Group 5
Production
Facilities
Fences
prevent overgrazing
control drifting animals
fence poisonous plant areas
shut out stray or tresspass stock
help establish rotation grazing
Factors to consider:
1. Animal Type
2. Location
3. Fencing Materials and Construction
4. Wildlife
5. Livestock Theft
Common fencing for ruminants:
woven wire fences
live fences
high-tensile wire fences
Field Fencing
The height of the fence shall be at least 1.5 m.
Post shall be spaced not more than 4 m apart and shall
be embedded at least 300 mm into thr ground.
If woven wire is used as fencing material, the maximum
spacing between horizontal lines should be 150 mm.
However, the spacing between the horizontal lines can
be made wider as the fence gets taller.
If barbed wire is used as fencing material, it should be
only utilized beyond the halfmeter line of the fence.
@UPLB Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC)
Handling Facilities
safely and efficiently manage ruminant
during various practices like
vaccinations, health treatments, and
pregnancy checks ups.
Working Corral
highly specialized facilities and should be properly
managed during planning and construction.
For Cattle
For Sheep
Race
this is usually a constructed to faciitate segregating
animals into individual pens
Weighing scale Loading or Unloading chute
one basic toll and to load and unload
an important piece stocks
of equipment
SQUEEZE Dipping vat
for handling cattle, for mass control of
can be used external parasites
effectively for
deworming, branding,
castrating, testing,
vaccinating or
performing minor
surgical operations
FEEDING FACILITIES
Factors to be considered in constructing Feeding
Facilities
1. LABOR EFFICIENCY
measures how effectively employees utilize their time and skills to
produce output.
2. GOOD DRAINAGE
refers to the efficient removal of excess water from soil, surfaces, or
structures to prevent waterlogging, erosion, and damage. It ensures
that water flows away properly, keeping areas dry, stable, and
usable.
CommonTypes of Drainage Systems
Surface Drainage
Slope flooring with Drainage system
Downspout with Gutter system
3. PROTECTION OF BOTH
FEEDS AND ANIMALS
FROM BAD WEATHER
Feeding Facilities includes:
FEED CORRAL / FEED YARD
a feed corral is a smaller,
more localized area for
holding and feeding
animals, while a feed yard
is a larger, more intensive
operation focused on
fattening cattle for
slaughter
FEEDING TROUGH
A feeding trough is a container or
structure used to hold and distribute
feed for livestock, ensuring easy
access to food while minimizing waste
and contamination.
Different types of feeding troughs
for ruminants including:
manual,
automatic
concrete
fence-line troughs.
FEED BUNKS / MANGERS - Commercial feedlots
A feed bunk or manger in
commercial feedlots is a
durable, structured feeding
trough, typically made of
concrete, metal, fence-lined, or
plastic, designed to provide
controlled access to feed,
improve feeding efficiency, and
reduce feed wastage for large-
scale livestock operations.
Watering Facilities
a key factor in digestion, absorption,
thermal regulation and excretion of
waste products
must be readily available and
accessible at all times
Factors to consider:
1. Water sources
2. Water quality and quantity
3. Water Requirement of animals
4. Environmental factors
Reminder:
Watering devices shall be placed in an
area where spilled water is easily
drained.
Estimated daily water intake (gallons per head per day) for beef cows
based on temperature and level of production.
Water requirements (gallons per head per day) for dairy cows based on
level of production.
Water intake (gallons per head per day) for sheep.
Herd Health management:
Large Ruminant
Strict Quarantine Program
Why is it Important?.
Quarantining an animal after purchase or
transport is necessary to ensure the herd's
overall safety. Moving to and from different
places, brings about diseases and sicknesses
either caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses.
Quarantining is essential to assess if an
animal is afflicted with any symptoms or
illnesses that are of concern, ensuring safety
before introduction into the primary herd.
Proper quarantine guidelines.
When making a quarantine zone, one must ensure that the utmost
consideration and efficiency will occur, in order for it to be successful.
The proper notions would be:
• A quarantine area should be at least 500 yards away from the existing
herd.
• Quarantining animals should be done within a duration of at least 10
days initially, however four weeks is optimal.
• Observing and testing quarantined cattle for diseases(usually blood
tests and/or fecal examination).
• Clean the quarantine area if there was a previous occupant.
• Separate handlers for the quarantined cattle and the main herd
• Wearing of proper safety attire.
• Limiting tools used.
Proper attire and cleaning of quarantine pens
Early diagnosis of
disease
it is very important in any veterinary program .
Early diagnosis of disease
How early diagnosis is achieved?
