GROUP 1

Science, Technology, and Society Timetable

Ancient Period
Period Science, Technology, and Key Events and
Society Discoveries
Prehistoric Era (Before 3000 Early tool use and basic - Early humans begin to
BC) technologies (stone tools, develop tools and use fire.
fire discovery, early
agriculture).
3000 BC Egyptian papyrus: Early form - Egyptians invented papyrus
of paper made from the as a more portable writing
papyrus plant. material, replacing clay
tablets and stone.
3000–1500 BC Egyptian Medicine: Trial and - Use of moldy bread to heal
error approach to medical wounds (producing penicillin)
treatments. and poppy seeds for pain
relief (morphine and
codeine).
3000 BC First known pottery and - Pottery making begins with
potter’s wheel: Developed by the introduction of the
the Mesopotamians. potter's wheel.
2000–1000 BC Horse-drawn chariots used - Chariots become a
in warfare and transport significant technology in
(Mesopotamia and warfare and travel.
surrounding regions).
1000 BC Chinese Compass: The - Compass invention aids
Chinese began using travelers in guiding their
compasses for navigation. paths.
600 BC – 500 AD Greek Scientific Thought - Greek thinkers like Thales,
Emerges: Greek philosophers Anaximander, and
and scientists begin Democritus explore celestial
formalizing knowledge movements, life origins, and
through observation and atomic theory.
reasoning.
600–500 BC Thales of Miletus: First true - Solar Eclipse prediction:
scientist who predicted solar Thales predicted a solar
eclipses and theorized about eclipse, the first recorded
the nature of the universe. prediction of such an event.
500 BC Anaximander: Early theorist - Theory of Evolution:
 of life, suggesting all life Anaximander proposed that
began in the sea. life originated in the sea, a
precursor to Darwin's theory
of evolution.
500 BC Anaximenes: Believed air - Development of the
was the fundamental concept of atoms in nature,
substance of all things. influenced by the idea of
basic building blocks.

