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Tissues CBSE Class 9 Science Revision Notes Chapter 6

askIITians brings you free Science revision notes for Class 9 Chapter 6 Tissues. These
notes are created by our Science teachers and are based on the latest CBSE syllabus for
Class 9 Science. Once you read these detailed notes, you do not need to read the NCERT
chapter again and again. These notes contain sufficient information for every topic of the
chapter. They can help in exam preparation, revision and concept solidification. Our online
CBSE Science revision notes for Tissues can be accessed easily from our website and
referred to whenever you need them.

Class 9 revision notes for Chapter 6 Tissues include the following topics:
Formation of tissues
Tissues of plants and animals
Class 9 revision notes for Chapter 6 Tissues include the following topics:
Formation of tissues
Tissues of plants and animals
Meristematic tissues
Permanent tissues
Epidermis
Stomata
Transpiration
Complex permanent tissues
Xylem and Phloem
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissues
Blood
Lymph
Bones
Haversian Canals
Cartilage
Ligaments
Tendons
Areolar tissues
Neuron anatomy

Quick Review of Chapter 6 Tissues

Living organisms in this world comprise cells.
There are unicellular as well as multicellular organisms present in this world.
In unicellular organisms, the single cell is capable of performing several functions such as
respiration, digestion and clearing of the cell.
In multicellular organisms, there is a division of labour. There are different types as well as
groups of cells that perform different functions in a multicellular organism.
For Example, In animals muscle cells are responsible for causing movement, nerve cells are
responsible for carrying messages and signals from one part of the body to another and
blood is responsible for the transportation of food and oxygen to different parts of the body.
In plants, there are vascular tissues that are responsible for carrying food and water to two
different parts of a plant.
Free Revision Notes for Class 9 Science Chapter 6 Tissues
The Formation of Tissues

The cells form groups of cells to perform a single task.

This grouping of cells together to perform a function efficiently is called a Tissue.
For Example, Muscles and Blood.
The tissue cells have the same structure and they perform the same function.
Tissues of Plants and Animals

Plant Tissues

Animal Tissues

Plants do not move so their tissues are predominantly the ones that provide support to them
so that they can stand erect.

Animals need more energy as compared to plants because they are not stationary. Their
tissues are the ones that can support the movement.

These tissues are made up of dead cells because dead cells can also provide mechanical
strength to the plants and do not require much maintenance.

The tissues in the case of animals are made up of living cells so that they can move and
perform several functions.

Only certain parts of the plant can grow. The tissues present in such regions divide
themselves and form new tissues.

Cells in animals grow uniform early and not only in certain regions of the body.

The structure of plant tissues is not very specialised as compared to animals

The organs and organ systems in animals are highly developed.

Plant Tissues
Figure 1: Types of Plant Tissues

Meristematic Tissue
Only certain parts of a plant tend to grow. The tissues located in such parts are called
meristematic tissues.
They can divide themselves and form new tissues.
They have a thin cell wall made of cellulose.
They have a dense nucleus and cytoplasm but lack vacuoles.
They can further be classified differently based on the areas of the plants where they are
located -
Apical
Lateral
Intercalary

Figure 2: Location of meristematic tissue

Apical Meristem

Lateral Meristem

Intercalary Meristem

They are responsible for the growth of stems and roots in the plants

They are found on the tips of the roots and stems.

They are responsible for increasing the circumference of the middle part of the stem and
hence are found there.

These tissues are present at internodes of stem regions between the places at which leaves
attach.

Why are there no vacuoles in the intercalary meristem?

Vacuoles are responsible for the storage of food in the water. The intercalary tissues do not
store them. They are rather responsible for manufacturing them.
Moreover, vacuoles contain sap which provides rigidity to a cell. This property of vacuoles
may not allow the intercalary tissues to divide and manufacture new cells. Hence vacuoles
are not present in them.
Permanent Tissue
The cells that are formed by the meristematic tissues often have to take a certain role in the
plant and thus, they lose their ability to divide and form more cells. They then become the
permanent tissues of the plants.
Differentiation - The process by which cells of the meristematic tissues convert themselves
into permanent tissue by taking a fixed shape, size and function is called differentiation.
Types of Permanent Tissues:
Simple Permanent Tissues
Complex Permanent Tissues
Simple Permanent Tissues are of five types:
Parenchyma
Chlorenchyma
Aerenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma

Figure 3: Simple Permanent Tissue

Parenchyma

Collenchyma

Sclerenchyma

These tissues are responsible for photosynthesis, storage of food, gaseous exchange and
floating of plants.

