Scopus

EXPORT DATE: 16 April 2025

Chamara N., Islam M.D., Bai G.F., Shi Y., Ge Y.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Chamara, Nipuna (57891261800); Islam, Md Didarul (57223801065);
Bai, Geng (Frank) (59576023800); Shi, Yeyin (57020187200); Ge, Yufeng (15051769800)
57891261800; 57223801065; 59576023800; 57020187200; 15051769800
Ag-IoT for crop and environment monitoring: Past, present, and future
(2022) Agricultural Systems, 203, art. no. 103497, Cited 122 times.
DOI: 10.1016/j.agsy.2022.103497
https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-
85138108506&doi=10.1016%2fj.agsy.2022.103497&partnerID=40&md5=0624834e7962973b649b2
7e97b69274e

AFFILIATIONS: Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-

Lincoln, Lincoln, 68583, NE, United States; Center for Plant Science Innovation,
University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, 68588, NE, United States
ABSTRACT: CONTEXT: Automated monitoring of the soil-plant-atmospheric continuum at
a high spatiotemporal resolution is a key to transform the labor-intensive,
experience-based decision making to an automatic, data-driven approach in
agricultural production. Growers could make better management decisions by
leveraging the real-time field data while researchers could utilize these data to
answer key scientific questions. Traditionally, data collection in agricultural
fields, which largely relies on human labor, can only generate limited numbers of
data points with low resolution and accuracy. During the last two decades, crop
monitoring has drastically evolved with the advancement of modern sensing
technologies. Most importantly, the introduction of IoT (Internet of Things) into
crop, soil, and microclimate sensing has transformed crop monitoring into a
quantitative and data-driven work from a qualitative and experience-based task.
OBJECTIVE: Ag-IoT systems enable a data pipeline for modern agriculture that
includes data collection, transmission, storage, visualization, analysis, and
decision-making. This review serves as a technical guide for Ag-IoT system design
and development for crop, soil, and microclimate monitoring. METHODS: It
highlighted Ag-IoT platforms presented in 115 academic publications between 2011
and 2021 worldwide. These publications were analyzed based on the types of sensors
and actuators used, main control boards, types of farming, crops observed,
communication technologies and protocols, power supplies, and energy storage used
in Ag-IoT platforms. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The result showed that 33 variables
measured by various sensors were demonstrated in these studies while 10 actuations
were successfully integrated with Ag-IoT platforms. Perennial crops, which
introduced less disturbance to Ag-IoT platforms than annual crops, were selected by
64% of researchers. Furthermore, studies in Ag-IoT system development were more
focused on outdoor than indoor environments. Ag-IoT systems based on Arduino were
most common among the studies while commercial platforms were least adopted, likely
due to their inflexibility in customized developments. More researchers focused on
agricultural applications than the IoT technology itself. Soil water content-based
irrigation scheduling and controlled environment monitoring and controlling were
the main applications. Other application areas included soil nutrient estimation,
crop monitoring based on multiple vegetation indices, pest identification, and
chemigation. SIGNIFICANCE: Several potential future research directions were
identified at the end of the review, including integration of satellite-based
internet connectivity to improve the IoT networks in non-connected farms,
development of mobile IoT platforms (drones and autonomous ground vehicles) with
continuous connectivity, and the use of edge-computing and machine-learning/deep-
learning to enhance the capability of the Ag-IoT systems. © 2022 The Authors
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Artificial intelligence; Internet of things; Machine learning;
Precision agriculture; Sensor network; Wireless communication
INDEX KEYWORDS: agricultural technology; artificial intelligence; communication;
connectivity; decision making; energy storage; environmental monitoring; Internet;
machine learning; microclimate; precision agriculture; sensor; soil nutrient
FUNDING DETAILS: U.S. Department of Agriculture, USDA
FUNDING DETAILS: National Institute of Food and Agriculture, NIFA, 2020-68013-
32371, 2021-67021-34417
FUNDING DETAILS: National Institute of Food and Agriculture, NIFA
FUNDING TEXT 1: Funding for this work was provided by USDA - NIFA grants titled
"High Intensity Phenotyping Sites: Transitioning to a nationwide plant phenotyping
network" (Award# 2020-68013-32371) and "CPS Medium: CPS-enabled variable rate
technology" (Award# 2021-67021-34417 ).
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CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS: Y. Ge; Department of Biological Systems Engineering,
University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, 203 L.W. Chase Hall, East Campus, 68583,
United States; email: [email protected]
PUBLISHER: Elsevier Ltd
ISSN: 0308521X
CODEN: AGSYD
LANGUAGE OF ORIGINAL DOCUMENT: English
ABBREVIATED SOURCE TITLE: Agric. Syst.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Review
PUBLICATION STAGE: Final
OPEN ACCESS: All Open Access; Hybrid Gold Open Access
SOURCE: Scopus

Jia W., Karapetrova A., Zhang M., Xu L., Li K., Huang M., Wang J., Huang Y.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Jia, Weiqian (55388105600); Karapetrova, Aleksandra
(57780821400); Zhang, Mengjun (57203222680); Xu, Libo (57781607500); Li, Kang
(57667526800); Huang, Muke (57203224976); Wang, Jie (58042590700); Huang, Yi
(57100260700)
55388105600; 57780821400; 57203222680; 57781607500; 57667526800; 57203224976;
58042590700; 57100260700
Automated identification and quantification of invisible microplastics in
agricultural soils
(2022) Science of the Total Environment, 844, art. no. 156853, Cited 90 times.
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156853
https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-
85133480507&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2022.156853&partnerID=40&md5=d7898f59eb936590
c8b6140c5e09105e

