1

HUM 2207
Safety management
Shadman Sharar Alam
Ch.1-Introduction to Safety Lecturer, MPE, AUST

• A measure of relative freedom from risk or danger

Safety
• Degree of freedom from risk and hazard in any environment
• Some risk can be easily reduced (e.g., wiring, drinking excess water) or removed
(e.g., wet floor)

HUM 2207: Industrial Law & Safety Management 3

What do we understand by “Safety Management” ?

➢ Safety is defined as the state of being free from harm
or danger.
➢ Safety management involves the systematic
identification, assessment, and mitigation of risks to
ensure a safe environment
➢ Safety management is an organisational function,
which ensures that all safety risks have been
identified, assessed and satisfactorily mitigated.
➢ The objective of safety management is to prevent
human injury or loss of life, and to avoid damage to
the environment and to property.
 4
Why should we study
“Safety Management” ? Safety Engineer!!!

➢Minimising Risk
➢Reducing injuries and injury-related costs
➢Enhancing an organisations productivity
➢Continuous improvement of an
organisation's performance
➢Demonstrating that the organisation is
meeting legal requirements
➢Improved employee morale and
performance

Goals of a Safety Engineer

• Proactively Identify Hazards: reduce the risk by eliminating or

controlling the hazards
• Foster a Safety Culture: keep the workplace free of physical and health
hazards
• Continuous Improvement: they are committed to ongoing evaluation
and enhancement of safety protocols and procedures

Job Description of a Safety Engineer

A safety engineer focuses on

• Accident prevention
• Human Factors
• Interface between workplace and the environment
• Design & layout of equipment
• Management and supervision of safety training
• Control of Hazard
 7

Job Description of a Safety Engineer

• Safety Inspection
➢ By themselves or by supervising others to male inspection
➢ Play the role of consultant to outside agency
• Safety Training
➢ Covers training on hazardous material, day to day safety hazard
• Collaboration with safety committees
Accident Investigation – why???
➢ Variety of tasks, No contradictory information
• Working with management
• Accident Investigation
➢ Need to ensure that preventive measure has been taken
➢ Provide information to insurance carriers, medical personnel
➢ Need to take information regarding accident data (e.g., Time of
injury, place of injury, name and identification of injured person,
nature of injury, location of injury )

Two levels of certification is crucial to be a safety professional

• Certified safety professional
➢ Graduation in bachelor’s degree
➢ 5 years of professional experience on safety
➢ Special examination based on safety

• Associate safety professional

➢ Graduation in bachelor’s degree
➢ 1 year of professional experience on safety
➢ Special examination based on safety

Safety organization
• National safety council
• American society of safety engineer
• System safety society
• OSHA
 10

Can Safety ensure productivity ?

• Keep peoples moral high and loyal to business
Many studies have shown a link between
health and safety, and happiness at work and • No unplanned shutdown and production loss
employee productivity. A safe, well organised
and clean organisation is an efficient one, • Better labor-management relationship
efficiency breeds productivity
• Uninterrupted production
• No compensation and asset damage
➢ when employees feel safe and secure in their
working environment, they are happier, more • Experience people continue to work with the
engaged, and more productive
organization
➢ well-organized workspace not only reduces the
risk of accidents but also streamlines
workflows, minimizing wasted time and
resources

11
Case Study
You're a safety engineer called in to assess a large-scale construction project that has been facing safety
challenges. The project involves constructing a high-rise building in a busy urban area. Over the past few
months, the site has experienced several safety incidents, including falls from heights, equipment malfunctions,
and minor chemical exposure due to inadequate safety protocols.
1. What could be the underlying causes of these safety incidents in a construction setting?
2. How do these incidents affect the workers, the construction project, and the company's reputation?
3. What role does a safety engineer play in preventing such incidents?

▪ lack of comprehensive safety training ▪ incidents lead to worker injuries • conduct a thorough risk assessment
for new workers ▪ project delays • recommend and implement improved safety
▪ insufficient equipment maintenance ▪ increased costs due to medical protocols
▪ inadequate communication among expenses • conduct regular safety audits
the various subcontractors on ▪ negative impact on the • facilitate communication among subcontractors
working on-site. company's image to ensure a safer work environment.