These tissues are responsible for providing flexibility to the plants so that they can bend
easily.

These tissues are responsible for making plants hard and rigid.

They are a group of living cells with a cell wall made of cellulose.

They are a group of living cells with a cell wall made of cellulose and pectin.

They are made up of dead cells having a cell wall made of lignin.

The parenchyma cells have large intercellular spaces between them.

They have a little intercellular space in between them.

The cells do not have any intercellular spaces.

There are thin walls that surround each cell.

The cells present in these tissues are broad and irregularly thick at corners.

The cells have a long structure with thick walls.

They are found in leaves and newly formed branches.

They are present in the leaves and stems of a plant.

They are found in stems, veins of the leaves and coverings of nuts and seeds.

Chlorenchyma

These tissues are similar to that of parenchyma but they also contain chlorophyll in them.
Due to the presence of chlorophyll, they are capable of performing the process of
photosynthesis in plants.
Aerenchyma

They are found in aquatic plants.

They are also similar in structure to that of the parenchyma but they have large air cavities in
them.
These cavities allow the aquatic plants to float in water.
What is Lignin?

The cell walls of dead cells have a substance called lignin in them which provides rigidity to
the cells. Lignin acts as the cement for the cells.

Epidermis

The outermost layer of the cell is known as the Epidermis.

It covers the entire plant.
It is a thin layer of single cells but in places with less water, the epidermis of the plants can
become thick in order to avoid frequent water loss.
The cells are flat and they have no intercellular spaces between them.
The outer walls of the epidermal cells are thick and the inner walls are thin.
The epidermal cells often have long hair-like structures in roots which facilitate the
absorption of water.
The main function of the epidermis is to protect the plants from fungi, water loss and any
injuries by secreting a wax-like water-resistant substance called a Cuticle on the surface of
the plants which protects the plants.

Figure 4: Epidermis

Stomata
Stomata are pore-like structures that are present in the epidermis of the leaves.
These pores are enclosed by two cells that have a similar shape as a kidney. These are
called Guard Cells of Stomata. Guard cells are modified epidermal cells.
Guard cells are responsible for the exchange of gases and transpiration.
Transpiration (OLYMPIAD)

Figure 5: Transpiration

The plant cells sometimes have extra they lose it in the form of water that evaporates
through stomata. This process is called Transpiration.

Role of Transpiration in Plants – (OLYMPIAD)

Exchange of Gases - Plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen through
transpiration.
Prevent the Plants from Overheating - The leaves absorb sunlight during the process of
photosynthesis. Some of it is used in the photosynthesis process while the rest is radiated as
Heat Energy. We know that absorption of water causes cooling of the surrounding area.
Therefore transpiration keeps the leaves cool.
Transportation of Food and Water in Plants - The roots of the plants absorb minerals and
water present in the soil through transpiration and they are then distributed in the plant
through the transpiration stream.
Movement of Water in Plants – As plants lose water in the form of water vapours, the density
of water in leaves becomes low. So the water from the higher density areas such as the
roots move up to lower density areas through a force called Transpirational Pull.
Which gas is necessary for the process of photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide gas is necessary for the process of photosynthesis. Plants use carbon
dioxide along with water and sunlight to produce glucose in the process of photosynthesis.
Plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen as a byproduct of the photosynthesis
process.

Why do plants in desert areas have a waxy coating of cutting over them? (OLYMPIAD)

The epidermis cells of plants that are found in deserts have a waxy coating of cutting over
them because it prevents water loss from the surface of plants since water is already scarce
in such areas.

Why are the branches of old trees different from the stems of a new plant?