AFFILIATIONS: State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution

Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University,
Beijing, 100871, China; Department of Environmental Science, University of
California, Riverside, 92521, CA, United States; China International Engineering
Consulting Corporation, Beijing, 100048, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland
Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, China Agricultural University, College
of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China; Marine Institute
for Bioresources and Environment, Peking University Shenzhen Institute, Guangdong,
Shenzhen, 518057, China
ABSTRACT: Microplastics in agricultural soils have become the research hotspot in
recent years, however, the quantitative methods based on the traditional visual
inspection may have a high false detection rate. Here we combined the laser direct
infrared (LDIR) and Fourier–transform infrared (FTIR) methods to investigate the
microplastics in farmland with long–term agricultural activities. The results
showed that the total abundance of microplastics reached 1.98 ± 0.41 × 105, 1.57 ±
0.28 × 105, 1.78 ± 0.27 × 105, and 3.20 ± 0.41 × 105 particles/kg soil in cotton
fields with film mulching of 5, 10, 20, and >30 years, respectively. LDIR results
indicated that microplastics ranging from 10 to 500 μm accounted for 96.5–99.9 % of
the total microplastic amounts in the soils. Additionally, a total of 26 polymer
types of microplastics were detected, among which polyethylene (PE), polypropylene
(PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyamide (PA), and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
were dominantly observed. For the microplastics detected by FTIR (500 μm–5 mm), PE
polymer was majorly observed (88.0–98.9 %). Most microplastics were films (88.2 %),
while fibers and pellets were also found. The reclaimed water from sewage treatment
plants, the drip irrigation utilities, and the residual plastic film are the
potential sources of microplastics in the farmland soils. By using the automated
quantitative and identifiable approaches, this study suggested that the commonly
used visual counting method may underestimate the microplastic contamination in
agricultural soils. © 2022
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Farmland; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Laser direct
infrared spectroscopy; Microplastics; Quantification
INDEX KEYWORDS: Environmental Monitoring; Microplastics; Plastics; Polyethylene;
Polymers; Soil; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Chlorine compounds; Irrigation;
Microplastic; Polypropylenes; Polyvinyl chlorides; Soils; Water treatment; Water
treatment plants; microplastic; polyamide; polyethylene; polymer; polypropylene;
polytetrafluoroethylene; polyvinylchloride; plastic; Agricultural soils; Automated
identification; Farmland; Fourier transform infrared; Hotspots; Infrared:
spectroscopy; Laser direct infrared spectroscopy; Microplastics; Quantification;
Quantitative method; agricultural land; agricultural soil; FTIR spectroscopy;
plastic waste; quantitative analysis; sewage treatment; soil pollution; source
identification; agricultural land; agricultural procedures; Article; automation;
China; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; irrigation (agriculture); laser
direct infrared spectroscopy; measurement accuracy; microplastic pollution;
particle size; quantitative analysis; sewage treatment plant; soil pollution;
spectroscopy; waste water management; environmental monitoring; soil; water
pollutant; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
CHEMICALS/CAS: polyamide, 63428-83-1; polyethylene, 9002-88-4; polypropylene,
25085-53-4, 9003-07-0; polytetrafluoroethylene, 9002-84-0; polyvinylchloride, 9002-
86-2; Microplastics, ; Plastics, ; Polyethylene, ; Polymers, ; Soil, ; Water
Pollutants, Chemical,
FUNDING DETAILS: National Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC, 42177364
FUNDING DETAILS: State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and
Pollution Control, 21Y01ESPCP
FUNDING TEXT 1: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation
of China (No. 42177364 ) and the State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental
Simulation and Pollution Control (No. 21Y01ESPCP ).
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CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS: Y. Huang; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental
Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and
Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; email: [email protected]
PUBLISHER: Elsevier B.V.
ISSN: 00489697
CODEN: STEVA
PUBMED ID: 35752236
LANGUAGE OF ORIGINAL DOCUMENT: English
ABBREVIATED SOURCE TITLE: Sci. Total Environ.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Article
PUBLICATION STAGE: Final
OPEN ACCESS: All Open Access; Green Open Access
SOURCE: Scopus

Preisler Y., Grünzweig J.M., Ahiman O., Amer M., Oz I., Feng X., Muller J.D., Ruehr
N., Rotenberg E., Birami B., Yakir D.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Preisler, Yakir (55539225900); Grünzweig, José M. (6602649852);
Ahiman, Ori (56340571000); Amer, Madi (57211637051); Oz, Itai (57222311340); Feng,
Xue (55229771000); Muller, Jonathan D. (57192254999); Ruehr, Nadine (35091614900);
Rotenberg, Eyal (7006230667); Birami, Benjamin (57201617447); Yakir, Dan
(7003363471)
55539225900; 6602649852; 56340571000; 57211637051; 57222311340; 55229771000;
57192254999; 35091614900; 7006230667; 57201617447; 7003363471
Vapour pressure deficit was not a primary limiting factor for gas exchange in an
irrigated, mature dryland Aleppo pine forest
(2023) Plant Cell and Environment, 46 (12), pp. 3775 - 3790, Cited 4 times.
DOI: 10.1111/pce.14712
https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-
85170239754&doi=10.1111%2fpce.14712&partnerID=40&md5=770fd81e2a9389ad4e5563b9b63fc7
09

AFFILIATIONS: Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Weizmann Institute of

