Geometrical Optics 439

Velocity of image will also make 45° with the principal axis (in downward
direction)

73. In absence of mirror the image formed by mirror would have been at P1 with distance
MP1 equal to MP’. If screen is moved away the distance MP1 must also increase. For
this to happen the object must come closer to the lens. Thus the lens must be moved
down.
3
74. Depth of image from water surface formed due to refraction = __ × 20 = 15cm. This
4
image acts as an object at a distance of 40 cm from the mirror.
The mirror forms a virtual image at a distance of 40 cm that lies on the principal axis
of the lens. This acts as an object for the lens at a distance of 90 cm.
Applying lens formula–
1 ____
__ 1 1
___
v – – 90 = 15

v = 18 cm
Thus final image is to the left of the lens at a distance of 18 cm.
75. Since magnification is positive, the object is at a distance less than its focal length and the image is virtual. The X
co–ordinate of the lens is less than – 20 cm. Let it be – x0.
u = – (x0 – 20), v = – (x0 + 25)

Also | __u | = 2 x0 + 25 = 2 (x0 – 20) x0 = 65 cm

u = – (65 – 20) = – 45cm and v = – (65 + 25) = – 90 cm

1
__ 1 1
Lens formula gives = ____ – ____ f = 90 cm
f – 90 – 45
76. The cone of rays passing through the hole at A produce an elliptical spot on the floor.
The circular base having diameter BD will get projected on the floor as an ellipse.

CB = major axis = 12 cm
DB = Minor axis = 6 cm
h sin
DB AB ( ) = ____ h = (6 cm) ____
sin
DB 6 1
But sin = ___ = ___ = __
CB 12 2
(6 cm)
h = ______
2×
3 cm × 180
= __________
0.5 × [ 0.5° = 0.5______
×
180
radian ]
440 Problems in Physics for JEE Advanced

= 344 cm
= 3.44 m
77. For light to fall on the animal, tangent to the parabola must pass through the animal (200, 100)
Equation of parabola y = ax2
because (– 200, 200) lies on this parabola
1
200 = a (– 200)2 a = ____
200
x2
y = ____
200
Let the required point has co-ordinates (x0, y0). Slope of line passing through (x0, y0) and (200, 100) is
x20
____ – 100
y0 – 100 ax20 – 100
200
m = _______ = _________
= _________
x0 – 200 x0 – 200 x0 – 200

This should be equal to

dy
___
dx |x0, y0
= 2ax0
x0
= ____
100
x20
____ – 100
200 x0
_________ = ____
x0 – 200 100

( x20
____
200 )
– 100 × 100 = x20 – 200x0

x20 – 400x0 + 20000 = 0

Solving x0 = 58.6 m [other value of x0 is not acceptable. Why?]
(58.6)2
y0 = ______ = 17.17 m.
200
78. (a) Image is visible only if the observer lies in the field of view (FOV) region
Equation of line BP is y1 = – 4x + 8
equation of line AP is y2 = – 5x + 10
Point O1 lies outside the FOV whereas O2 lies inside it. [x – co-ordinate for
O1 is – 2. Putting in equation the two lines gives y1 = 16 and y2 = 20. The
y co-ordinate of O1 does not lie in this range. Similarly for O2 – y1 = 12;
y2 = 15 and y co-ordinate of O2 lies in this range 12 < 13 < 15. Hence, O2
is in FOV. He will see the image].
(b) Let the mirror be extended upto B (0, y0).
O1 will be just able to see the image if ray reflected at B passes through
O1 (– 2, 10). Equation of line O1 P is
y = – 2.5 x + 5
y intercept = 5 = y0
Hence length of mirror AB = 5 m

79. (a) Ray OA1 incident on M1 just misses mirror M2. In this case third image will
not be formed. Similarly, if OA2 (= OA1) is removed, no ray incident on M2
can hit mirror M1.
From geometry
 Geometrical Optics 441

l l0
tan = __ = ___
d d/2

l = 2l0

d
l + l0 = __
2
2 d d
l = __ __ = __
3 2 3
80. Images formed due to multiple reflections in mirrors AB and BC will lie on a circle
centred at B. Position of images are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Images due to reflections in BC
and CA are 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 and 5 . Images due to reflections in AB and AC are 1 ,
2 , 3 4 and 5 .
1 and 1 , 1 and 5 and 5 and 5 coincide.
Total number of images = 12.
81. (a) Line joining the object and the image is perpendicular to the mirror, and object
and the image are at equal distance from the mirror.
AOM IOM
All angles marked as in the figure are equal.
4 = 180° = 45°

