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Concerning the oft forgotten wherefore of toxicology:
And even in our times it is said, venomous animals
­poison the water after the setting of the sun, so that the
good animals cannot drink of it, but in the morning after
the sunrise, comes the unicorn and dips his horn into the
stream driving away the poison from it . . . this I have
seen for myself.
—John of Hesse

Concerning the difficulty of coherently structuring information:

One day the devil and a friend were taking a stroll when
they saw a man bend down and pick up something from
the ground. He looked at it carefully and put it away in
his pocket. The friend asked the devil, ‘What did that
man pick up?’ ‘He picked up a piece of the Truth,’
answered the devil. ‘That is unfortunate for you,’ said his
friend. ‘On the contrary,’ the devil replied, ‘I am going to
let him organize it.’
—Paraphrased from a talk given by Krishnamurti
 List of Contributors

Mohammad Abdollahi Department of Toxicology & Development, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC,
Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Univer- USA
sity of Medical Services, Tehran, Iran Yuri Bruinen de Bruin RIVM/SEC Expertise Centre
Jamaludin Abu Bakar for Substances, PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The
Lajoie Alain Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en Netherlands
santé et en sécurité du travail, 505 De Maisonneuve M. Burger Department of Toxicology, Uruguay
Blvd. West, Montreal (Québec), Canada School of Medicine, Uruguay
L. Ashdown Bruce Busby Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research
Hilde Balling Research Centre for Environmental Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., PO Box 19024, Seattle,
Health, National Board of Health, Islands Brygge 67, WA, USA
Denmark Victoria A. Cassano Stony Brook University, Stony
Brook Occupational Medicine, 2500 Route 347
Marek Banasik Institute of Public Health and
Building 9, Suite C, Stony Brook, NY, USA
Environmental Protection (IPHEP), ul. Batystowa
1B/2, Warsaw, Poland Guang-Di Chen Center for Hearing and Deafness,
SUNY at Buffalo, 137E Cary Hall, 3435 Main Street,
Russell Barbare GAO Consulting Services, Cary,
Buffalo, NY, USA
NC, USA
Karen Chou Department of Animal Science,
Marc Baril Strategic Watch and Quality Management
Environmental Science and Policy Program, Michigan
Department, Scientific Division, Robert-Sauve Institute
State University, 2209E Anthony, East Lansing, MI, USA
of Research, 505 De Maisonneuve Blvd West, Montreal,
Quebec, Canada Sandra Coecke European Commission, Joint Research
Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection,
C.C. Barton Iowa Department of Public Health, 321
Via Enrico Fermi 2749, I-21027, Ispra (VA), Italy
E. 12th Street, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
V. Collazo
Yedidia Bentur Israel Poison Information Center,
Rambam Health Care Campus, PO Box 9602, Haifa, Cristiana L. Correa PLANITO X, Rua Dr Jose Inocencio
Israel de Campos, 153 – 3o andar, Campinas, SP, Brazil
Fred Berman Center for Research on Occupational Tony Cox Cox Associates, 503 Franklin Street, Denver,
and Environmental Toxicology, 3181 SW, Sam Jackson Colorado, USA
Park Road, L606, Portland, Oregon, USA Vincent Danel Toxicologie Clinique et Tosicovigilance,
Roberto Binetti Institut Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy BP 271, Hopital Regional de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
Jacques Blain Strategic Watch and Quality Maurella Della Seta Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Management Department, Scientific Division, Institut Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du Herbert Desel Poison Information Center North,
travail, 505 De Maisonneuve Blvd. West Montreal University of Gottingen, Robert-Koch Str., Gottingen,
(Québec) Canada H3A 3C2 Germany
William K. Boyes National Health and Environmental Jacques Descotes Lyon Poison Center, Hopital
Effects Research Laboratory Office of Research and Edouard Hezziot, Lyon, France