12
 1

HUM 2207
Safety management

Shadman Sharar Alam

Ch.2-Injury Sources Lecturer, IPE Program

Department of MPE, AUST

Injury

• An injury is damage to your body.

• It is a general term that refers to harm
caused by accidents, falls, hits,
weapons, and more.

Injury classifications
• Fatal injury/ Death
• Permanent total disability: Injury or impairment other than death which block person
from any gainful employment
• Permanent partial disability: Complete loss of any parts/function of the body
• Temporary total disability: Temporarily block a person from any gainful employment
 4
Heinrich Pyramid
• Heinrich is a pioneer of industrial safety
• Based on probability and assumes that no.
of accidents is inversely proportional to the
severity of those accidents.
• Minimizing the no of minor incidents will
lead to a reduction in major accidents.

For 1 fatal accident, there will be 30 disabling

injury, 300 lost time injury, 3000 recordable
injuries/First Aid, 30000 near misses and
300000 unsafe act/condition

5
Heinrich Pyramid
Near Misses
• Potential to cause human injury/narrowly avoided accident
• Didn’t result in injury, illness / damage
Lost time injury
• Lead to loss of productive time
• Takes time for recovery
• Unable to perform regular task

Identifying key accident data

• Key information in determining injury sources
• To analyze an injury/accident report Basic Accident types
• Tabulate the answers of the following factors • Struck against
Key factors of accident • Fall from above
• Nature of injury • Fall on the same level
• Part of body • Caught in/under / between objects
• Source of injury • Rubbed or abraded
• Accident type • Bodily reaction
• Hazardous condition • Overexertion
• Agency of accident • Contact with electric current
• Agency of accident part • Road accident
• Unsafe act • Drowning
 7
Example 1: Operator of a circular saw reached over the running saw to pick up a piece of scrap.
His hand touched the blade which was not covered and his thumb was severely lacerated.

Nature of injury : Laceration

Part of body : Thumb

Source of injury : Circular saw

Accident type : Struck against
Hazardous condition : Uncovered
Agency of accident : Circular saw

Agency of accident : Blade

part
Unsafe act : Cleaning a moving object

Measuring injury statistics

Normally, Injuries are measured in following ways:
• Frequency rate (FR)
• Severity rate (SR)

Measuring injury statistics

Frequency rate
• Based on permanent total, permanent partial and temporary total disabilities
occurring in a specific period
• Expresses the number of such injuries in million hour unit

𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 ∗1,000,000

FR=
𝐸𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑒𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ❖ 𝐸𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑒𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 =Adjusted
Total Hours Worked
In USA, an average employee works 2000 hours per year
1 million employee hour represent a year’s work for 500 employee
FR 20 means, 20 disabling injury per year for each 500 employee or
1 disabling injury for each 25 employee
 10

Severity Rate
• Based on how many days are lost in production. Rate at which days are lost in
relation to 1 million employee hours of work
SR of 500 means 500 days were lost for every 1 million employee hours worked

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 ∗1,000,000

SR=
𝐸𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑒𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

11

Problem 1: In an industry of 500 workers, who are working 50 weeks a year with weekly 48 hours had
60 accidents. Considering 1200 of lost working hours and workers were absent during 5% of the
aggregate working time. Find accident frequency rate and severity rate ?
Given data:
• Number of workers (N): 500 Total Hours Worked=N×W×H

• Weeks worked per year (W): 50 Adjusted Total Hours Worked=Total Hours Worked×(1−AR/100​)

• Weekly hours (H): 48

• Number of accidents (A): 60
• Lost working hours (L): 1200
• Absenteeism rate (AR): 5%

12

Problem 1: In an industry of 500 workers, who are working 50 weeks a year with weekly 48
hours had 60 accidents. Considering 1200 of lost working hours and workers were absent
during 5% of the aggregate working time. Find accident frequency rate and severity rate ?

