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Chapter-_3_Logic-AND-Gate-Tutorial

The document provides an overview of various digital logic gates, including AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, EXOR, and EXNOR gates, explaining their functions and truth tables. It highlights that an AND gate outputs high only when all inputs are high, while an OR gate outputs high if at least one input is high. Additionally, it notes that NAND and NOR gates are universal functions capable of generating AND, OR, and NOT operations.

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lancemowalana
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3 views

Chapter-_3_Logic-AND-Gate-Tutorial

The document provides an overview of various digital logic gates, including AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, EXOR, and EXNOR gates, explaining their functions and truth tables. It highlights that an AND gate outputs high only when all inputs are high, while an OR gate outputs high if at least one input is high. Additionally, it notes that NAND and NOR gates are universal functions capable of generating AND, OR, and NOT operations.

Uploaded by

lancemowalana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Logic AND Gate Tutorial

A Logic AND Gate is a type of digital logic gate that has an output which is normally at logic
level “0” and only goes “HIGH” to a logic level “1” when ALL of its inputs are at logic level “1”.

The output state of a “Logic AND Gate” only returns “LOW” again when ANY of its inputs are
at a logic level “0”. In other words for a logic AND gate, any LOW input will give a LOW output.

The logic or Boolean expression given for a digital logic AND gate is that for Logical
Multiplication which is denoted by a single dot or full stop symbol, ( . ) giving us the Boolean
expression of: A.B = Q.

Then we can define the operation of a 2-input logic AND gate as being:

“If both A and B are true, then Q is true”

OR Gate

Truth table for an OR gate

Input A Input B Output

false false false

false true true

true false true

true true true

An OR gate is a digital logic gate with two or more inputs and one output that performs logical
disjunction. The output of an OR gate is true when one or more of its inputs are true. If all of an
OR gate's inputs are false, then the output of the OR gate is false.

The truth table for an OR gate with two inputs appears to the right.

Symbols

Each of the symbols below can be used to represent an OR gate. There are multiple international
standards defined, and one may preferred over the other in your region of the world.

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Logic gates

Digital systems are said to be constructed by using logic gates. These gates are the AND, OR,
NOT, NAND, NOR, EXOR and EXNOR gates. The basic operations are described below with
the aid of truth tables.

AND gate

The AND gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) only if all its inputs are
high. A dot (.) is used to show the AND operation i.e. A.B. Bear in mind that this dot is
sometimes omitted i.e. AB

OR gate

The OR gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) if one or more of its
inputs are high. A plus (+) is used to show the OR operation.

NOT gate

The NOT gate is an electronic circuit that produces an inverted version of the input at
its output. It is also known as an inverter. If the input variable is A, the inverted
output is known as NOT A. This is also shown as A', or A with a bar over the top, as
shown at the outputs. The diagrams below show two ways that the NAND logic gate

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can be configured to produce a NOT gate. It can also be done using NOR logic gates in
the same way.

NAND gate

This is a NOT-AND gate which is equal to an AND gate followed by a NOT gate. The
outputs of all NAND gates are high if any of the inputs are low. The symbol is an AND
gate with a small circle on the output. The small circle represents inversion.

NOR gate

This is a NOT-OR gate which is equal to an OR gate followed by a NOT gate. The
outputs of all NOR gates are low if any of the inputs are high.

The symbol is an OR gate with a small circle on the output. The small circle represents
inversion.

EXOR gate

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The 'Exclusive-OR' gate is a circuit which will give a high output if either, but not both,
of its two inputs are high. An encircled plus sign ( ) is used to show the EOR
operation.

EXNOR gate

The 'Exclusive-NOR' gate circuit does the opposite to the EOR gate. It will give a low output
if either, but not both, of its two inputs are high. The symbol is an EXOR gate with a small
circle on the output. The small circle represents inversion.

The NAND and NOR gates are called universal functions since with either one the AND and
OR functions and NOT can be generated.

Note:

A function in sum of products form can be implemented using NAND gates by replacing all
AND and OR gates by NAND gates.

A function in product of sums form can be implemented using NOR gates by replacing all AND
and OR gates by NOR gates.

Table 1: Logic gate symbols

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Table 2 is a summary truth table of the input/output combinations for the NOT gate together
with all possible input/output combinations for the other gate functions. Also note that a truth
table with 'n' inputs has 2n rows. You can compare the outputs of different gates.

Table 2: Logic gates representation using the Truth table

Example

A NAND gate can be used as a NOT gate using either of the following wiring configurations.

(You can check this out using a truth table.)

Draw the circuit diagrams like the ones in the example above to show how a NOR gate can be
made into a NOT gate.

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