xxiii
xxiv List of Contributors

Aruna Dewan Center for Education, Awareness and Pertti J. Hakkinen National Library of Medicine,
Research On Chemicals and Health (CEARCH), A- National Institutes of Health, 6707 Democracy
202, Spectrum Towers, Shahibag, Ahmedabad, India Boulevard, Suite 510, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
John Doull Court Appointed Scientific Experts Homero C. Harari Institute for Development of
AAAS, 1200 New York Avenue, NW, Washington, DC, Production and Work Environment, Quito, Ecuador
20005, USA Raul E. Harari Institute for Development of
John H. Duffus The Edinburgh Centre for Toxicology, Production and Work Environment, Quito, Ecuador
43 Mansionhouse Road, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK P.T.C. Harrison Institute of Environment and Health,
Amy Erbe University of Montana, Montana, USA Cranield University, Silsoe, UK
Chantra Eskes European Commission, Joint Research Antoinette Hayes Wyeth Research, 200 Burtt Road,
Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Andover, MA, USA
Via Enrico Fermi 2749, I-21027, Ispra (VA), Italy A. Wallace Hayes Environ, 4350 North Fairfax Drive,
Anna M. Fan Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology Suite 300, Arlington, VA, USA
Branch, California Environmental Protectiona Agency, Richard C. Hertzberg Department of Environmental
1515 Clay Street, 16th Floor, Oakland, CA, USA and Occupational Health, Emory University, Atlanta,
Marion Joseph Fedoruk UCI Medical Center, 101 The Georgia, 30322, USA
City Drive, Irvine, CA, USA P. Holmes Institute of Environment and Health,
Allan S. Felsot Food and Environmental Quality Cranield University, Silsoe, UK
Lab., Washington State University, 2710 University Stephanie Holmgren Library and Information Services,
Drive, Richland, WA, USA National Institute of Environment Health Services, Rall
Jeremy A. Freeman Department of Surgical Oncology, Building 101, 111 Alexander Drive, RTP, USA
Princess Margaret Hospital and the University of M. Hornychova
Toronto, Toronto, Canada Ching-Hung Hsu US Environmental Protection Agency,
Katie Frevert Center for Ecogenetics and Environ- Washington, DC, USA
mental Health, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Box 354695, Effendi Ibrahim
Seattle, WA, USA
Salmaan H. Inayat-Hussain Environmental Health
Shayne Gad 102 Woodtrail Lane, Cary, NC, USA Program, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences,
Steven G. Gilbert Institute of Neurotoxicology and Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Allied
Neurological Disorders, 8232 - 14th Avenue, NE, Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsa an Malaysia,
Seattle, WA, 98115, USA Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Maria E. Gonsebatt Instituto de Investigaciones Bio- Yuri Ingrid European Commission, Joint Research
medicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection,
Mexico City, Mexico Physical and Chemical Exposure Unit, Via E. Fermi,
Ispra, 21020 (VA), Italy
Julie Goodman Gradient Corporation, 20 University
Road, Cambridge, MA, USA Blain Jacques University of Montreal, Montreal,
Canada
Kimberley S. Grant Institute of Neurotoxicology and
Neurological Disorders, University of Washington, Huw Bowen Jones Aeris Technologies, 5/26 - 34
WA, USA Dunning Ave, Rosebery, NSW, Australia
Tee L. Guidotti Department of Environmental and Samantha J. Jones National Center for Environmental
Occupational Health School of Public Health and Assessment, US EPA Office of Research and Develop-
Health Services, George Washington University, ment, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, DC, USA
2100 M St., NW, Suite 203, Washington, DC, 20052 Regine Kahl Institute of Toxicology, University of
USA Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
Mary Gulumian National Institute for Occupational Janet Kester New Fields, 155 Cedar Lake Drive,
Health, PO Box 4788, Johannesburg, South Africa Wentzville, Missouri, USA
Axel Hahn Center for Documentation and Kh.Kh. Khamidulina Russian Register of Potentially
Assessment of Poisonings, Federal Institute for Risk Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances,
Assessment, Thielallee 88-92, Berlin, Germany Moscow, Russia
 List of Contributors xxv

Agnieszka Kinsner-Ovaskainen European Commis- Mazlin Mokhtar Universiti Kebangsan Malaysia,

sion, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Malaysia
Consumer Protection, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, I-21027, Takeshi Morita Division of Safety Information on
Ispra (VA) Italy Drugs, Food & Chemicals, National Institute of Health
Hannu Komulainen National Institute for Health Sciences, Kamiyoga 1-18-1, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
and Welfare, Department of Environmental Health, A. Negrin
PO Box 95, Kuopio, Finland
Lewis Nelson Medical Toxicology Fellowship Training
Cecile M. Krejsa ZymoGenetics, Inc., PreClinical Program, NYU Medical Center, New York, USA
Development, 1201 Eastlake Ave. E, Seattle, WA, USA
Monica Nordberg Institute of Environmental
J. Kuellmer Federal Ministry for the Environment, Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Nature Conservation and Nuclear safety, PO Box
120629, Bonn, Germany Elizabeht Norfleet GAD Consulting Services, Cary, NC