450 BC Leucippus: Developed the - Atomic Theory: Leucippus is

theory that all matter is made considered the father of
of indivisible particles atomic theory, influencing
(atoms). later atomic models.
400 BC Democritus: Expanded on - Atoms and Matter:
Leucippus' work and Democritus theorized that
theorized that all matter is matter is composed of
made up of atoms. invisible particles, paving the
way for modern atomic
theory.
384–322 BC Aristotle: Developed a - Classification of Life:
system for classifying animals Aristotle's contributions to
and plants, contributed to biology, logic, and physics.
many areas of philosophy
and science.
287–212 BC Archimedes: Made key - Archimedes' Principle:
contributions to physics, Studied the buoyancy of
engineering, and objects in water, leading to
mathematics, particularly in the discovery of Archimedes'
fluid dynamics. principle.
100–200 AD Ptolemaic Model of the - Geocentric Model: The
Universe (Ptolemy): Earth-centered universe
Proposed that the Earth was model became widely
at the center of the universe, accepted and remained
a theory that dominated for influential until the
centuries. Renaissance.
Middle Period
500–1000 AD Decline of Scientific The fall of the Roman Empire
Progress: Limited led to a decline in scientific
advancements due to inquiry, as Romans focused
sociopolitical disruptions. more on inventions than
understanding the natural
world.
500–1000 AD Alchemy: Early attempts to Alchemists relied on trial and
transform base metals into error without using empirical
gold and discover the methods, hindering
philosopher's stone. significant progress.
500–1000 AD Limited Scientific Exchange: The Roman Empire's fall
Poor communication and disrupted the spread of
disinterest in science. scientific knowledge and
collaboration.
1054 AD Chinese Astronomy: Detailed Chinese astronomers
celestial observations. recorded the appearance of a
supernova, later identified by
modern science as a star
explosion that created a
nebula.
1200s AD Robert Grosseteste: Early Grosseteste emphasized
proponent of the scientific observation, reasoning, and
method. experimentation, laying the
foundation for modern
scientific approaches.
1200s AD Grosseteste’s Contributions Known as the "Father of the
to Science. Scientific Method," he
systematically applied
experimentation to
understand natural laws.
Modern Period
The Renaissance (1500–1600 Nicolaus Copernicus: - Introduced the Heliocentric
AD) Proposed the Sun as the Model, challenging the
center of the universe. Ptolemaic geocentric view.
Andreas Vesalius: Published - Revolutionized the study of
detailed illustrations of anatomy and medicine.
human anatomy.
Blaise Pascal: Studied - Formulated Pascal’s Law,
atmospheric pressure. influencing fluid dynamics
and hydraulic systems.
Era of Newton (1660–1735 Isaac Newton: Introduced - Published The Principia,
AD) laws of motion and detailing the Three Laws of
gravitation. Motion and the Universal
Law of Gravitation.
Robert Boyle: Founded - Formulated Boyle's Law,
modern chemistry. describing the relationship
between gas pressure and
volume.
 Anton van Leeuwenhoek: - Invented the microscope
Advanced microscopy. and discovered
microorganisms, laying the
foundation for microbiology.
The Enlightenment (1735– Carolus Linnaeus: Developed - Introduced the Binomial
1820 AD) a system for classifying living System, revolutionizing
organisms. taxonomy.
Antoine Lavoisier: Explained - Known as the "Father of
combustion and conservation Modern Chemistry," he
of mass. formulated the Law of Mass
Conservation.
The Nineteenth Century Louis Pasteur: Advanced - Disproved spontaneous
(1820–1900 AD) microbiology and disease generation, developed
prevention. Pasteurization, and created
vaccines for diseases like
anthrax.
Gregor Mendel: Conducted - Established the foundation
heredity experiments. of genetics through studies
on pea plants.
Michael Faraday: - Laid the groundwork for
Contributed to modern electrical theory.
electromagnetism and
electrochemistry.
James Clerk Maxwell: - Developed the theory of
Unified theories of electricity
electromagnetism, advancing
and magnetism. modern physics.
James Joule: Studied energy - Formulated the First Law of
conservation. Thermodynamics,
demonstrating the principle
of energy conservation.
The Modern Science ( 1900 Max Planck: Introduced - Revolutionized physics and
A.D. to the Present) quantum mechanics. provided the foundation for
quantum technologies.
1907 Radiometric Dating: - Confirmed the Earth's age
Advanced geological as 2.2 billion years,
understanding. transforming studies of
Earth's history.
1915 Albert Einstein: Proposed the - Transformed physics and
General Theory of Relativity. cosmology by explaining
gravity and spacetime.
Pellagra Research: Identified - Improved understanding of
dietary causes of disease. nutrition and public health.
1924 Edwin Hubble: Expanded - Identified a new galaxy,
 knowledge of the universe. expanding the observable
universe.
1927 Big Bang Theory: Proposed - Introduced as the leading
origins of the universe. explanation for the universe's
formation.
1928–1948 Alexander Fleming: - Revolutionized medicine by
Discovered penicillin. introducing antibiotics, saving
millions of lives.
1932 James Chadwick: Discovered - Advanced nuclear science,
the neutron. enabling atomic research and
energy applications.
1938 Electroshock Therapy: - Provided new approaches
Introduced for mental health to psychiatric care.
treatment.
1947 Transistor: Revolutionized - Enabled smaller, more
electronics. efficient devices and paved
the way for modern
computing.
1972–1985 CT Scans and MRI: Improved - Enabled non-invasive
medical diagnostics. imaging, transforming
internal medical diagnostics.
1979 Cellular Phones: - Introduced portable
Revolutionized communication devices,
communication. improving global
connectivity.
1982 Genetic Engineering: - Engineered human growth
Advanced medical hormone for treating growth
treatments. deficiencies.
1985 Microsoft Windows: - Made personal computing
Simplified computing. more accessible to the public.
1988 Digital Cellular Phones: - Enhanced global
Improved communication communication with better
technology. signal processing and
accessibility.
1992 Smart Pill: Enabled internal - Improved drug delivery
health monitoring. systems and internal
diagnostics.
1993 Pentium Processor: - Boosted software
Advanced computational capabilities and applications
speed. with faster processing.
1995 Java Programming Language: - Enabled cross-platform
Revolutionized software programming, transforming
development. web and app development.
1998 Viagra: Enhanced quality of - Revolutionized treatment
life. for erectile dysfunction,
benefiting millions
worldwide.