60 ∗1,000,000
FR =
1,140,000
= 52.63 = 53 injuries/million work hour
Total work hours = (500*50*48) *(1-0.05) = 1,140,000 hours

1200 ∗1,000,000
SR =
1,140,000
= 1052.63 = 1053 work hour
 1

Ch. 3-Accident Causation Theory

Accident conditions and control

Shadman Sharar Alam

Lecturer, IPE, AUST

Accident and Incident

➢ ‘‘Accident’’ refers to a loss-producing, unintended event.
➢ ‘‘Incident’’ is an unintended event possibly not causing a loss.
➢ Incidents include so-called near misses and other accident-type events not
resulting in loss

Unsafe Condition & unsafe act

Unsafe condition
• Unsafe or hazardous condition means certain behavior which is likely to
result in an accident
• Set of circumstances that will lead to an accident
Unsafe act
• Carrying out a task under less than safe condition
 4

Potential Unsafe conditions

• Lifting/pushing/pulling of objects
• Falling and flying object
• Stationary & moving objects
• Working surfaces
• Scaffolds, ladder
• Extreme temperature

Accident Causation Theories

➢ Accident causation refers to the study and analysis of the
factors, events, and conditions that contribute to the
occurrence of accidents or incidents.

➢ It involves identifying and understanding the root causes

and underlying mechanisms that lead to undesired
outcomes, whether they are injuries, damage to property,
or other negative consequences.

➢ The goal of studying accident causation is to develop

insights that can be used to improve safety measures,
prevent future accidents, and create a safer environment.

6
Accident Causation Theories
Different accident causation theories and models attempt to explain how and why accidents happen. Some
theories focus on human error, while others emphasize systemic failures or a combination of both.

➢ Single Factor Theory

➢ Domino Theories
✓ Heinrich’s Domino Theory
➢ Multiple Causation Accident Theories
✓ Multiple Factors Theory

➢ Psychological / Behavioral Accident

Causation Theories
✓ Human Factors Theory
 7

Heinrich’s Domino Theory

➢ The Domino Theory of accident causation was proposed by H.W. Heinrich in the 1930s.
➢ It is a theoretical model that suggests accidents result from a chain of sequential events, much like a
row of dominoes falling over.
➢ The idea is that removing one of the factors (or dominoes) in the sequence can prevent the entire
chain of events leading to an accident.

All domino theories are divided into three phases:

1. Pre-contact phase: refers to those events or conditions that lead up to the accident

2. Contact phase: refers to the phase during which the individual, machinery, or facility comes into
contact with the energy forms or forces beyond their physical capability to manage

3. Post-contact phase: refers to the results of the accident or energy exposure. Physical injury, illness,
production downtime, damage to equipment and/or facility, and loss of reputation are just some of
the possible results that can occur during the post-contact phase of the domino theory.

Heinrich’s Domino Theory

Ancestry and Social Environment: The first domino represents the personal factors that an individual
brings to the workplace, such as family background, personality traits, and social factors, which can
influence their behavior and attitudes towards safety.

Fault of Person: The second domino falls when personal faults, such as a lack of knowledge or improper
motivation, lead to unsafe actions or decisions.

Unsafe Act and/or Mechanical or Physical Hazard: This domino falls when the unsafe actions interact
with hazardous conditions in the environment, leading to the potential for an accident.

Accident: The fourth domino represents the accident event itself, which is the result of the unsafe
acts/hazards not being addressed.

Injury: Finally, if the accident is not prevented, it leads to the last domino, which is the injury or damage
that results.

➢ Heinrich believed that unsafe

acts caused more accidents than
unsafe conditions.
➢ His philosophy of accident
prevention focused on
eliminating unsafe acts and the
people-related factors that lead
to injuries.
 10

Case study based on the Domino Theory of accident causation

XYZ Manufacturing Co. is a medium-sized company that specializes in the production of automotive parts.
The company has been operating for 20 years and has a mixed record of workplace safety. On November 5,
2023, an accident occurred on the factory floor. An experienced operator, John, was injured while operating a
hydraulic press machine. The safety guard that was supposed to protect the operator from moving parts was
not in place, and John's hand was caught in the machine, resulting in severe injuries.