B.A. Kurlyandskiy Russian Registry of Potentially Michelle Alia Nunis

Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances, Enrique Paris CITUC, Poison Control Center, School
Vadkoysky per., 18–20, Moscow, Russia of Medicine, Pontifica Universidad, Católica de Chile,
A. Laborde Centro de Informacion y Asesoramiento Santiago, Chile
Toxicologico, Department of Toxicology, Facuty of Shruti Patel Indian Council of Medical Research,
Medicine, Hospital de Clinicas, Avenue Italia s/n P7, National Institute of Occupational Health, Meghani,
Montevideo, Uraguay Nagar, Gujarat, Ahmedabad, India
Ingrid Langezaal European Commission, Joint Research Mark A. Pershouse Department of Biomedical and
Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32
Via Enrico Fermi 2749, I-21027, Ispra (VA), Italy Campus Drive, Skaggs 270, Missoula, Montana, USA
Kees van Leeuwen European Commission, Institute Amanda S. Persad National Center for Environmental
for Health and Consumer Protection, Joint Research Assessment, US EPA Office of Research and Develop-
Centre, Ispra, 21020, Italy ment, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
Abby A. Li Exponent, 500, 12th Street, Suite 220, Juan Carlos Piola Toxicologist Service of Children
Oakland, CA, USA Hospital of Rosario, Alvear 858 PB “A”, Rosario, CP
Birgitte Lindeman Department of Chemical 2000, Argentina
Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Charles A. Pittinger ARCADIS Fountain Pointe I,
Box 4404, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway 4665 Cornell Road, Ste 350, Cincinnati, OH 45241, USA
Ramiro I. Lopez Ministry of Public Health of Ecuador Rafael Ponce ZymoGenetics, Inc., PreClinical Develo-
and Biomedicine Center, Central University, Quito, pment, 1201 Eastlake Ave. E, Seattle, WA, USA
Ecuador Carey Pope College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma
Ruth Lyddy Gradient Corporation, 20 University State University, 170 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, USA
Road, Cambridge, MA, USA Robert H. Poppenga California Animal Health and
Andrew Maier Toxicology Excellence for Risk Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine,
Assessment, 2300 Montana Ave., Suite 409, Cincinnati, University of California, West Health Sciences Drive,
OH, USA Davis, CA, USA
Ida Marcello University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy Paolo Preziosi Emeritus Professor and Universita
Marina Marinovich Istituto di Scienze Farmaco- Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
logiche, Universita di Milano, Via Bolzaretti 9, Milan, Barbara Price Applied Science and Analysis Inc. PO
Italy Box 6409, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA
Juan Jose Mieres Poison Information Center and Richard Price Applied Science and Analysis Inc. PO
Chemical Emergency Information Center, School of Box 6409, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA
Medicine, Portificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Elizabeth Putnam Center for Environmental Health
Marcoleta 446, PO Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile Sciences, Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, The
Asish Mohapatra Safe Environment Directorate, Health Universtiy of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812-1552,
Canada (Alberta Region), Calgary, Alberta, Canada USA
xxvi List of Contributors

