GET 102: Engineering Graphics and Solid

M elling I (2 Units C: LH 15; PH 45)

Course lecturers: Engr. Prof. O. A. Olugbo

Engr. Dr. B. Alkali
 Course Synopsis
• Intr uction to desi inking and
engineering graphics
• Fir and i angle or o nal pro ctions
• Isometric pro ctions; sectioning,
conventional practices, conic sections and
development
• Freehand and guided sket ing – pictorial
and or ographic
• Visualisation and solid m elling in desi ,
prototyping and pr uct-making
 Course Synopsis
• User interfaces in concrete terms.
• Desi , drawing, animation, rendering and
simulation workspaces
• Sket ing of 3D ob cts. Viewports and
sectioning to op drawin in or ographic
pro ctions and perspectives
• Automated viewports. Sheet metal and surface
m elling. Material selection and rendering
• This course will use late professional desi
tools su as fusion 360, solid works, solid
ed or equivalent
 1. 0 Intr uction to desi inking and
engineering graphics
1.1 Desi Thinking
Desi inking is an iterative, non-linear process i
focuses on a coll oration between desi ers and end users.
It brin innovative solutions to life based on how real end
users ink, feel and behave.
1.1.1 Sta s involved in Desi Thinking
There are ve core a s at are involved in desi
inking process;
(i) empa ize ( ) de ne ( i) ideate (iv) prototype and
(v) te .
 1. 0 Intr uction to desi inking and
engineering graphics
1.1.1.1 Empa ize
The ob ctive in is a of desi inking is to in an insi t
under an ng of e end users of a pr uct, eir nee and at ey really care out. To
a ieve is, one nee to put aside any personal assumptions at one mi t have out e
end users or e pro em at is being tackled. It is desired here at one ould observe,
en rou scussions and feel wi people to under and eir experiences, at ey
value and at motivates em. Also, it is recommended at one t a feel of e physical
environment wi in i e pro em lies.
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engineering graphics
1.1.1.1 Empa ize
These te niques will help in under an ng e essential aspect of e human-centered
approa i entails desi inking. This a will inevit ly yield a consider le amount
of information – i will en be needed for use e 2nd a of desi inking. The
allen here will be how to syn esize all is information wi in e context of one’s desi .
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engineering graphics
• 1.1.1.2 De ne ( e Pro em)

In is a , one is expected to analyze, sort out and sequence e information at have

ered in e r a in su a way at allows one to de ne be er e pro em at is
being tackled. If interviews have been conducted in e r a , it is possi e to analyze e
answers and hi li t any key phrases at relates to e pro em. Thus, is a will bring
clarity and focus to work carried out because one will know at e real pro em is.
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engineering graphics
• 1.1.1.2 De ne ( e Pro em)

In all hone y, it would be be if is is wri en wn in e form of a pro em atement.

What is intere ing to note is at up till now, e de nition of e pro em has been aped
solely as seen from e end users’ perspectives and wi out any con raints of exi ing solutions.
 1. 0 Intr uction to desi inking and
engineering graphics
• 1.1.1.3 Ideate

Buil ng up from e pro em atement from a 2, it is possi e to art nerating several

logical ideas at seek to resolve e pro em. These ideas are typically rou ideas (ones at are
e result of brain orming). Still, ere ould be valid approa es at can potentially solve e
pro em being solved. The important ing here is to “ ink outside e box” and nerate several
ideas so at ere are some options to oose from for prototyping in e next a . It is possi e
to sket ese ideas and ow em to e end users to re ne em and at e same time lter
ose ideas at are wor inve i ting fur er.
 1. 0 Intr uction to desi inking and
engineering graphics
• 1.1.1.4 Prototype

At is a of desi inking, it is expected at one works wi a team to nerate several

inexpensive prototypes so as to be le to inve i te and explore e expected solutions proposed so
far. The aim of e prototyping a is also to have some ing to are and is will act as a basis
of communication wi e team members and o er akeholders inclu ng e end users. It is
important to remember here at e ri t solutions to e pro em being solved are not expected
for now. In ead, one is exploring from a number of potentially approa es to a ressing e
pro em.
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engineering graphics
• 1.1.1.4 Prototype Continues