Science, Rehovot, Israel; Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and
Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel; Institute of
Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, ARO Volcani Center, Beit Dagan, Israel;
Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, MN, United States; School for Climate Studies, Stellenbosch
University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Institute of Meteorology and Climate
Research–Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), KIT-Campus Alpin, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology (KIT), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
ABSTRACT: Climate change is often associated with increasing vapour pressure
deficit (VPD) and changes in soil moisture (SM). While atmospheric and soil drying
often co-occur, their differential effects on plant functioning and productivity
remain uncertain. We investigated the divergent effects and underlying mechanisms
of soil and atmospheric drought based on continuous, in situ measurements of branch
gas exchange with automated chambers in a mature semiarid Aleppo pine forest. We
investigated the response of control trees exposed to combined soil‒atmospheric
drought (low SM, high VPD) during the rainless Mediterranean summer and that of
trees experimentally unconstrained by soil dryness (high SM; using supplementary
dry season water supply) but subjected to atmospheric drought (high VPD). During
the seasonal dry period, branch conductance (gbr), transpiration rate (E) and net
photosynthesis (Anet) decreased in low-SM trees but greatly increased in high-SM
trees. The response of E and gbr to the massive rise in VPD (to 7 kPa) was negative
in low-SM trees and positive in high-SM trees. These observations were consistent
with predictions based on a simple plant hydraulic model showing the importance of
plant water potential in the gbr and E response to VPD. These results demonstrate
that avoiding drought on the supply side (SM) and relying on plant hydraulic
regulation constrains the effects of atmospheric drought (VPD) as a stressor on
canopy gas exchange in mature pine trees under field conditions. © 2023 The
Authors. Plant, Cell & Environment published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: automated branch chambers; drought; irrigation; semiarid; soil
moisture; supply and demand; transpiration; VPD; water potential
INDEX KEYWORDS: Aleppo; Halab; Syrian Arab Republic; drought; dry season; gas
exchange; limiting factor; photosynthesis; pine; soil moisture; transpiration;
vapor pressure
FUNDING DETAILS: CliFF, SCHM 2736/2‐1, YA 274/1‐1
FUNDING DETAILS: Keren Kayemet LeIsrael, KKL 90‐10‐012‐11
FUNDING DETAILS: NSFC-ISF
FUNDING DETAILS: NSFC‐ISF, 2579/16
FUNDING DETAILS: Ring Family Foundation
FUNDING DETAILS: National Science Foundation, NSF, DEB‐2045610
FUNDING DETAILS: National Science Foundation, NSF
FUNDING DETAILS: United States - Israel Binational Agricultural Research and
Development Fund, BARD, FI‐584‐2019
FUNDING DETAILS: United States - Israel Binational Agricultural Research and
Development Fund, BARD
FUNDING DETAILS: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG
FUNDING DETAILS: Israel Science Foundation, ISF, ISF 1976/17
FUNDING DETAILS: Israel Science Foundation, ISF
FUNDING TEXT 1: The work was partly funded by the German Research Foundation
through its German‐Israeli project cooperation programme Climate feedbacks and
benefits of semiarid forests (CliFF; grant nos. YA 274/1‐1 and SCHM 2736/2‐1),
Israel Science Foundation (ISF 1976/17), NSFC‐ISF (grant 2579/16), Keren Kayemet
LeIsrael (KKL 90‐10‐012‐11), and Ring Family Foundation. The long‐term operation of
the Yatir Forest Research Field Site is supported by the Cathy Wills and Robert
Lewis Programme in Environmental Sciences. The authors thank the United States‐
Israel Binational Agriculture Research and Development Fund Vaadia‐BARD
Postdoctoral Fellowship Award no. FI‐584‐2019. XF was supported by National Science
Foundation award DEB‐2045610. We thank Andrew Feldman for providing constructive
comments on the manuscript and members of our laboratory for valuable discussions
and comments on the manuscript. We also thank all the students who helped establish
the research operation: Nadav Steinberg, Rachel Sarel, Yonatan Darom, Guy Sadot,
Roni Tal, and Sagi Gottlieb. We are grateful to Hagai Sagi, Andreas Gast, Alex
Jahanfard, Einan Dafna, and Chaim Madar for their vital and crucial contributions
to setup planning, design, and construction.
FUNDING TEXT 2: The work was partly funded by the German Research Foundation
through its German-Israeli project cooperation programme Climate feedbacks and
benefits of semiarid forests (CliFF; grant nos. YA 274/1-1 and SCHM 2736/2-1),
Israel Science Foundation (ISF 1976/17), NSFC-ISF (grant 2579/16), Keren Kayemet
LeIsrael (KKL 90-10-012-11), and Ring Family Foundation. The long-term operation of
the Yatir Forest Research Field Site is supported by the Cathy Wills and Robert
Lewis Programme in Environmental Sciences. The authors thank the United States-
Israel Binational Agriculture Research and Development Fund Vaadia-BARD
Postdoctoral Fellowship Award no. FI-584-2019. XF was supported by National Science
Foundation award DEB-2045610. We thank Andrew Feldman for providing constructive
comments on the manuscript and members of our laboratory for valuable discussions
and comments on the manuscript. We also thank all the students who helped establish
the research operation: Nadav Steinberg, Rachel Sarel, Yonatan Darom, Guy Sadot,
Roni Tal, and Sagi Gottlieb. We are grateful to Hagai Sagi, Andreas Gast, Alex
Jahanfard, Einan Dafna, and Chaim Madar for their vital and crucial contributions
to setup planning, design, and construction.
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CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS: Y. Preisler; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary
Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, 16 Divinity Av, 02138, United States;
email: [email protected]
PUBLISHER: John Wiley and Sons Inc
ISSN: 01407791
CODEN: PLCED
LANGUAGE OF ORIGINAL DOCUMENT: English
ABBREVIATED SOURCE TITLE: Plant Cell Environ.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Article
PUBLICATION STAGE: Final
OPEN ACCESS: All Open Access; Hybrid Gold Open Access
SOURCE: Scopus

