General Physics 2 12

Quarter 3
Self-Learning Module 4
Ohm’s Law
 RECAP

Complete the table on the difference between emf and potential difference. Choose your answer from
the choices written on the box.

Volt V E = I(Rtr)
E V = E - Ir

Difference between emf and potential difference

emf PD
Unit
Symbol
Formula

LESSON

https://byjus.com/physics/difference-between-ammeter-and-voltmeter/

Which of the figures shown above will you use if you will measure current? Potential difference?
Difference Between Ammeter and Voltmeter
The ammeter is used for measuring a small amount of current and the result is
displayed in milliamperes when it is kept in series with the circuit to be measured
so that the entire current in the circuit is passing through it.

Voltmeter is parallel connected with the electric circuit to measure the potential.
Both the devices have the same connection polarity which is the negative potential
is joined with the negative polarity and the positive terminal is joined with the
positive polarity of the supply.

Difference Between Ammeter and Voltmeter

Ammeter Voltmeter

It is used to measure current It is used to measure the voltage across two points

Resistance is low Resistance is high

It is connected in series with the circuit and It is connected in parallel with the circuit and its
its accuracy is more accuracy is less

Changing of a range is not possible Changing of a range is possible

For an ideal ammeter, the value of resistance For an ideal voltmeter, the value of resistance is
is 0 approximately infinity

It is denoted by a symbol A It is denoted by a symbol V

Electric current is the rate at which electric charge moves. A large current,
such as that used to start a truck engine, moves a large amount very
quickly, whereas a small current, such as that used to operate a hand-held
calculator, moves a small amount of charge more slowly. In equation form,
electric current I is defined as

I=ΔQ/Δt

where ΔQ is the amount of charge that flows past a given area and Δt is the
time it takes for the charge to move past the area. The SI unit for electric
current is the ampere (A), which is named in honor of the French physicist
André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836). One ampere is one coulomb per second,
or

1A=1C/s.1A=1C/s.
Electric current moving through a wire is in many ways similar to water
current moving through a pipe. To define the flow of water through a pipe,
we can count the water molecules that flow past a given section of the pipe.
As shown in Figure 19.3, an electric current is very similar. We count the
number of electrical charges that flow past a section of a conductor; in this
case, a wire.

Figure 19.3 The electric current moving through this wire is the charge that moves past cross-section
A divided by the time it takes for this charge to move past section A.

Resistance and Ohm’s Law

As mentioned previously, the electrical current in a wire is in many ways

similar to water flowing through a pipe. The water current that can flow
through a pipe is affected by obstacles in the pipe, such as clogs and narrow
sections in the pipe. These obstacles slow down the flow of current through
the pipe. Similarly, the electrical current in a wire can be slowed down by
many factors, including impurities in the metal of the wire or collisions
between the charges in the material. These factors create a resistance to the
electrical current. Resistance is a description of how much a wire or other
electrical component opposes the flow of charge through it. In the 19th
century, the German physicist Georg Simon Ohm (1787–1854) found
experimentally that current through a conductor is proportional to the voltage
drop across a current-carrying conductor.

I∝V

The constant of proportionality is the resistance R of the material, which

leads to

V=IR

This relationship is called Ohm’s law. It can be viewed as a cause-and-effect

relationship, with the voltage being the cause and the current being the effect.
Ohm’s law is an empirical law like that for friction, which means that it is an
experimentally observed phenomenon. The units of resistance are volts per
ampere or V/A. We call a V/A an ohm, which is represented by the uppercase
Greek letter omega ( Ω ). Thus,

1Ω=1V/A

Ohm’s law holds for most materials and at common temperatures. At very low
temperatures, resistance may drop to zero (superconductivity). At very high
temperatures, the thermal motion of atoms in the material inhibits the flow
of electrons, increasing the resistance. The many substances for which Ohm’s
law holds are called ohmic. Ohmic materials include good conductors like
copper, aluminum, and silver, and some poor conductors under certain
circumstances. The resistance of ohmic materials remains essentially the
same for a wide range of voltage and current.

ACTIVITIES

Activity #1: Finding Resistance

Directions: Determine the resistance given in the illustration below.

Resistance of a Headlight

What is the resistance of an automobile headlight through which 2.50 A

flows when 12.0 V is applied to it?
 Activity #2: Resistance from Current-Voltage Graph
Directions: Calculate the resistance from the current-voltage graph below.

Determine Resistance from Current-Voltage Graph

Suppose you apply several different voltages across a circuit and measure
the current that runs through the circuit. A plot of your results is shown
in the figure below. What is the resistance of the circuit?

Note: current is given in milliamperes. Example, at 2 voltage, the current is 0.002A or 2 mA.

Activity #3: How A and V placed in a circuit?

Directions: Complete the sentence by supplying the correct term in the space
provided.
The voltmeter (V) is connected in parallel with the device. The ammeter (A)
is connected in series in the circuit so that all current passing through the circuit
must pass through and be measured by the ammeter.
 http://armymedical.tpub.com/md0950/Placement-of-voltmeter-and-ammeter-in-circuit

WRAP-UP

State Ohm’s law from the equation, I=V/R

VALUING

How can you conserve energy in your household?

 POSTTEST

1. In a circuit, if the resistance is left constant and the voltage is doubled (for
example, from 3V to 6V), how does the current change? Does this conform to
Ohm’s law?

a. The current will get doubled. This conforms to Ohm’s law as the current is
proportional to the voltage.
b. The current will double. This does not conform to Ohm’s law as the
current is proportional to the voltage.
c.The current will increase by half. This conforms to Ohm’s law as the
current is proportional to the voltage.
d.The current will decrease by half. This does not conform to Ohm’s law as
the current is proportional to the voltage.

2. Which of the following SI unit for the electrical current?

a. voltage
b. ampere
c. resistance

d. ohms

3. A device used to measure current?

a. voltmeter

b. odometer

c. ammeter
d. speedometer

4. An electrical bulb draws 5 A current when connected to a 100-V wall outlet, the
resistance of bulb is:

a. 5 Ω
b. 20 Ω
c. 100 Ω
d. 500 Ω

5. The statement which correctly represents Ohm’s law:

a. V = IR
b. V = R/I
c. R = VI
d. I = R/V
 KEY TO CORRECTION

RECAP

V = E - Ir E = I(Rtr) Formula
V E Symbol
volt volt Unit
PD emf
Difference between emf and potential difference

References
https://byjus.com/physics/difference-between-ammeter-and-voltmeter/

http://armymedical.tpub.com/md0950/Placement-of-voltmeter-and-ammeter-in-
circuit-