1. Physical examination:
Observing Normal vs. Abnormal Behavior
palpation
auscultation
2. .Diagnostic tests:
Blood test
Urine test
Fecal test
Sanitation
considered the core of health program
“no drugs can substitute for proper hygienic measures”
Good recording system
a lifetime health record should always be kept for
each animal the record serve as basis for the
animals performance analysis.
Key Data Points to Track:
• Individual Animal Identification
• Birth and Weaning Dates
• Breeding History
• Health Records
.
Provision of Facilities
for Isolation,
Examination, and
Treatment
Isolation facilities
Prevent disease spread within the herd by separating sick or new
animals. Allow proper observation of new arrivals or animals showing
early signs of illness. Minimize stress on affected cattle by providing a
quiet and controlled environment
B. Key features
1. Quarantine pens: located at least 3
meters from the main herd
2. Duration: newly introduced or sick
cattle should be quarantined for at
least 2 weeks
3. Example: Isolating cattle with
bovine respiratory disease, and
separating new cattle before
integrating them into the herd
Examination facilities
Ensure safe and efficient health assessment without causing harm to
the animal. Enable early disease detection to improve treatment
success rates. Standardize procedures for vaccinations, disease
screening, and general checkups. Improve animal welfare by reducing
stress during examination..
B. Key features
1. Restraining system: Prevents
excessive movement reducing stress and injury
Used for dentistry, ear tagging or eye
treatment
B. Key features
2. Weighing scale: helps monitor weight gain,
feed efficiency, and overall health. It is also used
for dosing medications based on body weight.
3. Temperature and Vital Sign Monitoring
Equipment:
Digital thermometers for detecting fever or
hypothermia
Stethoscopes for checking heart rate and
respiratory health
Respiratory rate charts for identifying early
signs of pneumonia or heat stress
Treatment Facilities
Ensure proper medical care for sick or injured cattle in a designated,
controlled environment. Reduce stress and pain for sick animals
providing a comfortable treatment space. Prevent contamination of
other areas Improve efficiency of veterinary treatments
B. Key features
1.Safe and Secure Restraint System: same as the
examination facilities
2. Hygienic environment:
Proper drainage
Waste disposal systems
easy-to-clean surfaces to prevent the spread
3. Adequate Ventilation: ensure proper airflow
and temperature regulation to maintain animal
comfort and prevent heat stress.
References
RENAULT, V., DAMIAANS, B., SARRAZIN, S., HUMBLET, M. F., DEWULF, J., & SAEGERMAN,
C. (2018). BIOSECURITY PRACTICES IN BELGIAN CATTLE FARMING: LEVEL OF
IMPLEMENTATION, CONSTRAINTS AND WEAKNESSES. TRANSBOUNDARY AND
EMERGING DISEASES, 65(5), 1246-1261.
BARN WORLD. (N.D.). CHOOSING THE RIGHT LIVESTOCK FEEDER: A COMPREHENSIVE
GUIDE. BARN WORLD. RETRIEVED FROM
HTTPS://WWW.BARNWORLD.COM/FEEDERS/CHOOSING-THE-RIGHT-LIVESTOCK-
FEEDER-A-COMPREHENSIVE-GUIDE/
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA). (N.D.). ANIMAL FEEDING OPERATIONS
(AFOS). U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY. RETRIEVED FROM
HTTPS://WWW.EPA.GOV/NPDES/ANIMAL-FEEDING-OPERATIONS-AFOS
MEAT & LIVESTOCK AUSTRALIA (MLA). (2016). FEED PREPARATION AND COMMODITY
STORAGE. MLA FEEDLOT DESIGN MANUAL. RETRIEVED FROM
HTTPS://WWW.MLA.COM.AU/GLOBALASSETS/MLA-CORPORATE/RESEARCH-AND-
DEVELOPMENT/PROGRAM-AREAS/FEEDING-FINISHING-AND-NUTRITION/FEEDLOT-
DESIGN-MANUAL/028-FEED-PREPARATION-AND-COMMODITY-STORAGE-
2016_04_01.PDF
THE BEEF SITE. (N.D.). BEEF CATTLE HOUSING AND FEEDLOT FACILITIES. RETRIEVED
FROM HTTPS://WWW.THEBEEFSITE.COM/ARTICLES/728/BEEF-CATTLE-HOUSING-
AND-FEEDLOT-FACILITIES
WIKIPEDIA. (N.D.). FEEDLOT. RETRIEVED FROM
HTTPS://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/FEEDLOT
WIKIPEDIA. (N.D.). CONCENTRATED ANIMAL FEEDING OPERATION. RETRIEVED FROM
HTTPS://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/CONCENTRATED_ANIMAL_FEEDING_OPERATION
ASEDILLO, N. M. (2013). POWER QUALITY MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT OF THE
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