Wu P., Wu X., Wang Y., Xu H., Owens G.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Wu, Pan (58059516500); Wu, Xuan (57189844702); Wang, Yida
(57216728856); Xu, Haolan (13410263000); Owens, Gary (25648241900)
58059516500; 57189844702; 57216728856; 13410263000; 25648241900
Towards sustainable saline agriculture: Interfacial solar evaporation for
simultaneous seawater desalination and saline soil remediation
(2022) Water Research, 212, art. no. 118099, Cited 154 times.
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118099
https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-
85123171115&doi=10.1016%2fj.watres.2022.118099&partnerID=40&md5=8940ec7e9bdf4b69b98
2726a5376693e

AFFILIATIONS: Environmental Contaminants Group, Future Industries Institute,

University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, 5095, SA, Australia; Advanced
Materials Group, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson
Lakes Campus, 5095, SA, Australia
ABSTRACT: Interfacial solar steam generation is an efficient way to produce
freshwater from saline water. This technology was further harnessed here for
simultaneous saline soil remediation and enhanced agricultural sustainability. An
interfacial solar evaporation and planting system was designed that uses treated
seawater for saline soil washing and agricultural irrigation. In outdoor
experiments the evaporator realized high freshwater production (10.95 kg m−2 day−1)
with a soil washing efficiency 3 times greater than traditional distillation. Post
treatment plant assays showed that initially highly saline soils could be restored
to functional agricultural soils with germination rates of 65% after soil washing,
where solar evaporation could continuously provide irrigation water for plant
growth. This system is fully automated and uses only solar energy and seawater for
saline soil remediation and irrigation. The development of this system provides a
potentially useful solution to alleviate global problems associated with water
scarcity, soil salinization, and desertification. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Photothermal evaporation; Saline soil remediation; Seawater
irrigation; Solar steam generation
INDEX KEYWORDS: Agriculture; Seawater; Soil; Sunlight; Water Purification;
Desalination; Evaporation; Irrigation; Seawater; Soil moisture; Soil pollution;
Solar energy; Steam generators; Washing; fresh water; sea water; sea water; Photo-
thermal; Photothermal evaporation; Saline soil; Saline soil remediation; Seawater
irrigation; Soils remediation; Solar evaporation; Solar steam; Solar steam
generation; Steam generation; alternative agriculture; desalination; evaporation;
germination; saline soil; salinity; soil remediation; Article; biosaline
agriculture; controlled study; desalination; desertification; distillation;
evaporation; germination rate; irrigation (agriculture); plant growth; saline soil;
soil remediation; soil salinization; solar energy; waste water treatment plant;
water insecurity; agriculture; soil; sunlight; water management; Distillation
CHEMICALS/CAS: Soil,
FUNDING DETAILS: Future Industries Institute
FUNDING DETAILS: South Australian State Government
FUNDING DETAILS: Australian Research Council, ARC, FT190100485
FUNDING DETAILS: Australian Research Council, ARC
FUNDING DETAILS: University of South Australia, UniSA
FUNDING DETAILS: China Scholarship Council, CSC
FUNDING TEXT 1: H.X. acknowledges the financial support from the Australian
Research Council (ARC Future Fellowship FT190100485). P.W. and Y.W both acknowledge
financial support from the China Scholarship Council for their primary scholarships
and from the Future Industries Institute for top up scholarships. All authors
acknowledge the use of Microscopy Australia facilities located at the University of
South Australia, infrastructure co-funded by the University of South Australia, the
South Australian State Government, and the Australian Federal Government's National
Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS) scheme.
FUNDING TEXT 2: H.X. acknowledges the financial support from the Australian
Research Council (ARC Future Fellowship FT190100485). P.W. and Y.W both acknowledge
financial support from the China Scholarship Council for their primary scholarships
and from the Future Industries Institute for top up scholarships. All authors
acknowledge the use of Microscopy Australia facilities located at the University of
South Australia, infrastructure co-funded by the University of South Australia ,
the South Australian State Government, and the Australian Federal Government's
National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS) scheme.
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CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS: H. Xu; Advanced Materials Group, Future Industries
Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, 5095, Australia;
email: [email protected]
PUBLISHER: Elsevier Ltd
ISSN: 00431354
CODEN: WATRA
PUBMED ID: 35077941
LANGUAGE OF ORIGINAL DOCUMENT: English
ABBREVIATED SOURCE TITLE: Water Res.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Article
PUBLICATION STAGE: Final
SOURCE: Scopus

Roby M.C., Scott R.L., Biederman J.A., Smith W.K., Moore D.J.P.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Roby, Matthew C. (55973527200); Scott, Russell L. (7404342840);
Biederman, Joel A. (55568274500); Smith, William K. (55727166700); Moore, David J.
P. (7404565766)
55973527200; 7404342840; 55568274500; 55727166700; 7404565766
Response of soil carbon dioxide efflux to temporal repackaging of rainfall into
fewer, larger events in a semiarid grassland
(2022) Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, art. no. 940943, Cited 6 times.
DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.940943
https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-
85140058698&doi=10.3389%2ffenvs.2022.940943&partnerID=40&md5=b5237b9de12a8f9fe222ae
e24a77d47e

