2 2

2 →
Hexadecimal Pecimal Binaty
Binaty pecimal 16 .
24
OOOO
25 .
9

KLSB LSB .
1

1
:
1684 2

:
1110
3
%
llollz = llb 4

0001110 5

1 9 6
×
'
20 16 t 8 t 2+ t
i "
242302
.

=
= 27 . 16 16
8
16 + 9 = 25 9

A 10
1
24 t0 +22t 0 + 20 B "
2ntot
s
= 2 + = 1810
C

EXPonent " '

value F
lHexca

35016 =3 6 H
= 0 X36
= $36
38
35616 2AFi
6

: :
00 01
501
01 1 AlXiF
%
. 3
% ,
45 . =
32 + 8 + 4+ =
2 + 0t 23 t
2

+ 0 + 20
…
16 t 4 t 2

V
:7 6 + 12
1
45 S24 → 3

32 1684 X

1 423 . .
t. mex

6 12 IA 7 i6

?4 ! aF2 16
O

1 oollll 100 z
CPU Ram Rom
D Binahy
BCD
Eoded Pecimal

"

USB - →Ram

fresh

…
memory

,
. . .

1 01 0
C(0)
Re peated
b: Uision 7

. (decimal )

.. . ,
.. . .
(BCP )

9 4 3 (decioml )
1001 010. 00 (, (BCD)
 1100 00 9
31 3

n C 1 BC7
7X
X Piode

[ BSFET
→ 7
~

Tcray code → .

cMos

L7
D
.

1111
"
exess -
3

Nibble , word bite

4 8
AOI
1 -

8 > wor) .
AND + MoT = NAND 4 ~ 7

16 NOR
2 > word . OR + NOT =

[
NVerter LNOT)
.
EX -
RO
Parity >
Cod

d
D00 1 110
Logic o =
off false low
,

ooolllo Logic | = on ,
true . high

Pafitt

Trutn table (TT) :

prutn table

[
⑥

@ Logic Diagram ( Circuit )

o fogic Equation L EXpression ) =

*
inputloutput ! [ TT J

2 > 22 .
Input outpkt
d d
.
System
A B .
1
input outpu+
1 g system ?

w 1

10

Leqat. on )
" "
XFA+ B Read as Xequa1s A orB

[ )
1+ = mof 1+ 1 = 2

Logic ma+mmatics

0
. OR ( L OR Trath table ) teqatono
A X X (A+ B
B
=

OO 0

- .
PD
75

! ! symbal
7 np X = (ATB) (Btc) POS
Timirg biagva 3-

.
AND napo AND OR , NoT~ ) !

product [ X )
~

1
XFA B 0
inputOR NOR eXqusive .
R 3
= 1 10 ×

.
A B B
.

O
"
"
1 (
I! 8
⑥
NOT Cin Verter ) (omplements )
~
SHombal

AX = A (A ) propagat : on Delay ( Pd ) :

(
riging f &
LOOP
negantrve inpet . .

A -
ot - A
circle = not .

Bositive : npht
⑥ NAND zpD
9
A torA 83 p

product
purup
shant B ,
3 - ( 93 p) ⑤
00 K
- *

*
-
pull down

X =
AB
@
( )
D
.

w
inverf > righ =
AB + CGD)

m
invertos low
=
( ATB)+ PC
C ) +

bign

*
( Boolean Theorems ) PD
94

(2 )

expressi buffer ( )
…

!
L 17 X0 = O C51 Xto = X (9 ) xty = y+ x

C27 X 1 = X C6 ) X 1047 ( g
.
= y

LXX
" X nC ) α+X = X

:
=

(abp)
x AB +β of
prodotasop
sun
=
=

↑ (47 C8) x +
X 7 . - 0

ommutative law

[
productptoduct
associative IQw

PoS
*
= productfsum distribafive law
,

SoP PoS
4 ⑦ 16 .
Proof > X

Ac
~ simplify ( Reduction

L
on

AC + BC + ABC ]=
. y =
!
BE 0
~

=
Minimigation
ABC 0
~

OR
y = ABD AB 5
(

+ = AB D+D )= AB = AB -

2Level is best
produtSn
-
⑥
Consensas theorom
3 / 14 4 - →

X * + FEt XY* πE ( 40 p
osum of [SOp)
- -

Products

8
I ABC + ABC
ualitf t
2 .
AB + A BC + CD + D
16
> 31 :
AB Ht
-

3 t Ch + EF + ck +
(xt 4) ( πtz) (ytz )
.

product = minte
PeNlorgan s heorems ( )
⑥ '
Leve
.

anpD
XtT 7 Poduct of Sun ( Pos )
,
.