Bianca Raikhlin-Eisenkraft Israel Poison Information K.K. Sidorov Russian Registry of Potentially
Center, Rambam Health Care Campus, PO Box 9602, Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances,
Haifa, Israel Vadkoysky per., 18–20, Moscow, Russia
Gary O. Rankin Pharmcology, Physiology, and Toxi- Mariana P. Soares Plantiox, Campinas, Brazil
cology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall Wayne Spoo 950 Reynolds Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC
University, 1542 Spring Valley Drive, Huntington, WV, 27102, USA
USA
Todd Stedeford Institute of Public Health and Environ-
Guillermo Repetto National Institute of Toxicology, mental Protection (IPHEP), ul. Batystowa 1B/2,
Av Dr. Fedriani s/n, 41009, Seville, Spain Warsaw, Poland
Manuel Repetto National Institute of Toxicology, Av Kenneth R. Still Occupational Toxicology Associates,
Dr. Fedriani s/n, 41009, Seville, Spain Inc., 2324 NE 10th Avenue, Hillsboro, Oregen, USA.
G.E. Rice National Center for Environmental Assess- Frederick W. Stoss SUNY at Buffalo, Caspen Hall, 5131
ment, Office of Research and Development, US EPA, Science and Engineering Library, Buffalo, NY, 14260,
Cincinnati, OH, USA USA
Gene Rider Intertek, Swift Drive, Suite 200, Oak Peter R. Stout RTI International, 3040 Corwallis
Brook, IL, USA Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
Juan Carlos Rios Chemical Emergency Information Michele R. Sullivan MRS Associates, 2475 N.
Center, School of Medicine, Pontificia Católica de Wakefield Court, Arlington, VA, USA
Chile, Marcoleta 446, PO Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile Priya Tailor
Arisleida J. Rodríguez Jin Taiyi Fudan University, Department of
Bailey Montgomery Ross Occupational Health, School of Public Health,
Shanghai, 200032, China
Karl K. Rozman Department of Pharmacology,
Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas M. Takamiya Department of Environmental Science,
Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Mail Stop Faculty of Science, Kumamoto University, Kurokami
1018, Kansas City, KS, USA 2-39-1, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
Tetsuo Satoh Human and Animal Bridge Research Douglas M. Templeton Department of Laboratory
Institute (HABRI), Chikawa, Chiba, Japan Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto,
Toronto, Canada
Philippe Saviuc Unite de Toxicologie Clinique,
Département de Veille Sanitaive, Centre Hospitalier, E. Michael Thomas PO Box 800, Somerset, Kentucky,
Universitaire de Grenoble, Grenoble, France USA
P. Scarabino Waverly Thorsen Environmental Sciences, Exponent
Inc., 15375 SE, 30th Place, Bellevue, WA, USA
Melisa Bunderson Schelvan University of Montana,
Montana, USA Monice A. Valentovic Department of Pharmacology,
Physicology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School
U. Schlottmann Federal Ministry for the Environment, of Medicine, 1542 Spring Valley Drive, Huntington,
Nature Conservation and Nuclear safety, PO Box WV 25704, USA
120629, Bonn, Germany
Jacqueline van Engelen National Institute for Public
S.C. Schmitz Iowa Department of Public Health, 321 Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the
E. 12th Street, Des Moines, Iowa, USA Netherlands
Dieter Schwala Stockholm Environmental Institute Maylin E. Velásquez
(SEI), University of York, York, UK
J. Veseal National Institute of Public Health,
Corbin Schwanke University of Montreal, Montreal, Srobarova 48, Prague, Czech Republic
Canada
Jung-Der Wang APACPH, International cyber Univer-
Kelli Selfe GAD Consulting, Cary, NC sity for Health, 134 Shinchondong, Seodaenum, Seoul,
Bert Shephard Korea
Neil S. Shifrin Gradient Corporation, 20 University Katherine D. Watson Department of History, Oxford
Road, Cambridge, MA, USA Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
 List of Contributors xxvii

Philip Wexler NIH, National Library of Medicine, Carrie Yu Gradient Corporation, Cambridge, Massa-
Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA chusetts, USA
Lars Wiklund RegSafe Regulatory Safety Sciences, Flavio A.D. Zambrone State University of Campinas,
SE-182 73 Stocksund, Sweden São Paulo, Brazil
Paul Wright Toxicology Key Centre, RMIT University, Zhixiong Zhuang School of Public Health, Zhong
Plenty Road, Building 223, Level 2, Room 1, PO Box Shan University, Guangzhuo, 510080, P. R, China
71, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia Liu Zhuobao Fudan University, Department of
Chihae Yang Pacific Crest Software, In Silico Occupational Health, School of Public Health,
Toxicology, 1730 Rhode Island Ave., Suite 803, Shanghai, 200032, China
Washington, DC, 20036, USA
Robert R. Young Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
1060 Commerce Park, 6480, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
 Foreword

Toxicology, like other sciences, has developed in The fourth edition of Information Resources in
phases. Toxicologists, however, claim that the initial Toxicology reflects the exponential growth of our disci-
phase of our discipline preceded that of most other pline. Despite the book’s increased size, it is easier to
biological sciences since it involved recognition by navigate because its many chapters have been logi-
primitive man of the safe and dangerous agents in his cally clustered into relatively few sections. Each chap-
environment. The next phase (antiquity and the ter in the global arena and subject categorization
Middle Ages) was characterized by the use of this sections has been written by a well-recognized expert
information for good (therapeutics) and evil (poison- to insure that it is both authoritative and current.
ing). It was during the Renaissance that Paracelsus Similarly, the chapters on the Internet and Digital
recognized the importance of the dose–response para- Tools and Special Topics (legal, education, funding,
digm, and this marked the beginning of modern toxi- etc.) provide a pragmatic hands-on approach that will
cology. Today toxicology is focused on molecular be of immense value to scientific researchers not well
mechanisms, and using the Internet to store and versed in such ancillary concerns. The section on
exchange this and other information is becoming a Other Resources offers chapters on print media (jour-
key part in the evolution of toxicology. A major prob- nals, newsletters, bibliographies and similar collec-
lem with using the Internet in toxicology is that the tions, agency and organization documents and
amount of information is overwhelming and that it reports, etc.), as well as a delightful chapter on
varies greatly in quality. Information Resources in General Interest and Popular Works which nicely sup-
Toxicology addresses this problem by providing a road- plements the chapters on Scientific Principles and
map for today’s online enthusiast, and an annotated History in the introductory section.
bibliography for other information sources in toxicol-
ogy. This book is a gold mine for those of us who John Doull, MD, PhD
make lists of our favorite toxicology and regulatory University of Kansas Medical Center
websites, and will be invaluable to everyone who Kansas City, Kansas
wants to know where to find general and specific
information in all areas of toxicology and risk assess-
ment in the US and around the world.