AFFILIATIONS: School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of

Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States; Southwest Watershed Research Center, USDA-ARS,
Tucson, AZ, United States; Sustainable Agricultural Water Systems Research Unit,
USDA-ARS, Davis, CA, United States
ABSTRACT: Changing rainfall patterns will alter soil water availability to plants
and microbes and likely impact soil CO2 efflux (Fs) in semiarid ecosystems.
However, our understanding of the response of Fs to compound changes in rainfall
event size and frequency remains relatively limited. To address this knowledge gap,
we examined how compound changes in rainfall size and frequency impact Fs in a
semiarid grassland by deploying automated soil chambers at a rainfall manipulation
experiment. All plots within the experiment received equal total summer growing
season precipitation that was temporally repackaged into regular events of
inversely varied size and frequency, with event sizes ranging from 5 to 50 mm and
dry intervals ranging from 3.5 to 21 days. We found that repackaging rainfall into
few/large events with long dry intervals decreased seasonal cumulative Fs.
Repackaging influenced key aspects of pulses including mean, maximum, and
antecedent (day before irrigation) values of soil moisture and Fs and their rate of
decline during drying intervals. Soil moisture explained substantial variation in
Fs (R2 > 0.84) for all treatments; however, the sensitivity of Fs to soil moisture
decreased in the few/large regime compared to the reference and many/small regimes.
Dynamics in plant phenology (quantified by plot greenness) and soil temperature
interacted with soil moisture to influence the seasonal evolution of Fs pulses and
cumulative efflux. Our findings demonstrate that soil moisture and vegetation
responses to changes in rainfall size and frequency impact soil CO2 efflux pulses
and seasonal emissions in semiarid grasslands. These results, coupled with the
knowledge that CO2 efflux pulses play an outsized role in dryland carbon exchange,
indicate the possibility of future climate-mediated shifts in the carbon cycling of
semiarid ecosystems. Copyright © 2022 Roby, Scott, Biederman, Smith and Moore.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: pulse; rainfall intensification; semiarid; soil efflux; soil
moisture; soil respiration
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CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS: M.C. Roby; School of Natural Resources and the Environment,
University of Arizona, Tucson, United States; email: [email protected]
PUBLISHER: Frontiers Media S.A.
ISSN: 2296665X
LANGUAGE OF ORIGINAL DOCUMENT: English
ABBREVIATED SOURCE TITLE: Front. Environ. Sci.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Article
PUBLICATION STAGE: Final
OPEN ACCESS: All Open Access; Gold Open Access
SOURCE: Scopus

Nsoh B., Katimbo A., Guo H., Heeren D.M., Nakabuye H.N., Qiao X., Ge Y., Rudnick
D.R., Wanyama J., Bwambale E., Kiraga S.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Nsoh, Bryan (59469717800); Katimbo, Abia (56465082100); Guo,
Hongzhi (59469551300); Heeren, Derek M. (35098602800); Nakabuye, Hope Njuki
(57213003254); Qiao, Xin (57211185956); Ge, Yufeng (15051769800); Rudnick, Daran R.
(55555014000); Wanyama, Joshua (56026075100); Bwambale, Erion (57223101021);
Kiraga, Shafik (57222391101)
59469717800; 56465082100; 59469551300; 35098602800; 57213003254; 57211185956;
15051769800; 55555014000; 56026075100; 57223101021; 57222391101
Internet of Things-Based Automated Solutions Utilizing Machine Learning for Smart
and Real-Time Irrigation Management: A Review
(2024) Sensors, 24 (23), art. no. 7480, Cited 5 times.
DOI: 10.3390/s24237480
https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-
85211790372&doi=10.3390%2fs24237480&partnerID=40&md5=1e4c177f5cc34e2bf9cbc0604c559f
0e

AFFILIATIONS: Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-

Lincoln, Lincoln, 68588, NE, United States; West Central Research, Extension, and
Education Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, North Platte, 69101, NE, United
States; School of Computing, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, 68588, NE,
United States; Texas A&M AgriLife, 1102 East Drew Street, Lubbock, 79403, TX,
United States; Panhandle Research, Extension, and Education Center, University of
Nebraska-Lincoln, Scottsbluff, 69361, NE, United States; Carl and Melinda Helwig
Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State University,
Manhattan, 66506, KS, United States; Department of Agricultural and Biosystems
Engineering, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda; Center for
Precision and Automated Agricultural Systems, Irrigated Agriculture Research and
Extension Center, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State
University, Prosser, 99350, WA, United States
ABSTRACT: This systematic review critically evaluates the current state and future
potential of real-time, end-to-end smart, and automated irrigation management
systems, focusing on integrating the Internet of Things (IoTs) and machine learning
technologies for enhanced agricultural water use efficiency and crop productivity.
In this review, the automation of each component is examined in the irrigation
management pipeline from data collection to application while analyzing its
effectiveness, efficiency, and integration with various precision agriculture
technologies. It also investigates the role of the interoperability,
standardization, and cybersecurity of IoT-based automated solutions for irrigation
applications. Furthermore, in this review, the existing gaps are identified and
solutions are proposed for seamless integration across multiple sensor suites for
automated systems, aiming to achieve fully autonomous and scalable irrigation
management. The findings highlight the transformative potential of automated
irrigation systems to address global food challenges by optimizing water use and
maximizing crop yields. © 2024 by the authors.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: artificial intelligence; crop productivity; edge computing;
interoperability; precision agriculture; precision irrigation; remote monitoring;
sensor networks; smart farming; water use efficiency
INDEX KEYWORDS: Efficiency; Irrigation; Precision agriculture; Automated solutions;
Crop productivity; Edge computing; Irrigation management; Precision Agriculture;
Precision irrigation; Remote monitoring; Sensors network; Smart farming; Water use
efficiency; agricultural worker; artificial intelligence; automation; computer
security; harvest; human; internet of things; irrigation (agriculture); machine
learning; nonhuman; plant water use; precision agriculture; remote sensing; review;
sensor; standardization; systematic review; water; Smart agriculture
FUNDING DETAILS: Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, IANR
FUNDING DETAILS: University of Nebraska-Lincoln, UNL, 21-6221-4007, 27-6242-0118-
001
FUNDING DETAILS: University of Nebraska-Lincoln, UNL
FUNDING TEXT 1: This work was fully funded by the University of Nebraska-Lincoln
start-up funds. Funding accounts are provided to support research: 21-6221-4007
(BSE Dept Startup); 27-6242-0118-001 (IANR Agricultural Research Startup).
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CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS: A. Katimbo; Department of Biological Systems Engineering,
University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, 68588, United States; email:
[email protected]
PUBLISHER: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
ISSN: 14248220
PUBMED ID: 39686017
LANGUAGE OF ORIGINAL DOCUMENT: English
ABBREVIATED SOURCE TITLE: Sensors
DOCUMENT TYPE: Review
PUBLICATION STAGE: Final
OPEN ACCESS: All Open Access; Gold Open Access
SOURCE: Scopus