-
= 0
@ -
-

CA+ Btc) (Atc)

*() J !
( A + B ) ( CtD) F
)
2

D
.

= 1 ,
2 !
- , (Atc )(Btb ) ( Btcl ( At + )

141 p 4
-1

-.J
Simpliy !
)

~ C0 D = ABC

560 p 8 6 -

backge
X =
ABTAXBC)
Pual inline
-

PIP
= AB ( 7 . )
BC

=
AB (A .
(Btt ) )
= ABA ( Btt )
=
AB ( Bt τ )

* -
Logisim
=
/+ ABE
ABB
O

evolufion
.. . .
~
forward

IC
.
0
4 3 -

pD
143

12 NANP NoR = ABC + AB ( * * )

= ( ABC +AB (Atc)
= ABC + ABA + ABC
= ABC + AB + ABC

Z = AC(ABc
) tABCD - + ABC

4 5 -
7 EX - 0 R
4 1480 ,
 3 -

1b 128P
@a) (c +p5
AB X (f ) ( AfB) (A+ B)
=
=

'
vD
1700
- Aeo
λ
~

~
x0 300 …

w
~

DRL+)
=- D
-

(b) = FHB
+ tPE + Bc 5 (g) g = AC + BC

= FB (C+ PtE)
. + BC -

FBC + ABD + ABE + BCP

Bo ~
0-
)
rDo -
00

co

Aoo
-

~
@
000

r
Dv g

D (n) n FB

w
+ cD
-

Doo -
b -
N A 00
-

Do
) ~ :
D
…

~ z
] >× oo
po
- -
-

Eo O :

~ bo
co -

~
A .-
D 0-
bo - D 2 Do oon
- -

cC) y =
FM
N + pQ)
+
3 -

24
@a) K= (M + N) (M + p) (N +β)
= / + MP + NutNP) (v
(MM +p )

* .
=
NMP + MPP + / f
Nuv + Nup + Nprf + 1
Npp

DVF
NMP + NMP
- =

bC) E =
ABE + ABC + BED

= BC ( A + A + D )
~

1 +
=
BE
(d ) π= FP
3 26 -

.= A
wroh

!
= AC

=CD
=
p .

- AB
-) -~
Do +Z
2

)
ACDAB
)

Q 00~ -

? =

Bti
ABi 5

,)
)
ec) = MN (Ptv )

F -
( Hv) vv +
Mo -

L (i)
b-
=

CAB D +

No -

AtB ] C
+ π
D ←
-

- .
E =

)V
O -

P .
.-
 1
3 43-

3 34
-

( I+ RL )
() MIM
+

*
I R L crank

OOOO
0 ( oto) *
O O 1 ( oto)
1 ( ot '
. ? 1 I (+ l
OO O Oloto ) .
O oloto ) [ofp ( to )
O O O ( ot ) 1 0 (of)( ( + )
O (o + 1 )

1 OOO ( I ( 1 to ) A = B=O A= B Light : Low

1 O 1 ( LIto) AFB ight =

high LED 0 Ff .

1 O 1 ( ( 1 + o)
[ 1 1 1 (1+ i )
0 OC( + o )
[ 1 O 1 1 O ( It

1
O 0
( 1 to )
"
" 1 O 0 ( l+ ()

CC] IMt MRL

(d) ( ITRL)

eL)
-

←D
*-ID-ED~←
* D
EDon~ D
n D R
…

0-00

LD -
. 1%
~ D Do = - .
-. .
-
ank

3 ~
42

3 59
-

TT
A
=

AB A + pB

B
?
Btc
E
E

AtB + ttD
B+ E +

- AB + BE
-

t D+E

,=0

A= O ,B

B = o , C= 0
X = high .

FB +
= +
* X
 1
(xty ) (xtZ )
4 8
xtyZ =
-

4 -

1 = x + xz + xytyZ

(f) (Bt τ )( Bt ←) + A
- 3[
C 1 tzty ) tyz
* BtC = 2xyZ

,
BB + BCX Bc tEc
= ,tABC
= B ( CtAC ) fBE
= Al
B( C + XBC = BC + ABTBC

(
g ) Y
: () + ACD + ABC + ABCD + ACD
=
EDTTFCD + ABt + ABCDFAC ) X ,
.
,
E.

AC (P BD) tCotABc + ACZ

X
=
+
,
. @
X+ *
-
5 +B 2
=
ACD + ABC + CD + ABctACD X * xZ
①
~
Y -
= B ( Ac + Ac) + LAc+ ctAc ) Ktz

E o avs )
4 yz
↑
Z X
= P + ABC tAB (
D
D

1
-N
…

0
OO
,
-

4
l r
-
2 0
.
WQL xZ
VKE
N.

