discovery of the nuclear
factor kB (NF-kB) activation by reactive oxygen species. The involvement
of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as a regulatory or a trigger in
the signal transduction process became the focus of much research in the
1990s and expanded substantially in the next decade. Today, it occupies an
important place in the complex network of cellular signaling. Recently, a
new field of research has emerged on these species, which is signaling and
gene modulation caused by these species in the mechanisms of cell damage
and disease, i.e., in addition to the direct action of free radicals in biological
4 Role of Oxidative Stress in Chronic Diseases
structures, its involvement in cell damage by triggering and signaling gene
expression. The muscle atrophy that occurs in a number of diseases such
as cancer and arthritis, which leads to cachexia, is a good example. The
reactive oxygen and nitrogen species associated with muscle mass loss,
through the signaling pathways of proteolytic genes, was demonstrated
over the past five years. Forthcoming research on the involvement of free
radicals in the mechanisms of cell injury and modulation of gene expression
leading to diseases suggests a paradigm shift. First, the specific action of
different lipid peroxides and aldehydes formed in the peroxidative process
should replace the current idea of nonspecific action of free radicals or
oxidative stress as a single event measured by general parameters. Such
compounds have different and sometimes antagonistic actions with respect
to gene expression signals. Another aspect to be considered is the lipid
peroxidation, modification of proteins and nucleic acids from the action of
free radicals, as a protective mechanism in the context of certain diseases.
Cancer, whose determinant of promotion, proliferation and cell death will
depend on the cell environment is a good example. In this sense, more
important than knowing if a tissue is suffering from oxidative damage or
not, is the evaluation of the profile of compounds formed from this process,
particularly those related to lipid peroxidation, known to be involved in
the signaling of genes linked to cell proliferation, apoptosis and necrosis.
Thus, future studies of the involvement of free radicals and oxidative stress
in mechanisms of disease will have to be much more elaborate, taking
into account the myriad of compounds formed in the oxidation of cells
and tissues, not to mention its specific targets. This book examines the
involvement of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in different
diseases. It is divided into five main topics, an introductory section and
four parts specifically dedicated to the study of the role of oxidative stress
in chronic diseases: metabolic diseases, transmissible diseases, autoimmune
and neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and cachexia.
Isaias Dichi
José Wander Breganó
Andréa Name Colado Simão
Rubens Cecchini
SECTION 2
OXIDATIVE STRESS AND
GENETIC POLYMORPHISM
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