Katimbo A., Rudnick D.R., Zhang J., Ge Y., DeJonge K.C., Franz T.E., Shi Y., Liang
W.-Z., Qiao X., Heeren D.M., Kabenge I., Nakabuye H.N., Duan J.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Katimbo, Abia (56465082100); Rudnick, Daran R. (55555014000);
Zhang, Jingwen (56711522300); Ge, Yufeng (15051769800); DeJonge, Kendall C.
(16836081900); Franz, Trenton E. (35268331200); Shi, Yeyin (57020187200); Liang,
Wei-zhen (57220943631); Qiao, Xin (57211185956); Heeren, Derek M. (35098602800);
Kabenge, Isa (43761076400); Nakabuye, Hope Njuki (57213003254); Duan, Jiaming
(57476612900)
56465082100; 55555014000; 56711522300; 15051769800; 16836081900; 35268331200;
57020187200; 57220943631; 57211185956; 35098602800; 43761076400; 57213003254;
57476612900
Evaluation of artificial intelligence algorithms with sensor data assimilation in
estimating crop evapotranspiration and crop water stress index for irrigation water
management
(2023) Smart Agricultural Technology, 4, art. no. 100176, Cited 36 times.
DOI: 10.1016/j.atech.2023.100176
https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-
85146648662&doi=10.1016%2fj.atech.2023.100176&partnerID=40&md5=f19710777f347610e5a9
68036f3096a4

AFFILIATIONS: Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-

Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States; West Central Research, Extension, Education
Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, North Platte, NE, United States; Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urban-Champaign,
Urbana, IL, United States; School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-
Lincoln, NE, United States; Water Management Systems Research Unit, United States
Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Panhandle Research,
Extension, Education Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Scottsbluff, NE,
United States; Department of Agricultural and Bio-Systems Engineering, Makerere
University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
ABSTRACT: Irrigation water management using automated irrigation decision support
system (IDSS) as a smart irrigation scheduling tool can improve water use
efficiency and crop production, especially under circumstances of limited water
supply. The current study evaluated the performance of different artificial
intelligence (AI) algorithms and their ensembles in forecasting Crop
Evapotranspiration (ETc) and Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) against calculated
single crop coefficient FAO56 ETc and Jackson's theoretical CWSI, respectively.
Soil moisture, canopy temperatures (Tc) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
(NDVI) were all measured from irrigated and non-irrigated maize plots in West
Central Nebraska during 2020 and 2021 growing seasons. There were fifteen and
twelve input combinations used for ETc and CWSI predictions, respectively, having
input variables such as weather and soil moisture as well as ancillary variables,
including NDVI, reference evapotranspiration (ETr), and cumulative growing degree
days (CGDDs). While evaluating the models, four statistical performance indicators
including coefficient of determination (r2), root mean square error (RMSE), mean
absoluter error (MAE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) were used.
Furthermore, ranking scores were performed on statistical results to find the
overall best model across all the input combinations. Based on total ranking
scores, CatBoost (RMSE ranging between 0.06 – 0.09 unitless) was the best model in
predicting CWSI, while Stacked Regression (RMSE ranging between 0.27 – 0.72 mm d−1)
was the best model for ETc estimation. Future research will consider designing and
evaluating an IDSS using identified best machine learning models to establish soil
water and plant stress feedback for automated irrigation scheduling. © 2023
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Canopy temperature; Decision support system; Irrigation
scheduling; Machine learning models; Soil moisture; Soil water and plant feedback
FUNDING DETAILS: University of Nebraska-Lincoln Institute of Agriculture and
Natural Resources and Nebraska Extension
FUNDING DETAILS: U.S. Department of Agriculture, USDA
FUNDING DETAILS: National Institute of Food and Agriculture, NIFA, 1015698, 2019-
67021-29312
FUNDING DETAILS: National Institute of Food and Agriculture, NIFA
FUNDING TEXT 1: The study is based upon work that was jointly supported by the
United States Department of Agriculture ’s National Institute of Food and
Agriculture under award # 2019-67021-29312 , “A scalable real-time sensing and
decision making system for field-level row-crop irrigation management”; Hatch
Project #1015698; the Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute ; and the
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources and
Nebraska Extension, USA . The authors would like to extend our sincere appreciation
to research lab manager, Turner Dorr, and summer helpers who engaged in data
collection as well as the Nebraska State Climate Officer for providing weather data
through their Nebraska Mesonet website.
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CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS: D.R. Rudnick; Department of Biological Systems Engineering,
University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, United States; email:
[email protected]
PUBLISHER: Elsevier B.V.
ISSN: 27723755
LANGUAGE OF ORIGINAL DOCUMENT: English
ABBREVIATED SOURCE TITLE: Smart Agric. Technol.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Article
PUBLICATION STAGE: Final
OPEN ACCESS: All Open Access; Gold Open Access; Green Open Access
SOURCE: Scopus

Blanco V., Kalcsits L.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Blanco, Victor (22933860200); Kalcsits, Lee (26534512500)
22933860200; 26534512500
Long-term validation of continuous measurements of trunk water potential and trunk
diameter indicate different diurnal patterns for pear under water limitations
(2023) Agricultural Water Management, 281, art. no. 108257, Cited 19 times.
DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108257
https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-
85150799663&doi=10.1016%2fj.agwat.2023.108257&partnerID=40&md5=565dfa4d7af6543e7e93
6727e9f0819e