Therefore, one ould not wa e mu time inking out how to prototype or buil ng a
prototype. One ould pick up some materials and art. Ea solution is prototyped,
inve i ted and accepted, improved, re-examined or re cted. Not spen ng too mu time
and not buil ng complex, co ly prototypes will us make it easier for one to let and move
to ano er one. At e end of is a , it is expected at one would have had idea of
i solutions are mo likely to a ress e pro em and at eir con raints are.
 1. 0 Intr uction to desi inking and
engineering graphics
• 1.1.1.5 Te

The be solutions from e prototyping a are te ed in e context of e real pr uct

using desi ers, evaluators and real end users. Te ing is carried out to evaluate ea
prototype and assess e degree to i it a resses e pro em at is being tackled. This is
an iterative process since e results from ese te s can sometimes be used to re ne e
pro em, e proposed prototypes and e solutions. This us, lea to fur er alterations and
re nements of e prototypes being te ed, and hence moving back to previous a s.
 1. 0 Intr uction to desi inking and
engineering graphics
• 1.1.1.5 Te

Te ing also provides an opportunity to under and and

empa ize more e end users since one is observing and en ging em. This is also a a
at will help one personally to re ne e way one have framed e pro em and a ress any
remaining pre-conceptions at one mi t ill have. The result of is a is a prototype at
solves e pro em, and hence one at can be used as a m el to build e real solution.
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engineering graphics
1.1.2 How engineers use desi inking

Engineers use desi inking

• in a solutions-focused, human-centered way to creatively solve pro em and innovate

rou out e engineering desi process.

• in a way of looking at and tackling real world pro ems at we experience in our everyday
lives, and grea y need solutions for— especially e world’s “wicked pro ems” at are not
well de ned or have clear answers , su as climate an .
 1. 0 Intr uction to desi inking and
engineering graphics
1.1.2 How engineers use desi inking

Engineers use desi inking

• as a uid way of reasoning to purposefully devise solutions for cult pro ems ra er an a series of trial-
and-error eps. Desi inking is also a valu le life skill—like rea ng and numeracy— at can be learned
and perfected wi practice, and applies to a wide ran of careers.

1.1.3 How can desi inking help solve allen s

Engineers’ responsibilities can vary, e er in creating new pr ucts or

maintaining exi ing ones, engineering revolves around desi . For is

reason, a sy ematic approa is hi ly valu le en encountering

allen s be it in e academic or indu rial sector.

 1. 0 Intr uction to desi inking and
engineering graphics
1.1.4 Why is desi inking a valu le skill for engineers

Desi inking is a valu le skill for engineers to learn for

several reasons. For one, engineering positions are among

e mo common occupations requiring desi inking

skills. Since engineers are o en responsi e for solving

complex pro ems, it’s easy to t lo in e details and set

creative pro em-solving skills aside.

 1. 0 Intr uction to desi inking and
engineering graphics
1.1.5 Engineering Challen s Desi Thinking can Solve

Here are some engineering allen s desi inking can help

solve.

(i) Formulating Pro ems

Engineers take time to observe, infer and apply eir bread and dep of knowled to
ou tfully frame a pro em wi in e limits of avail le time, money, and resources.
( ) SEEKING SOLUTIONS
Engineers incorporate eir personal experiences and intellect wi empa y and under an ng
for all akeholders to develop human-centered pr ucts or services.
 1. 0 Intr uction to desi inking and
engineering graphics
1.1.5 Engineering Challen s Desi Thinking can Solve

Here are some engineering allen s desi inking can help

solve.

( i) THRIVING IN UNCERTAINTY

The unknowns and limitations of a pro em, especially wicked pro ems, o er engineers
opportunities to be creative in developing innovative and practical solutions.
(iv) PROTOTYPING IDEAS
A er nerating ideas and ering information out a pro em, e rapid and rou creation of
m els and sket es (prototypes) inspire engineers to visualize options and inform possi e
solutions.
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engineering graphics
1.1.5 Engineering Challen s Desi Thinking can Solve

Here are some engineering allen s desi inking can help solve.