0 = 90°
4
(b) = __ 0 = 120°
3
d
AM = d sin 30° = __ AIA = 2AM = d
2
d d
AC = (AIA) cos 60° = __ OC = __ (= NIA)
2 2
IAIB = d.

82. All the images lie on a circle of radius

4
R = OC = ______ = 8 cm.
sin 30°

Position of second image (I12) formed in M1 has been shown in the Figure. It is actually the image of first image
(I21) formed in M2. Required distance is __
3 __
x = 2R sin 60° = 2 × 8 × ___ = 8 3 cm.
2
442 Problems in Physics for JEE Advanced

I12
C
90°
I21
30°

30
I11 30°

°
4cm
O M2
M1

83. When mirror is in position OM, normal to it is OP. When mirror is rotated, the
normal to it rotates to position ON.
FO = incident ray from foot to the lower edge.
OE = reflected ray.
FON = angle of incidence = +
= angle of reflection = NOE
From Figure EP = PO = 1.2 m
EOP = 45°
2 + = 45°
0.3 1
But tan = ___ = __ = 15°
1.2 4
= 15°
If mirror is rotated beyond this angle, reflected rays will pass above the eye.
84. (a) Image formed by M2 is x2 behind it. It means the image is x2 – d0 behind the mirror M1.
For concave mirror (with A as object)
u = – x1; v = x2 – d0
1
__ 1 __1
= __
u + v
f

1
__ 1 1
= – __
x + ______
f 1 x2 – d0

(x2 – d0) x1
f = ___________
– x2 + d0 + x1

(x2 – d0) x1
= – ___________
x2 – (d0 + x1)

(x2 – d0) x1
| f | = ___________
x2 – (d0 + x1)

(b) Rays incident on M1 will be reflected above the principal axis and
rays reflected from M2 will be found only below the axis. There is
no region where both set of reflected rays are present. An observer
cannot see both the images simultaneously. To compare the position
of the images the observer should move his eye in the vertical plane
and view the images in turn.
 Geometrical Optics 443

85. (a) Steps:

(1) Mirror is concave because image is enlarged and inverted.
Magnification = 3, i.e. greater than 1. It means image distance is larger than object
distance.
Hence mirror is above AB in our diagram.
(2) OI = 3 OA where O is pole of the mirror.
AI = 20 cm
AO = 10 cm
It means pole (O) of the mirror is 10 cm from A.
(3) To complete the ray diagram we can draw the incident ray BO which is reflected as
OM.
MI CI
(b) ___ = ___
AB CA
20 – CA
3 = _______
CA
CA = 5 cm
OC = 10 + 5 = 15 cm
OC
Focal length f = ___ = 7.5 cm.
2
86. (a) The image formed by upper mirror is virtual. It means it is above the mirror. Say it is at a distance y from the
mirror.
1 ___
__ 1 1
__ 1 __
__ 1 __ 1
y + –h = –f y = h – f ...(1)

This image is at a distance (y + h) from the lower miror and acts as an object. Image of this object is just above
the mouth. This implies that image distance h
1
___ 1 1
+ _______ = __
– h – (y + h) –f
1 ___________
__ 1 1
+ = __ Proved.
h
(1 1
h + __ – __
h f )–1 f