Ancestry and Social Environment John had a history of being casual about safety
protocols
Fault of Person John had bypassed the safety guard because it was
slowing down his work
Unsafe Act and/or Mechanical or Physical The hydraulic press machine had a known design
Hazard: Accident flaw where the safety guard would sometimes jam
Accident the machine operated without the safety guard
Injury John sustained multiple fractures in his hand

11

Multiple factor theory

➢ V. L. Grose’s multiple factors theory uses four M’s to represent factors causing an accident:
machine, man, media and management.
1. Machine: Refers to tools, equipment, or vehicles contributing to the cause of an
accident. Examination of machinery characteristics includes the design, shape, size, or
specific type of energy used to operate the equipment.
2. Man: Deals with the people and human factors contributing to the accident.
Characteristics of man are psychological state; gender; age; physiological variables; and
cognitive attributes.

12

3. Media: Includes the environmental conditions surrounding an accident, such as the

weather conditions, walking surfaces (snow or water on a walking surface or roadway),
temperature of a building, outdoor temperature etc.
4. Management: Looks at the methods used to select equipment, train personnel, or
ensures a relatively hazard-free environment. Characteristics of management could
include safety rules, organizational structure, or policy and procedures.

➢ Multiple factors theories attempt to identify specific workplace characteristics that

reveal underlying, and often hidden, causes of an accident by pointing to existing
hazardous conditions.
 13

Human Factor Theory

➢ This theory is based on the concept that accidents are the result of human error. Factors
that cause human error are:
❑ Overload: Overload occurs when a person is burdened with excessive tasks or
responsibilities. For example, the employee not only must perform his or her job, but
must also handle excessive noise, stress, personal problems, and unclear instructions.
❑ Inappropriate activities: When individuals undertake a task without proper training,
they are acting inappropriately.
❑ Inappropriate response: When an employee detects a hazardous condition but does not
correct it, or removes a safeguard from a machine to increase productivity.

14

Case Study on Human Factor Theory

Delta Tech Electronics is a company that designs and manufactures advanced electronic components for various
industries. The company prides itself on innovation and efficiency. On January 15, 2023, a seasoned technician
at Delta Tech, Sarah, suffered an electric shock while recalibrating (had a known issue where the safety cut-off
switch would sometimes fail) a high-voltage power supply unit used in testing components. The shock resulted
in minor injuries, but it led to a significant investigation given the potential severity of such incidents.

Sarah was working overtime to meet a project

Overload deadline and was concurrently managing multiple
testing stations due to understaffing
Sarah was a seasoned technician, she had not received
Inappropriate Activities updated training for the new equipment, which had
been introduced to the floor just a month prior
The investigation revealed that the power supply unit
had a known issue where the safety cut-off switch
Inappropriate Response would sometimes fail. Despite this being logged in the
equipment's issue register, no corrective action had
been taken

15

Strategies for hazard control

Hazard control is a critical aspect of occupational safety and risk management. Implementing effective
hazard control strategies helps minimize or eliminate workplace hazards, reducing the risk of accidents
and injuries.

• Job study observations & work practice audits

• Preventing accumulation of hazardous material
• Reducing the amount of energy accumulation
• Preventing or modifying release of energy
• Separating individuals from energy by time and space
• Raising the injury threshold
• Acclimatization
• Controlling behavior
 16

Job Study observation

• Collection of data will pinpoint workplace areas where accidents and unsafe
practices are occurring
• Itemize workplace that may results in accidents
• Prepare accident form

• Critical Incident Technique (CIT)-is a qualitative research method used to collect and
analyze incidents that are critical to understanding a particular phenomenon or behavior.
• Useful data collection source for identifying unsafe acts
• Employees are interviewed
• Describe unsafe practices they have performed or have seen being performed
• Hazard development program can be measured
• Casual factors for injuries & non-injurious accidents