Copyright © 2009 by Academic Press.

INFORMATION RESOURCES IN TOXICOLOGY, FOURTH EDITION xxix All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.
 Preface

It has been 26 years since the first edition of this traditional paper formats, now predominate. It
work was published. Toxicology, at the time, although becomes an ever greater challenge to encompass the
not quite a fledgling science, still had not reached its diversity, and multiple nodes of toxicology within the
maturity. The evolution of its experimental and theo- confines of, ironically, a single print publication, which
retical underpinnings was gradual and continues to is the format this book takes. However, the editors felt
be refined, although its standing as a peer of other that despite the pervasiveness of information on the
scientific disciplines is now assured. Internet, its search capabilities and free availability,
The societal impact of toxicology lends it a layer of there were still significant advantages to a highly
practical relevance that not every science can lay claim structured hardcopy compendium, avoiding much of
to. Given that we cannot avoid interacting with xenobi- the extraneous web-based information and focusing
otics on a daily basis, toxicology plays a significant role on the relevant, either digital or other. Further, this edi-
in our lives. News of toxicological incidents continues tion’s planned availability on Elsevier’s Science Direct
to fascinate, be it melamine-tainted pet food, toothpaste will give readers more comfortable with the digital
containing traces of diethylene glycol, the recall of toys environment, the option of also navigating and search-
contaminated with lead-based paint, an assassination ing the book’s content in an online environment.
attempt on the President of Ukraine with dioxins, or The dual stream of advances in the science of toxi-
the murder of a former Soviet agent with radioactive cology itself and in the information technology to
polonium 210. assist in its research and deliver its results has resulted
While piecemeal efforts are being made globally to in an array of new tools for generating, capturing,
limit greenhouse gas emissions and otherwise rein in organizing, and disseminating data. These web tools
chemical releases, chemicals are still adamant in their and resources, exclusive of devices integrated with
refusal to respect geographic boundaries. Developing laboratory instrumentation, have been extensively
countries with bourgeoning economies are fueling covered in this new edition.
much of this pollution, compromising the health of their Toxicology’s forward scientific march has resulted
citizens and people at a distance. And yet asking the in the blossoming of a host of new areas ripe for fur-
developing world to eschew rapid economic progress ther investigation. Emerging subjects, such as – ‘omics,
in favor of a paced and sustainable approach for the nanotechnology, high-throughput screening, etc., are
benefit of the Earth and future generations, requires dis- joined with new perspectives on issues rooted in the
cussion, diplomacy, and compromise. Much work past (e.g. chemical and biological warfare, animal wel-
remains to be done. fare, effects of mixtures, risk assessment). The empha-
The current edition’s overall structure and goals sis on the chemical-based orientation of toxicology
adhere fairly well to those established in the last three persists and is reflected in the focus of this book, but
editions. The intent remains to provide an extensive biological and physical agents, particularly radiation,
annotated bibliography and sourcebook to informa- have not been neglected since their potentially haz-
tion in toxicology, a compilation of references to key ardous effects are part and parcel of the science.
documents, organizations, and other resources. What The online web environment, of course, is now an
has changed is the extent to which digital versions of inevitable part of the professional and personal lives of
these resources, either complementing or replacing most of us in the developed world, and remote and