+ yz

. to
-
Mv

O
=
(xTY)
-

iiwQ

r "
1

I
X v Q:
nv ( 1

= MNQX MAQ + TNQ

= MQ ( Ntv ) + MWQ

= MQ + NQ
=
Q ( MtMN )
= Q ( MtN ) - Qn + QN

L
K 3
-

BPO
-=
0~

~
)

1 N
~

F
M M = M

M ~

~② 0
n Mo motv MQtND
~ X
0- 20
moo
~
0
-
v

d
N
- 0
0
~

t = NQ

~
Q 0
-2
.
②
.
β~
 1
K 17
-

K -

l1
D 0 o 1 10

. .
0 O A
.

O :
.

~ ~ O C

D
BEP + CB + Ac ⑤

AB +Aτ
0

A BC DX . E5
AB
CP
ED " :

O0
.A

10 .
OOO
.: i
.
D

Bc tAC )
O
AE + 1 1

O 0 O 1 IAB
3!6

Z
001 00 "
ABIO.

B 5-
E

CBTAC ) 1S

"
+
- 1 ABB "
3
Ol 1. .
. . …

O
AB + At
4 O

!
5 O 1
6

O
1
: A 00
1 X
9
1

b
1 1

4 -

16 "
1 X

1 1100 l
13 1

11
ocX
BCtActABCD
CD + BD +

!
14 10
1S
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Ic
.
"
'
. .

.
. ' , ,

**
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,
*
DC BAX
AB " "

*
b
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1 . 1
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;
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V ( ooool
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X D
*
,
O " BA *
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1
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V ,

11 ! ?
1

"
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*
(b)
④
pctA * pitpAi

V 15
 4 20 -

CS
ac) E
[G =
C
[KoUT

ac)
[s =
HrToun
LS

caar

clkourionr
4 26 -

Y ,
Y. X, X. E
, Z
2
E ,
Z . " ~2~
000000

① 0 O

OOOO " ~
OOl L 000 O O
L

0100000 O D
SHIFTouT ; ~~
000 11 E.

~~
'

1000102 , uFrouri
0 1 3 iE .

L 000000
2
1 OO 1 Ol O 1

1 0 001 0 4 z

1 1 1 O 6 z 2z ,
[ 1 0000000
" 0 0 O 1 3 E , 2.

l ool lo 6 zza

1 1 l 10 o 19 z3 t .

4 : 9

24 ,

E. P * = 01 , X ↓= 0 ,
X 1 ,
3 9
.

! ! ×X
③

④
4 , ×* . X X. *
t
… …

E .
= X . .
Z Dollo
2 3 6
③ ! , .

D ( * XiXot .
…

1
O =
v
1. × ,( , +) t . .
X . ( .+ R )
D
6
1 10
 5 -

.
5

- 1

Q O L = set .
yz reset NOR
5 RQ SRQ
Q
1 I NC NC

1 D O

5 2
-
1 10 1

OOX IIX

5 3 -

5 M
W ☆ WB 5 RQ
XSV
=
XtZ

1 I NC

R
1 Alarm
0
1
1 .
0
-0 5 0 -

8 ×
1

D
R = gtz

.
.

5 6
-
.

-
.
Rof
5 NAND "

"
~

R . .
r
. . 1 "
Q

5 4 -

-
4 HI 1 6 -

IKHz High E2 6 -

No

..
.
~ SVt 00-

NOR N6XNP Q

;
Os 0
-

SRQ s RQ
OONC " NC

0 1 1 .0 -

..
. .

" X OOX
5 9
-

NoR

SBQ
OO NC

[ LX

bC)

5 13
- 5 16
-

Q
JKQ
OONC
O
1 KH

11 foggle

Q
ac)
Tm # o
delay

5 -7

. ! …↓ !
ac )

D 9

' D

1 EN

" 1 ?
al)

… (b )

- 18
5

… "

[ )

PFIF
 5 20-
5 25
-

1
PkE
O
NaT JKQ
O NC

O
Q
[

A J 11 toggle
D×
@

oak
1 toggle
-
@
00
D K

5 21-

Aur

r
a

Q 5
vuvorom
Q
②
1 FRE
@
D Q X uwv
8
KLK
- 5 26
-

ELB .

5 -
22

(a) A B C
, ,
HI JKQ
OO NC

(b) START X 0

0 ~ 1
o
D

DPBE Q AB C
f
0
.
Q .
.