17

Preventing accumulation of hazardous material

• The handling, storage, and disposal of hazardous materials should be managed carefully to
minimize the risk of accidents, contamination, and other adverse effects.
• Execution must be monitored/reinforced to stop piling up of materials
• Accumulation of materials that add to clutter and create hasty work areas are considered unsafe
• Good industrial housekeeping is essential which led to clean plant
Clean plant advantage
• Reduction of injuries, increased efficiency
• Improvement in employees morale
• Better labor relations, minimization of losses from fire

18

Reducing the amount of energy Preventing or modifying release of energy

accumulation • Principle behind the use of helmets and
• Prevent build-up of thermal energy shields that spread impact as wide as
possible
• Prevent accumulation of flammable
waste materials • Force impact is very crucial
 19

Separating individuals from energy by time & space

• Use barriers and time differential

Raising the injury threshold

By physical conditioning and training to keep worker’s body at peak fitness so that
optimum performance can be obtained
• Physical training (aerobic exercise to increase oxygen intake capacity to increase the
heart rate, e.g., running )
• Muscle Training (Abdomen and Back muscle)
• Joint mobility
• Military Training

20

Acclimatization
• Body’s gradual adjustment to a change of climate/working condition and rapid
return to a normal condition when being removed from the stressful situation
• Example: Worker got exposed to a hot environment for the first time
1st day: 50% exposure ; then gradually increase exposure by 10%
as a result workers get 100% exposure on 6th day
▪ This gradual acclimatization process helps reduce the risk of heat-related
illnesses and allows the worker to work more safely and efficiently in the hot
environment. It is important for employers to implement such acclimatization
protocols, especially in industries where workers are exposed to extreme
environmental conditions, to prioritize their health and safety.

21

Controlling behavior
• Horseplay
✓ Playing practical jokes on someone, especially in a way that can be perceived as harmful or
distressing, falls under the category of horseplay with a negative impact.
✓ This kind of behavior, though often intended as a form of humor, can create discomfort, stress,
and potentially lead to more serious consequences.
✓ It's essential to address and discourage such behavior in various settings, including workplaces,
schools, and social environments.
✓ Can disrupt the workplace, affecting productivity and morale
✓ It may create a hostile or uncomfortable environment for the victim and other employees.

▪ Controlling behavior in this context involves promoting a culture of respect, empathy, and open
communication. By discouraging harmful horseplay and fostering an environment where individuals
feel safe and valued, organizations and communities can contribute to positive and inclusive social
dynamics.
 22

Controlling behavior
• Alcohols and drugs
✓ Approximately 50% of crashes fatal to vehicle occupants, 35% or more of those fatal
to adult pedestrians, and 20% of crashes in which vehicle occupants are injured non-
fatally result at least in part from prior use of alcoholic beverages
✓ The use of drugs must also be considered in setting up strategies for accident control.
✓ Many drugs can make one sleepy or alter one's perceptions
✓ Establish clear policies prohibiting the use of illicit drugs and alcohol in the
workplace.

Chapter 4
Industrial Hygiene

HUM 2207
Industrial Law and Safety Management
Sheikh Salman
Industrial and Production Engineering
Department of MPE

Industrial Hygiene
➢ Industrial hygiene, often referred to as occupational hygiene, is a
multidisciplinary field of science and engineering that focuses on the
identification, evaluation, and control of workplace hazards to
protect the health and well-being of workers.
➢ The primary goal of industrial hygiene is to prevent occupational
illnesses and injuries by understanding and managing the various
physical, chemical, biological, and ergonomic factors that can impact
workers.

➢ Examines environmental controls for ventilation and illumination and the

limits.
➢ Discusses hazardous substances and industrial toxicology.
➢ Safety engineers need to know when to limit worker exposure to
hazardous substances.
2
Objectives of Industrial Hygiene
Industrial hygienists have two major responsibilities:
• To determine that the workplace contains nothing harmful to
health
• To apply health standards to the working population
Industrial hygienists must-
• Recognize potential hazards in the work environment, measure the
work environment
• Evaluate the measurements obtained to determine whether a
hazard exists
• Identify and recommend controls to remove or reduce the hazard
exposure of the worker 3

Objectives of Industrial Hygiene

Industrial hygienists are concerned with preventing hazards in the
work-place and removal of existing hazards by questioning:
• Is there a less toxic or less flammable material that can be used?
• Is there a better way to do a job, such as using dipping instead of
spraying?
• Is there a better type of equipment for the job,say, using automated
equipment instead of manual methods?
• Can engineering changes, such as machine guards, make the
equipment less hazardous?