xxix
xxx Preface

economically deprived regions are catching up quickly. Thanks are due, foremost, to my three Associate
Google, Wikipedia, blogs, online social networking, Editors, Steve Gilbert, Bert Hakkinen, and Asish
virtual environments, and PDAs, have become part Mohapatra. Their unparalleled knowledge of the sci-
and parcel of our daily vocabulary and lives, and offer ence and significance of toxicology and its information
ever novel approaches to make sense of raw, sprawling infrastructure proved invaluable. Their overlapping net-
information, and offer ways to make it easier to use works of proficient colleagues from whose ranks they
whenever, wherever. Toxicology has benefited from drew chapter contributors, and their ability to work
these technologies. smoothly together and with me, made the creation of
This edition is much more of a collaborative this book an efficient and enjoyable process. Fred Stoss,
endeavor than the previous three. Individual experts our informal informatics advisor, brought to our project
were solicited for virtually every chapter to assure the a broad grasp of the public health implications of toxi-
best selection of resources. We have also embraced the cology and environmental health, and well-honed and
global nature of toxicology, both via contributors from respected skills in library and information science. And,
different countries, and discussion of toxicology activi- of course, our many contributors, among whom the
ties around the world. Transportation and communica- above editors are also included, form both the backbone
tion technologies have hastened this globalism, and of the book and the cement which holds it together.
increasing cooperation on the economic and govern- Additional acknowledgment and praise is due to
mental fronts (the European Union being one example) Keri Witman, Cindy Minor, Renske van Dijk, Rebecca
are signs that no matter how well established toxicol- Garay, Kirsten Chrisman, and Claire Hutchins, of
ogy may be in a single country, we cannot afford to be Elsevier, our Acquisitions, Production, and Develop­
provincial and risk excluding the research and investi- mental Editors respectively, for recognizing the value
gations of other countries. Thus, chapters here include of a fourth edition, nudging it through its insubstan-
compilations of toxicology resources in selected coun- tial, preliminary, and partial stages, with sensible
tries outside the United States, as well as a chapter guidance, and ultimately molding a coherent and use-
devoted to international activities and the many multi- ful product in a handsome package.
lateral conventions and initiatives relevant to the
science.
Philip Wexler
 Preface to the Third Edition

The goal of this revised third edition is to provide others, as understood traditionally, being replaced or
an up-to-date selective guide to sources of information complemented by electronic versions, we in the infor-
in all aspects of toxicology and ancillary fields, such as mation fields find ourselves groping for the right word
environmental and occupational health and risk anal- to describe a resource. A database used to be a collec-
ysis. The core of this reference work is an extensive tion of information accessed directly over standard
annotated bibliography of books categorized by sub- phone lines. It still may be, although we now have the
ject. This is joined by listings of journals, organiza- much more multifaceted and versatile World Wide
tions, audiovisuals, popular works, and many other Web and Internet. Databases can be PC-resident, net-
areas. Perhaps the most obvious change in access to worked, on CD-ROMs, packaged with software that
toxicology information in the 10 years since the sec- “does”something with or to the data and allows new
ond edition has been the growth of electronic sources data to be imported (e.g., modeling, structure–activity),
of information and digital technologies to access it, etc. Words such as “book,” “journal,” or “newsletter,”
sparked by the pervasiveness of personal computers though not likely to vanish any time soon, will proba-
in office and home and the still burgeoning Internet. It bly become much more nuanced and ambiguous,
is, in fact, ironic that despite this phenomenal transi- requiring clarification, perhaps, about whether one is
tion in scientific information-seeking behavior, we talking about content in hard-copy print or digital
nonetheless have a need for and joy in old-fashioned form. We have thus, for want of good substitutes, used
information rich paper products, such as books. That many of the same format types from earlier editions.
said, I continue to harbor the hope that this book will There are many more cross-references, though, to
one day be joined, but not replaced, by an electronic Web sites.
version. Each chapter retained from the second edition,
The scope of toxicology has widened and its areas some renamed, has been considerably enlarged, and a
of focus have shifted significantly in the last decade. number of new chapters have been added. The new
Whereas the subject breakdown of books is similar to chapters cover publishers, grants and other funding
that in the second edition, there are an increasing opportunities, assessment of physical hazards, patent
number devoted to biochemical, cellular, molecular, literature, technical reports, an overview of interna-
and genetic aspects and more of an emphasis on both tional activities, and the IUPAC glossary. Also contrib-
mechanisms of action and risk assessment. There will uted were new chapters describing toxicological
always be a chemical or topic of the hour, be it Agent activities in Russia and Paraguay. The addition of
Orange or endocrine disruptors, to which it may seem three Associate Editors, each well versed in the inter-
a disproportionate amount of attention is paid. We section of toxicology and information, has energized
have tried to include resources covering such subjects and brought a fresh perspective to the text.
if their significance is likely to endure. Many thanks to Tari Paschall, Destiny Irons, Kay
It has become considerably more difficult to know Sasser, and Joanna Dinsmore of Academic Press. Their
how to categorize items. There used to be a common combined editorial and production skills have trans-
understanding of what the words “book,” ”journal,” or formed a loose jumble of chapters into a coherent and
“newsletter” meant, but with these formats and logical whole.