As a plant grows older the meristematic cells start covering the upper layer of the plants
instead of the epidermis.
These are the dead cells that have no special function in the plants but to provide rigidity.
They make the branches of the plants thick.
This is often called the Bark or the thick cork of the tree.
The bark of the trees contains a substance called Suberin which makes it waterproof and
does not allow gaseous exchanges. (OLYMPIAD)
Complex Permanent Tissues

Complex Permanent Tissues comprise different kinds of cells. These different types of cells
coordinate with each other and perform a common function in these tissues. Two Complex
Permanent Tissues are - Xylem and Phloem.

Figure 6: Xylem and Phloem

Similarities between Xylem and Phloem

Their main function is to carry food and water in the plant.
Both have a vascular bundle which is a conductive tissue in plants that helps them survive in
different environmental conditions.
Xylem
Xylem is made up of dead cells having a thick cell lining. It consists of the following
elements-

Tracheids and Vessels – They have a broad tubular structure so that we can allow
transportation of food and water in the plants vertically.
Xylem Parenchyma – It stores food and helps in the transportation of water horizontally in
the plants.
Xylem Fibres – They support transportation
Phloem
Phloem is made up of living cells and it allows the movement of food from leaves to other
parts of the plant. It has the following elements –

Sieve Tubes – Broad shaped cells with porous walls

Companion Cells – They facilitate the functions of the sieve tubes

Phloem Fibres – Provide flexibility to the phloem
Phloem Parenchyma – Stores starch and proteins
Characteristic

Xylem

Phloem

Made of

Dead Cells
Living Cells

Cell wall thickness

Thick

Thin

Cell wall material

Lignin (rigid)

Celluloses

Permeability

Impermeable

Permeable

Cytoplasm

None

Cytoplasm lining

Transports…

Water & minerals

Food

Carried to….

Leaves

Growing parts & storage organs

Direction of flow

Upwards

Up & down

Tissue also has …

Fibres
Companion cells

Animal Tissue

Figure 7: Types of Animal Tissues

1. Epithelial Tissue

They are the protective tissues of the human body. They cover many organs and cavities
that are present inside the body.
Where are the epithelial tissues found in the human body?
The lining of the blood vessels
The lining of the mouth
Kidney tubules
Skin
Lung alveoli
Structure and functions of the epithelial tissues -
The main function of the epithelial tissues is to act as a barrier and separate different organs
and systems from each other.
There is no space between the cells of epithelial tissues
The cells are permeable. This makes it possible for them to exchange materials between
different parts of the body and also between the body and the external environment.
The epithelial tissues remain separated from the tissues beneath them because of a thin
membrane over them.

Figure 8: Types of Epithelium

Different types of epithelium tissues

Simple Squamous

Stratified Squamous

Columnar

Ciliated Columnar

Cuboidal

Glandular

Structure
They have delicate cell lining and possess a flat thin structure

The epithelium Squamous cells are arranged in several layers

They are the column-like shape tissues

Columnar epithelial tissues which have Cilia present on them

They are cube-shaped cells which are involved in absorption and secretion.

These are special gland cells that can secrete substances

Found in

Alveoli and bowman’s capsule- nephron in the kidney

Skin

Intestine

Respiratory system

Kidney tubules

Sweat glands in the skin

2. Connective Tissues
Structure and function of connective tissues

They are loosely bound cells present in an intercellular Matrix.

This matrix can be of different types – Dense, Rigid, Fluid or Jelly-like.
Depending upon the functionality of the connective tissue, the nature of the matrix varies.
Examples of Connective Tissues

Figure 9: Connective Tissues

Blood
The main function of blood is to transport gases, food, waste materials and hormones in the
body.

Therefore, blood has a fluid Matrix present in it which is called Plasma.

The plasma contains red blood cells, white blood cells and blood platelets.
The RBC has haemoglobin pigment which carries oxygen to tissues.

White blood cells fight diseases and platelets are involved in the clotting of blood when
injured.

The plasma also contains proteins and hormones in it.