Analysis of theWork Environment

Table 1: Heat Stress Index Implications of 8-Hour Exposure
Temperature, °C Effects
-20° to -10° Mild cold strain.
0° to +20° No thermal strain.
+20° to +30 Mild to moderate heat strain. Subtle to substantial decrements in
performance may be expected where intellectual forms of work are
performed. In heavy work, little decrement is to be expected.
+40° to +60° Severe heat strain. Involves threat to health unless physically fit. Not
suitable for those with cardiovascular or respiratory impairment.
Climatization required. Not suitable for tasks requiring sustained mental
effort.
+70° to +90° Very severe heat strain. Personnel must have thorough medical
examination and work trial after acclimatization.
+100° The maximum heat stress that can be tolerated by fit, acclimatized
young men. 5
Workers Exposed to Excessive Heat
⚫ Animal-rendering workers ⚫ Outdoor workers during hot
⚫ Bakers weather
⚫ Boiler heaters ⚫ Sailors passing hot climatic zones
⚫
⚫ Cannery workers Shipyard workers when cleaning
cargo holds
⚫ Cleaners
⚫ Smelter workers
⚫ Coke oven operators
⚫ Steel and metal forgers
⚫ Cooks
⚫ Textile-manufacturing workers
⚫ Foundry workers (weaving, dyeing)
⚫ Glass-manufacturing workers ⚫ Tire- (rubber-) manufacturing
⚫ Kiln workers workers
⚫ Miners in deep mines
6

Workers Exposed to Excessive Cold

⚫ Cooling-room workers ⚫ Outdoor workers during cold
⚫ Divers weather
⚫ Dry ice workers ⚫ Packing-house workers
⚫ Fire fighters ⚫ Refrigerated-warehouse
workers
⚫ Fishers
⚫ Refrigeration workers
⚫ Ice makers
⚫ Liquefied-gas workers

Heat Stress Symptoms and Interventions

Disorder Symptom Treatment
Heat cramps Painful muscle spasms Rest
Replace fluids and salt
Heat syncope Fainting Remove from heat
Heat Weakness Remove from heat
exhaustion Pale, cool skin Replace fluids and salt
Rapid pulse Rest
Decreased blood pressure
Stroke Fever,skin hot and dry Immediate removal from heat
Red complexion Bathe to reduce temperature
Elevated blood pressure Treat as an emergency
Rapid pulse

8
 Case study
XYZ Warehousing is a medium-sized company that stores and distributes goods for
clients. The warehouse is not air-conditioned, and employees are exposed to
elevated temperatures, particularly during the warmer months. The workforce
consists of warehouse staff responsible for inventory management, loading, and
unloading. With limited airflow and no air conditioning, employees are feeling the
impact of the heat. Over the past few weeks, there has been an increase in
reports of workers experiencing symptoms related to heat stress. Some common
symptoms observed include: Fatigue, Excessive sweating, Dizziness, Headaches.

➢ Q1: What are some common symptoms of heat stress reported by employees in
the warehouse setting?
➢ Q2: What interventions can be implemented to address heat stress in the
warehouse?
➢ Q3: How can the company ensure employees stay hydrated during their shifts?
➢ Q4: Why is seeking regular feedback from employees important in managing
heat stress?

Humidity
⚫ Humidity exposure is important to consider in evaluating
environmental stress.
⚫ “Relative Humidity” refers to the ratio of water vapor in the air to
the amount of water the air can hold at a given temperature.
⚫ Affects the amount of sweat evaporated.
⚫ If the humidity is high, then the rate of evaporation of sweat and,
thus, the rate of evaporative cooling are lessened, and heat
increases in the body.
⚫ If the air is 100% saturated, then the vapor pressure of the water in
the air is at a maximum,and no evaporation of sweat will occur.