xxxi
xxxii Preface to the Third Edition

Disclaimer by the U.S. National Library of Medicine or any other

agency of the U.S. Federal Government was provided
I wrote this book in my capacity as a private citizen,
or should be inferred.
not as a government employee. The views expressed
are strictly my own. No official support or endorsement Philip Wexler
 Preface to the Second Edition

Since the first edition of this book five years ago, the animal testing must be seriously examined by respon-
field of toxicology has continued to grow unabated. sible toxicologists. The sophistication of new compu-
This younger sibling of the more established sciences is ter systems is allowing studies in such areas as
crossing more and more disciplinary boundaries while structure-activity relationships. Indeed, computers in
gradually refining its scientific basis. Much fundamen- general are aiding experiments in direct measurement
tal research is still necessary. The excitement of toxicol- and analysis, as well as data capture, manipulation,
ogy is based, in large measure, on the difficulty of and retrieval.
making predictions about the response of biological Areas of toxicology that this book has not stressed
systems to exogenous agents. Its challenge is to balance are management of hazardous wastes, aspects of pol-
technological and product innovation with the guaran- lution control, and engineering equipment considera-
tee for a reasonably safe and healthy environment. tions. Abuse of drugs, alcohol, and tobacco, while also
This book considers toxicology primarily from the within the broad scope of toxicology, have generally
perspective of the harmful effects of chemicals on bio- not been treated here.
logical systems. “Harmful,” of course, is a highly This book of “information resources” is addressed
problematic word. “Harmful” may be on a clinical, to anyone who has a need to know where to look for
pathological, or biochemical level. It may change over toxicology information. A library cataloger may
time in relation to advances in analytical instrumenta- describe it as an annotated bibliography and directory.
tion. The Congress, regulatory agencies at all levels of I prefer to think of it as a sourcebook, a kind of “Whole
government, the courts, and the public all have their Toxicology Catalog.” The current edition is an
own ideas about what such words as “harmful,” “haz- expanded and updated version of the first. The scope
ardous,” “poisonous,” “toxic,” and “adverse” mean. I has been widened as indicated above, and there has
will leave debate over these fine distinctions to others been a finer subdivision of categories within toxicol-
and consider all the terms as roughly synonymous for ogy. This remains a selective list with no attempt made
the purposes of this book. to cover exhaustively all available materials. A selec-
Nonchemical concerns of toxicology relate to the tive list always assumes a certain presumptuousness
effects of certain physical agents (e.g., radiation) and on the author’s part in judging some books more
complex biotoxins (e.g., snake venoms, aflatoxins) on deserving than others. I have further risked charges of
biological systems. Chemical, physical, and biological audacity by highlighting the books that I deem espe-
agents may act not only upon living organisms but cially noteworthy with an asterisk (*). I have no con-
upon atmospheric, terrestrial, and aquatic environ- crete criteria for these judgments other than my
ments. Certain subjects are just beginning to gain a personal opinion in examining the texts. Nonasterisked
foothold in the realm of the toxicological sciences. books may be just as, or more, valuable for certain
Biotechnology, an explosively fertile field in its own applications and no slight is intended toward any of
right, meets toxicology when studies of the adverse the authors. All quoted passages within annotations
effects of genetically engineered microorganisms are are taken from the item cited or from promotional
considered. The animal rights movement has made its literature. Book prefaces and the “Information for
presence strongly felt, and therefore alternatives to Authors” section of periodicals were typical sources