AFFILIATIONS: Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State

University, Wenatchee, 98801, WA, United States; Department of Horticulture,
Washington State University, Pullman, 99164, WA, United States
ABSTRACT: Microtensiometers are plant-based sensors than can continuously measure
trunk water potential (Ψtrunk). This new water status indicator, Ψtrunk, was
compared with the midday stem water potential (Ψstem) measured with a pressure
chamber, the current standard for assessing water status in trees, leaf water
potential, and maximum daily shrinkage (MDS) in adult 'D'Anjou' pear trees (Pyrus
communis L.) irrigated following two strategies, (1) a control treatment (CTL)
irrigated at 100% of crop evapotranspiration and, (2) regulated deficit irrigation
(RDI). Ψtrunk, Ψstem and MDS were directly influenced by soil water content and
atmospheric demand. MDS was able to detect water stress in DI trees the earliest.
However, variability was high and it was not sensitive enough to detect significant
differences between irrigation treatments at the end of the season. MDS had a
maximum value of 300 µm (Ψstem =−1.4 MPa). On the other hand, variation for midday
Ψstem and Ψtrunk was low and both indicators were able to distinguish between
irrigation strategies. Midday Ψstem and Ψtrunk had a strong linear relationship
similar to the identity line (R2 = 0.88). However, when Ψstem and Ψtrunk were
compared in the afternoon, Ψtrunk reported by microtensiometers was − 0.7 MPa lower
than Ψstem measured by a pressure chamber. The daily relationship between trunk
diameter variations and Ψtrunk measured with the microtensiometers followed five
different stages. Changes in trunk diameter were delayed relative to changes in
Ψtrunk. The seasonal relationship between the MDS and Ψtrunk was strongly related
at the start of deficit irrigation (R2 = 0.63), but when the complete season was
considered, this relationship was weaker (R2 = 0.44). Moreover, the low coefficient
of variation and high sensitivity of the midday Ψtrunk measured with the
microtensiometers supports the suitability of using them in automated irrigation
systems to monitor tree water status in spite of their high dependence on
environmental conditions. This is one of the first studies that validates the use
of microtensiometers to continuously monitor tree water status in fruit trees
across two consecutive seasons under differing irrigation treatments. © 2023 The
Authors
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Maximum daily shrinkage; Microtensiometer; Plant-based water
status sensors; Scholander pressure chamber; Vapor pressure deficit; Water
potential
INDEX KEYWORDS: Fruits; Irrigation; Plants (botany); Sensitivity analysis; Soil
moisture; Irrigation treatments; Maximum daily shrinkage; Microtensiometer; Plant-
based water status sensor; Pressure chamber; Scholander pressure chamber; Trunk
diameters; Vapor pressure deficit; Water potential; Water status; adult; diameter;
diurnal variation; evapotranspiration; fruit; irrigation system; long-term change;
measurement method; model validation; sensor; soil water; tensiometer; water
content; water stress; Shrinkage
FUNDING DETAILS: Washington State Tree Fruit Research Commission Technology
Committee
FUNDING DETAILS: National Institute of Food and Agriculture, NIFA, 1014919
FUNDING DETAILS: National Institute of Food and Agriculture, NIFA
FUNDING DETAILS: Fundación Séneca, FS, 21261/PD/19
FUNDING DETAILS: Fundación Séneca, FS
FUNDING TEXT 1: Victor Blanco acknowledges the postdoctoral financial support
received from the Fundación Séneca (Región de Murcia, Spain, 21261/PD/19).
FUNDING TEXT 2: This research was funded by the Washington State Tree Fruit
Research Commission Technology Committee . Lee Kalcsits was partially supported by
the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture , Hatch project 1014919 .
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CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS: L. Kalcsits; Tree Fruit Physiology, Endowed Chair of Tree
Fruit Environmental Physiology and Management, Washington State University,
Department of Horticulture, WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center,
Wenatchee, 1100 North Western Ave, 98801, United States; email:
[email protected]
PUBLISHER: Elsevier B.V.
ISSN: 03783774
CODEN: AWMAD
LANGUAGE OF ORIGINAL DOCUMENT: English
ABBREVIATED SOURCE TITLE: Agric. Water Manage.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Article
PUBLICATION STAGE: Final
OPEN ACCESS: All Open Access; Hybrid Gold Open Access
SOURCE: Scopus

Kim J.Y., Abdel-Haleem H., Luo Z., Szczepanek A.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Kim, James Y. (57218177665); Abdel-Haleem, Hussein
(35112829600); Luo, Zinan (57195529716); Szczepanek, Aaron (57219422773)
57218177665; 35112829600; 57195529716; 57219422773
Open-source electronics for plant phenotyping and irrigation in controlled
environment
(2023) Smart Agricultural Technology, 3, art. no. 100093, Cited 6 times.
DOI: 10.1016/j.atech.2022.100093
https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-
85140869418&doi=10.1016%2fj.atech.2022.100093&partnerID=40&md5=6b9796697b6c007e746e
117cd51af5de