1 toggle
~ - 0

O 0 CK
5
-

CL)
cLR

9
D

ADXN 4 ~ @

Brcck ciK

C
'
Ldvaapt
O

.
O
5~7 5 31
-

X
JR ?
3 CLK

R K2

x . ↓
- >
3 cLK

*
X K ,

XD 3 .
-

ycLK
j KD

JKQ
NE

.
…
1 1

.
7x

"

CLR (
3496 n 8 a 10 " 12 13 14 1510

~
0
m
~

X ,

5 28
-

X
P *

XSX* X . X .

( Ss

11
P2
" P3 1 ( Ta

[ P4

1 PS
V l 0 P6

p.
[ P8
 36
5 CC ) tp H aµ s
-

5 -
54

PRECLRQ
1

1 OO

NOR
…

SR Q

..
X

* "
[
2
,
Q= 0

,
B= 0 < )
100

. V
1 NC
QC ).

ENTER
WR
~ CCK
NC No

5 41-

3 .
Q2 Q= O
A= 0 ,
B1 ,
C = L )

5 5 -

PFIF
T loous al) CLK NOR
~ X

onf
Cb) CL Q 2 CLK PCT X

)
-

Q (→ r - . .

CC] ENTER CLK .

Q2 .. i Q" D = Low( Q()

Q2 Q2 = HIcM
,

Q3 ~
foms
Q2 =
RESET

5 42 -

( KHE JKQ
OONC

Mw
:
,

1 TC
Q

al) Q = Low

bC )
;
!
1

Q
Q
lms
 6 18 -

6 23 -

+ =

+ =
.
J

S =
ABCinxA Bont ABGin + ABCin

Cout =
BCin tAErntAB

Atp
Pass
-

AB :

6 19
-

" + =

t
Bsign bit D
L
o
-

or
:
1
Asigh D ooveflow
AB
b: t
C=
o
~

rfr
-

Sigh bit of ~Do

APB
ooan
.

S =
resulf ) -3
+
O 1
=

( 0 l B =
+ sign bit 1

( 10 A = t sighbif 1
resut = -

sighbit O
S. FAB
O D
-
S ~
zg , cin

Q bit
ADBB
Asign
C, Cz
B sigh bit
S DC ; n
-

0
=
,
=
S $

=
HAz -

HA ,
Asign bit Ffasult sign bit
A BCin Scout OR
over flow
Coat
O Cont XGE
D
= 1

HAr
O 6 24

..
GCZ
-

OD

. O

.
1? D
.
X
SD
@
D
0
-

. 23
1 OO O ORD [ans O3 cLK

' fer

.
.. "

*
[
V 0 ol : ChB

llt
CLEAR

6 -

Q
[ A3 = 0 w 00

A) 4
ll
"
19
,
 6 288
137 28
-

6 A B
= 2 .

acn 110 < - 3 ) Ool 1 (+3 )

OO 1001 18 = 27
SUB
2362186416842
15
1
= 1100
" Co
10001
"
0

1 ol A
1100 13
O
…
0
! H
( 6)-

q
4316
"
16 160
bl) 11000 (
-
4
) 0010
6 (+z )
64 × 3 =

G7 - →2 APD= OCD

n 20
:
24 23 2
' 20 1 10

O
2 2 2

000 0 l .
4 n
oll
Ec 6 L
3
22 20
"

( - 2)

161160 loA C4 =0

" B
I2 C
236 - ② " 262 ' 24 23
2
220

11 1 1 00
CC) 10 (- ) 0 l .. ( + 4)

CL
*= SUB 1 1
:
VG
5v

6 27
-
D$ . 00 " 1
1
O

O 1
lA
I 5
…

" "
n)
C4 1

6 29 -

al) X bL) x
CIX
A B

(ts ) 6 30 -

11 V 0 ( - 2)

ICo
13 (a) x bl) xC) O
SUB = ) = 00

1500

.
6 ~
32
X =
…

XB

-
CE = O

ac)
y .un) )
. .

bL] 1100 -43 110 ( 2)

…

:
( -

AD .
1

.
ocw
( :
. c b)
"
-

. " . . c (ADP) X = 0
SUBC1 X
B
-

CC) B

(APD =0
=
SUB
X =0 Co =⑤
2)
110 (
. -

4) 1 llok -

Dt
1100 4)
6 -
35 .
?

al) [s ] o , ] A . ., [
B] = 000
l

AND - 000 100

(b) [S ] = 1 o0
.
[A] [B] = 00110010

XOR
"0 "

"
.. .

. . . "