xxxiii
xxxiv Preface to the Second Edition

for such quotations. This edition includes many new my hands and makes it way to publication, over
books and new editions of older works. Thus, there months, new toxicology resources will come to light.
has been a considerable increase in scope, size, and I am indebted to many individuals for their assist-
currency. ance with this book. Certainly a sourcebook of this
The other major change is the international cover- magnitude would not have been possible without all
age of the current edition. The inclusion of countries the fine contributions by my U.S. and international
outside the English-speaking world was necessary to colleagues. Dr. Jose Alberto Castro, of Argentina, was
make this a thorough compendium. Unfortunately, I particularly helpful in directing me to other interna-
was unable to obtain contributions from all of the tional contributors and sharing with me his keen
countries I would have liked to include, and I regret insight into toxicological information in developing
these omissions. Contributed chapters on the history countries. I would like to extend special thanks to Drs.
of toxicology and on regulatory information were sup- Henry Kissman and George Cosmides for their many
plied. Also included are a variety of supplemental lists helpful suggestions and to Mr. Bruno Vasta for his
and directories, such as the directory of mutagenicity encouragement of this project. I am equally grateful to
testing laboratories in the United States. Mrs. Aurora K. Reich for her continued interest and
The organization of the book, an issue I struggled guidance. The valuable advice and good spirits of
with in the first edition, continued to plague me here. Elsevier’ s Yale Altman cannot be underestimated as
The widely disparate nature of the form of material important factors in the successful completion of this
(book, series, monographic series, handbook, book in book. Christine Hastings, the book’s Desk Editor,
parts, etc.) and the interdisciplinary nature of the field miraculously transformed the dishabille of my manu-
itself have made it difficult to impose a wholly coher- script into an elegantly tailored book. Finally, I am
ent and justifiable order on the work. It has not been thankful to my friends, parents, Yetty and Will, and
easy to reconcile the following two seemingly contra- my wife, Susan, for more than I can express.
dictory facts: (a) organization of a combined directory/
bibliography is critical in providing efficient access to
the information contained therein; and (b) there is no
Disclaimer
perfect way to organize such a book. In the end, I hope
the organization selected, along with the indexes and I wrote this book in my capacity as a private citizen,
cross-references, will prove at least reasonable and not a government employee. The views expressed are
convenient to use. The very best way to access infor- strictly my own. No official support or endorsement
mation in a book of this nature is to create an online by the U.S. National Library of Medicine or any other
searchable computer version which should definitely agency of the U.S. Federal Government was provided
be considered if future editions are contemplated. The or should be inferred.
other frustration an online version would eliminate is
the difficulty of keeping up with new and changing
information. As the manuscript for this book leaves Philip Wexler
 Preface to the First Edition

Although literature in toxicology is proliferating at issues, veterinary toxicology, and target systems toxi-
a phenomenal rate, and access to this literature by use cology. The concentration is that of health effects.
of computer data bases and other tools is fairly ade- Therefore, topics such as management and storage of
quate, there has as yet been no succinct guide direct- wastes and waste disposal; engineering, equipment,
ing devotees of toxicology to the major sources of and monitoring aspects; mechanical aspects of pollu-
information in the field. This guide is an attempt to fill tion, and ecology and environmental impact where
this void. It is a selective and annotated list of infor- man is not considered a key component of the bio-
mation resources. I have tried to select material that is sphere are peripheral to the scope of this guide. In
or has the potential of being widely and frequently addition, the following topics have not been empha-
used and is exceptional in its content and presenta- sized: alcohol and tobacco, drug abuse, allergy and
tion. In addition, I have included material that may hypersensitivity, and mechanical and traffic hazards.
not necessarily be of reference use but that is repre- The materials chosen are in English and the organi-
sentative of a subject or format. Both relatively broad zations are primarily within the United States. One
areas of toxicology and more specific fields of interest chapter provides a glimpse into international activities.
have been covered. The chapter divisions devised for this guide are
Toxicology deals with chemical, physical, and bio- somewhat arbitrary, although not indiscriminate.
logical (i.e., plant and animal toxins) hazards to man. Some of the materials in both the periodicals and
Chemicals have unavoidably been emphasized. The books sections, for instance, could have been merged
large number of potentially dangerous commercial into a chapter on handbooks (e.g., RTECS, TaSCA
chemicals and the large populations exposed to them Inventory, etc.). Then, the associated problem of how
has resulted in a focus of attention on chemical haz- to categorize items that were partially handbooks of
ards in research, regulations, and press coverage. I data and partially expository prose, would have
have tried to balance this emphasis by including sub- arisen. Directories, on the other hand, for which there
stantial resources on physical and biological hazards. is a separate chapter, could have been dispersed
For the purposes of this guide, the following areas among the serials and books. After much thought, I
are within the scope of toxicology: industrial and have settled on the organization that follows.
household chemicals and substances, food, drugs, cos- The guide has been organized in a manner that
metics, gases, radiation and radioactive substances, should be most convenient for scanning as well as for
sound, heat light, laser, microwave, metals, minerals, accessing a particular item or class of items. The overall
trace elements, biotoxins (mushrooms, plants, insect organization, along with the indexes, should provide
stings, snake and marine life venoms), environmental sufficient access. I have avoided creating too many cat-
pollutants, pesticides, industrial hygiene and occupa- egories and chapters as this tends to confound matters
tional medicine, analytical techniques, chemical and and create an extremely disjointed product in a field
forensic toxicology, epidemiology, contamination of where there is great overlap in subdisciplines.
water and air, carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, teratogene- There was a great temptation to make this guide
sis and reproductive toxicology, behavioral toxicology, much larger than it is, since there is no shortage of
toxicity testing, legislation, regulations, and societal material. This, however, would have become unwieldy


xxxv