(v) ITERATING OPTIONS

Engineers te many versions of eir prototypes as ey develop, implement, and evaluate possi e
solutions - i over time improves eir under an ng of e pro em.
(vi) REFLECTING FREQUENTLY
Assessing and talking rou iteration cycle outcomes allows engineers to simultaneously and
repeatedly de ne and re ne bo eir under an ng of e pro em and ideas for solutions.
 1. 0 Intr uction to desi inking and
engineering graphics
1.1.6 Bene ts of Desi Thinking

Desi Thinking

• Creates be er cu omer and employee experiences

• Deepens and widens cu omers relation ips

• Improves cu omers retention (loyalty)

• Reduces ine ciencies

• Desi s new business m els

• Increase value to e society

 1. 0 Intr uction to desi inking and
engineering graphics
1.2 Engineering Graphics
Graphics is e art or science of drawing a representation of an ob ct on a two- mensional surface
acco ing to ma ematical rules of pro ction. Graphics is a langua .
An engineering can use e graphic langua as a powerful means of communication wi o ers for
conveying ideas on te nical ma ers.
For e ective ex an of ideas wi o ers, an engineer mu have pro ciency in;

(i) langua , bo wri en and oral

( ) symbols associated wi basic sciences and

( i) The graphic langua .

 1. 0 Intr uction to desi inking and
engineering graphics
1.2 Engineering Graphics
Engineering drawing is a suit le graphic langua from i any trained person can visualize e
required ob ct.
As an engineering drawing splays e exact picture of an ob ct, it obviously conveys e same ideas
to every trained eye.
Irrespective of langua barriers, e drawin can be e ectively used in o er countries, in a ition to
e country ere ey are prepared.
Therefore, engineering drawing is a universal langua for all engineers.
 1. 0 Intr uction to desi inking and
engineering graphics
1.2.1 Importance of Graphics

The graphics langua had its exi ence en it became important

to build new ructures and create new ma ines or e like, in a ition to representing e exi ing
ones.

Wi out e use of graphic langua , e ideas on te nical ma ers have to be conveyed by spee or
writing, bo of i are unreli le and cult to under and by e artisans and cra smen for e
purpose of manufacturing.

Wi engineering drawin , it would have been impossi e to pr uce ob cts su as aircra s,

automobiles, locomotives, etc, ea requiring ousan of erent components.
 1. 0 Intr uction to desi inking and
engineering graphics
1.2.2 Need for Correct Drawing
• Drawing is o cial cument and e success or failure of a ructure depen on e clarity or
details provided on e drawing. It is a contract cument.
• It would not have been possi e to pr uce ma ines/automobiles on a mass scale ere a
number of assem ies and sub-assem ies are involved, wi out clear, and accurate drawin .
 1. 0 Intr uction to desi inking and
engineering graphics
1.2.3 Drawing Accessories

• Drawing Boa

• Drawing Sheet

• T-square

• Set Squares

• Compass & Divider

• Protractor

• Me anical Pencil

• Eraser

• Te nical Drawing Sets

 1. 0 Intr uction to desi inking and
engineering graphics
1.2.3.1 Drawing Boa s & Drawing Sheets
 1. 0 Intr uction to desi inking and
engineering graphics
1.2.3.2 T-Square
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engineering graphics
1.2.3.4 Set Squares
 1. 0 Intr uction to desi inking and
engineering graphics
1.2.3.5 Compass & Divider
 1. 0 Intr uction to desi inking and
engineering graphics
1.2.3.6 Protractor
 1. 0 Intr uction to desi inking and
engineering graphics
1.2.3.7 Me anical Pencil
 1. 0 Intr uction to desi inking and
engineering graphics
1.2.3.8 Eraser
 1. 0 Intr uction to desi inking and
engineering graphics

1.2.3.9 Te nical Drawing Sets

 1. 0 Intr uction to desi inking and
engineering graphics
1.2.4 Types of Lines used in Engineering Graphics
 1. 0 Intr uction to desi inking and
engineering graphics
1.2.4 Types of Lines used in Engineering Graphics
 1. 0 Intr uction to desi inking and
engineering graphics
1.2.5 Le ering in Engineering Graphics

le ering in engineering graphics mu be

• Legibility

• Uniformity

• Rapi ty of Execution

• Suit ility for Repr uction

THANK YOU