Lymph (OLYMPIAD)

Lymph is a colourless fluid that carries white blood cells throughout the human body in
lymphatic vessels. There are lymphoid organs present in the body that produce lymph and
together form the lymphatic system. Some of them are lymph nodes and tonsils.

Figure 10: Lymph Capillaries

Lymph is similar to blood except for a few differences:

It contains only white blood cells.

It contains less amount of blood proteins, calcium and phosphorus but more glucose.
It flows in one direction only.
Lymph moves in the body through its normal function, unlike blood which is pumped by the
heart.
Constituents of Lymph:
Lymph Plasma – Lymph Plasma carries infection-fighting proteins along with other
substances such as water, calcium and phosphorus.

Lymph Corpuscles – Lymph Corpuscles comprises white blood cells. Red blood cells and
platelets are not present in lymph.

Functions of Lymph:
It carries oxygen and minerals to the cells in the body and carries back carbon dioxide and
waste materials back into the blood.
It keeps the body cells moist.
It maintains the volume of the blood.
It helps in eliminating harmful bacteria and viruses from the body and hence is responsible
for the immunity of human beings.
It absorbs fats from the intestine and transports them throughout the body.
Bones
Bones form a framework of the body over which the muscles are wrapped together.
The bone tissue is strong and inflexible.
Therefore, the bone cells are present in a rigid matrix that is formed from calcium and
phosphorus.
Haversian Canals (OLYMPIAD)
Figure 11 Haversian Canal

The bones comprise microscopic tubes called Haversian Canals.

They are contained in osteons, rough cylindrical structures present along the axis of the
bone.
They allow the blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibres to travel through them.
These canals have concentric channels called Lamellae around them.
The Haversian canals communicate with bone cells through connections called Canaliculi.
Cartilage
Cartilage is present over the joints of the bones and provides them with a smooth structure.
For Example in the nose tip and ear pinna, trachea, larynx.
They contain a solid matrix made of protein and sugar. They have a homogenous matrix.
It provides support and flexibility to various parts of our body.
Ligaments
A ligament connects two bones together.
It has an elasticity that facilitates the connection.
The cells of ligaments have a little matrix.
Tendons
The tendon tissues are responsible for connecting bones and muscles together.
They have limited flexibility but very great strength.
Areolar
This tissue acts as a filter in between the spaces present inside the organs of the body.
It helps in repairing other tissues as well.
It is found in the skin and bone marrow.
Components of the Areolar Connective Tissue

Figure 12 Components of the areolar connective tissue

1. Cells (OLYMPIAD)
Fat Cells (Adipocytes) – They are responsible for the secretion of lipids.
Fibroblasts – They are present in the highest amount in areolar tissues. They are
responsible for the secretion of fibres.
Mast Cells – They release histamine that plays a role in allergic reactions
Macrophages – They eat any germs or infectious cells in the body
Plasma Cells – They produce antibodies
2. Fibres
Collagen Fibres – They provide tensile strength to the tissue
Elastin Fibres – They provide elasticity to the tissue
Ground Substance – It is a fluid matrix that holds cells and fibres of the tissue
Adipose

Fats are stored in our body in the adipose tissues.

They are found below the skin and between the organs of the body.
Provides cushioning to the organs.
3. Muscular Tissue
It is made up of muscle fibres which are long cells.
It allows movements in our bodies.
How can muscles cause movement?
They contain special proteins called Contractile Proteins. These proteins cause contraction
and relaxation of the muscles.

There are two kinds of muscles found in our body - Voluntary Muscles and Involuntary
Muscles.

Figure 13: Muscular Tissue

Striated/ Skeletal/ Voluntary muscles

Smooth/ Unstriated/Involuntary muscles

We can move them according to our own will

We cannot start or stop the movement of involuntary muscles.

They are also called Skeletal Muscles as they are attached to the bones.

They are also called Smooth Muscles.

They are also called Striated Muscles because of the presence of dark and light bands over
them

They are also called Unstriated Muscles because they do not have any light or dark bands
on them.

The cells of voluntary muscles have more than one nucleus, do not have any branches, and
have a long cylindrical structure.