(b) Multiply the above equation by f

__f + ___________
1
=1
h __ h
f
+ ( )
f
__
h
–1
–1

1 ___________
__ 1
x + =1
( 1
__
x+ x – 1 ) –1

1 ________
__ 1
x + x =1
_____
x+
1–x
1
__ 1–x
_________
x + x – x2 + x = 1

x – x2 + x + x – x2 = x2 – x3 + x2
x3 – 4x2 + 3x = 0
x [x2 – 4x + 3] = 0 But h 0 x 0
444 Problems in Physics for JEE Advanced

x2 – 4x + 3 = 0 x = 1; x = 3
x =3 h = 3f
This means that first image cannot be virtual.
Hence x = 1
87. AQ is an incident ray parallel to the principal axis which gets reflected as
QF. [F is the focus]. Image of A is at A . Image of B, D etc. will be nearer
to the focus on the line QF.
A point that is at infinite distance along ABD will have its image at F.
Hence the image of the rectangular strip will be a triangle A CF.
1
Area of image = __ × FC × CA
2
1
= __ fh.
2
88. Point B is at the centre of curvature of the mirror and its image will be at the same position.
Image of point A is formed at distance vA given by mirror formula.

1
__ 1
____ 1
____
vA + – 60 = – 20

1
__ 1
___ 1
___
vA = 60 – 20 ; vA = – 30 cm

1 __
__ 1 1
__
And v + u = f
1 dv 1 du
– __2 ___ – __2 ___ = 0
v dt u dt
dv v du
___
dt
= – __
u ( ) 2 ___
dt
v
VIm = – __
u ( ) 2
VOm VIm = velocity of image wrt mirror
VOm = velocity of object wrt mirror
40
VB – Vm = – ___
40 ( ) 2
[VB – Vm]

V B – 2 = – [5 – 2]
V B = – 1 m/s = 1 m/s ( )
For A (Image of A)
30 2
( )
VA – Vm = – ___ [VA – Vm]
60
1
VA – 2 = – __ [5 – 2]
4
 Geometrical Optics 445

5 5
VA = + __ m/s = __ m/s ( )
4 4
length A B is increasing at a rate of
5 9
1 + __ = __ m/s.
4 4
89. (a) Let h and h be the height of the object and image respectively. y is image distance.
From mirror formula
1 ___
__ 1 1
__
y + –x = f
fx
y = ____ ...(1)
f+x
h
__ y
And = __x
h
yh
___
h
_____ x
_____
tan = =
L+y L+y

h
= ________
L
__
[
x y +1 ]
h h
= ___________ = _________ [using (1)]
( f + x)
L_______ Lx
___
+x L+x+ f
f
(b) For a plane mirror y = x and h = h
h h
= _____ = _____
y+L x+L
(c) Clearly < .
It means images in convex mirror subtend smaller angles at our eyes and hence appear to be smaller. We perceive
them to be at larger distance.
90. Consider a light ray incident on the mirror at point P (x, y) on the mirror.
AP incident ray, PN normal
PF reflected ray, PQ tangent at P
y = kx2
dy
tan = ___ = 2kx …(1)
dx
PM x
In FMP tan 2 = ____ = ____
FM f – y

[ f = OF]
x
____ = tan 2
f–y
x x [1 – tan2 ]
f = y + _____ = y + __________
tan 2 2 tan

x [1 – (2kx)2] 1
= kx2 + ___________ = ___ (independent of (x, y)!)
2 (2 kx) 4k

91. w sin = g sin r

446 Problems in Physics for JEE Advanced

4
__ 3
sin = __ sin r ...(1)
3 2
3
__ sin r = 1 sin 90°
And
2
2
sin r = __ ...(2)
3
3
From (1) and (2) sin = __
4
92. Angle of incidence at liquid surface = 0
DO is normal to M1 and hence parallel to AC
EO is normal to M2
DOE = 90°

In CDP
i + r1 = 0 ...(1)
Angle of incidence on M2
i = 90 – i [ In DOE – DOE = 90°]
In QEF EQF = 90° – 0

FEQ = 180° – (90 – i) = 90 + i

r2 = 180° – [90 – 0 + 90 + i] = 0 –i
= r1 [from (1)]
Because r2 = r1
= 0
93 In Figure AB is incident ray reaching the observe at C after undergoing refraction at B.
Snell’s law
sin i = sin r

(R
sin i = _____
R+h )
(
R
i = sin–1 _____
R+h )
R
+ r = sin–1 _____
R+h ( )
(
R
) R
= sin–1 _____ – sin–1 _____
R+h R+h ( )