AFFILIATIONS: USDA-ARS, 141 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, 38776, MS, United
States; Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, Maricopa, 85138, AZ,
United States
ABSTRACT: Integration of plant phenotyping and irrigation is particularly
advantageous for identifying genetic variation associated with crop productivity.
Collecting phenotypic data and water management under controlled or open
environment can be expensive and laborious. This study aims to design a cost-
effective solution for high-throughput phenotyping (HTP) and automated irrigation
using open-source electronics. A portable HTP system was developed using a
microcontroller and a single-board computer Raspberry Pi and was extended to
include soil water monitoring and water pump control. An Arduino board was
integrated with a multispectral camera, mini LiDAR sensors, infrared thermometers,
soil moisture sensors, water pumps, and a temperature/humidity sensor. Sensor
calibration and power management enhanced the accuracy and reliability of the
system. Two genotypes (CAM212 and Giessen#4) of camelina were used to evaluate the
system to measure phenotypic responses to abiotic stress in growth chambers under
two temperatures (25 °C and 35 °C) and two water treatments (40% and 90% water
holding capacity). The HTP system monitored 24 plants periodically, and data were
wirelessly accessed by a smartphone and transferred to a computer for further
analyses. The system revealed that camelina genotype 1 (CAM212) showed superior
resistance to heat and drought stress. The results showed that the developed HTP
system offers a cost-effective and portable solution for phenotyping and water
management in controlled environment and can be modified for field applications. ©
2022
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Arduino; Image processing; Irrigation; Phenotyping; Raspberry Pi;
Sensor
FUNDING DETAILS: Mario Aguilera
FUNDING DETAILS: Nancy Parks
FUNDING DETAILS: U.S. Department of Agriculture, USDA, 2020–11000–013–00D, 2020–
21410–007–00D, 21000–013–00D
FUNDING DETAILS: National Institute of Food and Agriculture, NIFA, 2016–67009–25639
FUNDING TEXT 1: The authors would like to acknowledge Nancy Parks, Mario Aguilera,
and Beichen Lyu for their cooperation and support in facilitating sensor
installations and calibrations in the growth chambers. This research was funded by
the U.S. Department of Agriculture under project numbers 2020–21410–007–00D, 2020–
21000–013–00D, and 2020–11000–013–00D and National Institute of Food and
Agriculture (NIFA) under grant number 2016–67009–25639. The authors would like to
thank the anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions to improve the
manuscript.
FUNDING TEXT 2: The authors would like to acknowledge Nancy Parks, Mario Aguilera,
and Beichen Lyu for their cooperation and support in facilitating sensor
installations and calibrations in the growth chambers. This research was funded by
the U.S. Department of Agriculture under project numbers 2020–21410–007–00D , 2020–
21000–013–00D , and 2020–11000–013–00D and National Institute of Food and
Agriculture (NIFA) under grant number 2016–67009–25639 . The authors would like to
thank the anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions to improve the
manuscript.
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CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS: J.Y. Kim; USDA-ARS, Stoneville, 141 Experiment Station
Road, 38776, United States; email: [email protected]
PUBLISHER: Elsevier B.V.
ISSN: 27723755
LANGUAGE OF ORIGINAL DOCUMENT: English
ABBREVIATED SOURCE TITLE: Smart Agric. Technol.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Article
PUBLICATION STAGE: Final
OPEN ACCESS: All Open Access; Gold Open Access
SOURCE: Scopus

McCauely D.M., Nackley L.L.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: McCauely, Dalyn M. (57525839800); Nackley, Lloyd L.
(39762518300)
57525839800; 39762518300
Development of mini-lysimeter system for use in irrigation automation of container-
grown crops
(2022) HardwareX, 11, art. no. e00298, Cited 3 times.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2022.e00298
https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-
85127528829&doi=10.1016%2fj.ohx.2022.e00298&partnerID=40&md5=52eccfe9da7616ca57d80b
b3ed02325b

AFFILIATIONS: Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR,

United States; North Willamette Research and Extension Center, Aurora, OR, United
States
ABSTRACT: Development of more efficient and sustainable irrigation technology is
critical to maintain horticultural production in a water scarce future. Sensor
controlled irrigation is an emerging technology that has the potential to increase
irrigation efficiency and reduce overwatering by using real-time data on container
water status to control the timing and volume of irrigation events. This project
presents a novel irrigation control system using lysimetry. We develop small scale
lysimeters, referred to as mini-lysimeter, which provide a direct measure of actual
evapotranspiration (ET) via a change in mass of containerized crops. As such, mini-
lysimeter sensors have the potential to be an effective instrument for automatic
irrigation scheduling. This paper presents the mini-lysimeter controlled irrigation
system design in detail, including the mini-lysimeter sensors, data logger and
control system configuration, and the hardware needed to integrate the control
system into existing irrigation infrastructure. A proof of concept study is
presented where mini-lysimeter (ML) controlled irrigation is compared to a
traditional timer-based irrigation schedule. Results show that the ML controlled
irrigation system can produce plants of equal size to traditional irrigation
methods while using 26% less water on average. The outcome of this study indicates
that the hardware presented here is reliable and robust enough to produce quality
plants in a real nursery production setting, and this technology provides a novel
approach to improving water efficiency in container nurseries. © 2022 The Author(s)
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Automated irrigation; Container-crops; Lysimeter
INDEX KEYWORDS: Containers; Crops; Efficiency; Irrigation; Lysimeters; Soil
surveys; Automated irrigation; Container-crop; Controlled irrigations; Emerging
technologies; Irrigation controls; Irrigation efficiency; Lysimeter; Real-time
data; Water scarce; Water status; Control systems
FUNDING DETAILS: Oregon Department of Agriculture, ODA, ODA-4190-GR
FUNDING DETAILS: Oregon Department of Agriculture, ODA
FUNDING TEXT 1: Funding for this project was provided by the Oregon Department of
Agriculture SCBG award ODA-4190-GR. Technical assistance for this project was
provided by Brian Hill.
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PUBLISHER: Elsevier Ltd
ISSN: 24680672
LANGUAGE OF ORIGINAL DOCUMENT: English
ABBREVIATED SOURCE TITLE: HardwareX
DOCUMENT TYPE: Article
PUBLICATION STAGE: Final
OPEN ACCESS: All Open Access; Gold Open Access; Green Open Access
SOURCE: Scopus