The cells of the involuntary muscles are long and have pointed ends.

For Example, Muscles of our hands and legs.

For Example, The muscles in the alimentary canal and the Iris of our eyes.

Cardiac Muscles

These are special kinds of involuntary muscles.

The muscles of the heart are called Cardiac Muscles. They perform rhythmic contraction and
relaxation throughout our life.
They are cylindrical in shape, they have branches and there is a single nucleus.
Cardiac muscle consists of individual heart muscle cells connected by intercalated discs to
work as a single functional organ
4. The Nervous Tissue
How do we react to stimuli?
This is because of the nervous tissues present in our body. They are capable of transmitting
information quickly from the brain to different parts of the body and vice-versa.
Therefore nervous tissues are found in nerves, brain, and spinal cord.
Nervous tissue is made up of cells called the Nerve Cells or Neurons.
These neurons connect together to form the nerves of our body.
Structure of a Neuron
It is an elongated cell with a Cell Body that consists of some branch-like structure called
Dendrites.
There is a Nucleus present in the centre of the cell body.
The Nerve Endings of the cell are connected with the cell body via Axon.
A nerve cell can be up to 1 m long.

Figure 14: Structure of Neuron

The Structure of Neuron

1. Dendrites

They are tree-like extensions (highly-branched) at the beginning of a neuron.

They increase the surface area of the neuron.
They receive chemical signals from different neurons of the body.
They then convert these chemical signals into electrical signals and pass them to the neuron
cell body.
A neuron can have a single dendrite or multiple dendrites
2. Cell Body

Also called Soma.

The main function of the cell body and nucleus of the neuron is to maintain the functionality
of the cell.
It does not play an active role in the transmission of the signal.
It produces proteins that are required by different parts of the neuron to work properly.
It contains different cell organelles such as mitochondria, Golgi apparatus etc that perform
various functions of the cell.
3. Axon

Neurons have one axon in general.

It is a long structure that connects the cell body to the terminals and it also connects with
other neurons, cells and organs of the body through nerve terminals.
It allows for the fast transmission of signals. The larger the diameter of the axon the faster it
will transmit signals.
It is covered with a special insulating substance called myelin. It helps in the rapid
transmission of signals.
4. Schwann Cells (OLYMPIAD)

The Myelin sheath that covers the axon is produced by Schwann cells.
The Myelin sheath keeps the signal intact.
Online Revision Notes for Class 9 Science Chapter 6 Tissues FAQs
1. Can you give me some study tips for preparing Chapter 6 Tissues?

Read the NCERT chapter first and underline all the important points.
Use our revision notes to make the notes for the chapter and solidify your conceptual
understanding.
Make sure you understand all the diagrams of the chapter.
Solve the NCERT textbook questions given in the chapter.
Consult your teachers in case you have any doubts and resolve them as soon as possible.

2. How can askIITians help me in preparing Chapter 6 Tissues for my exams?

askIITians provides live online coaching sessions for CBSE Class 9 Science where you can
understand all the concepts of this chapter.
We provide many study materials for Class 9 Science Chapter 6 Tissues like NCERT
Solutions, revision notes, mind maps, flashcards, mnemonics, practise papers, important
questions, NCERT Exemplar solutions and more.

3. Why should I refer to CBSE Science revision notes online for Class 9 Chapter 6 Tissues?

The revision notes created by askIITians experts are easy to understand.

These notes include all the topics of the chapter.
They are organised pointwise for easy understanding of the concept and important points.
They include diagrams and tables to help you memorise the concepts better.
They are based on the latest CBSE Class 9 Science syllabus and exam pattern.
The notes are available for free for all the students.

4. What is Chapter 6 Tissues of Class 9 Science?

Tissue is an important chapter in CBSE Class 9 Science. This chapter deals with the
definition and types of tissues found in plants and animals. This chapter helps you
understand why tissues are important in plants and animals, what are their functions and
structures.

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Born: 29 December 1904, Koppa Rural
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Education: Mahraja's College, University of Mysore (1929), Hardwick High School and
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