Hyperbaric and Hypobaric Environments

⚫ "Hyperbaric" means that air pressure is higher than the pressure at sea level;
⚫ “Hypobaric” means it is lower.
⚫ The greatest single hazard among pilots and air crews operating high-performance
aircraft at extremely high altitudes is hypoxia (deprivation of oxygen), which at these
altitudes results in rapid loss of consciousness.
⚫ The bends, the chokes, neurological disorders, embolism, ear, sinus, and tooth problems
have been experienced by members of air crews.

➢ My Visit to Sikkim
➢ 14500 ft
➢ Breathing issue, Numbness, Hearing loss
10
Hyperbaric and Hypobaric Environments
⚫ Acute mountain sickness is characterized by overwhelming
depression, severe headache, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite
in lower altitudes.
⚫ Occupational exposures to low altitudes occur in caisson or
tunneling operations by divers.
⚫ Rapid decompression causes circulatory damage and local tissue
damage characterized by the bends, the chokes, or paralysis.
⚫ Symptoms of the bends are dull, throbbing pains felt in the joints or
deep in the muscles and bones.
⚫ The choke is a type of asphyxia affecting the right side of the heart.

11

Ventilation Climate Control Systems

⚫ Refers to controlling the air quality and temperature of the
workplace.
⚫ Ventilation systems remove air pollutants and condition the air for
worker comfort.
⚫ Comfort ventilation moves and conditions the air to assure
worker comfort, controls temperature and humidity, and reduces
unpleasant odors.
⚫ Local exhaust ventilation removes contaminants generated
locally.
⚫ Dilution ventilation supplies or exhausts air from a large area in
order to dilute, and thus control, pollutants in the total area, as in
tunnels to remove carbon monoxide.
12

Case Study
LMN Manufacturing is a medium-sized company specializing in metal fabrication.
The manufacturing process involves the use of furnaces and machinery, creating
an environment where employees are exposed to both high temperatures and high
humidity. The workforce includes welders, machine operators, and maintenance
personnel. Employees often work in close proximity to hot machinery and in areas
where the humidity levels can be significant. The workforce has reported
discomfort, and some employees are experiencing heat-related symptoms (Profuse
sweating, Increased body heat etc).

➢ Q1: Why is it important for the manufacturing plant to implement a humidity

monitoring system?
➢ Q2: How can the manufacturing plant enhance ventilation systems to reduce
humidity levels in critical work areas?
➢ Q3: How can the company encourage employees to stay hydrated in high-
humidity conditions?
Illumination
⚫ Concerned with the amount of light in the workplace
⚫ Work performance declines when there is insufficient lighting
⚫ Proper illumination is calculated by the lumen method, which is
based on the definition of a foot-candle: One foot-candle (FC)
equals one lumen per square foot (lux)
***Lumen Method: This is a calculation method used to determine
the appropriate amount of light needed in a space. It takes into
account the size of the area, the type of tasks performed, and the
desired level of illumination. By using this method, you can
ensure that the lighting is uniform and meets the recommended
standards for different types of workspaces.
13

Ensuring proper lighting in the workplace is not only essential for

productivity but also for the health and well-being of employees.

Some key reasons why adequate lighting is essential for their

health and work performance:
• Reduced Eye Strain
• Enhanced Visibility and Safety
• Positive Impact on Mood and Morale
• Prevention of Health Issues
***Proper lighting is a fundamental aspect of creating a work
environment that promotes both the physical and mental well-being of
employees. It goes beyond merely ensuring visibility; it encompasses
factors that contribute to a positive, safe, and supportive atmosphere,
ultimately fostering a workplace conducive to productivity, satisfaction,
and overall health.

13

Principles of Toxicology

Poison: A substance which in small quality can cause illness or death

✓ Statutory poison
✓ This term is often used in the context of legal regulations and refers to
substances that are classified as poisons under specific laws or
regulations. The classification helps control and regulate the handling,
use, and distribution of such substances.
✓ Economic poison
✓ This term is commonly used in the context of pesticides. Economic
poisons are substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling,
or mitigating pests (such as insects, rodents, or weeds) that can cause
economic harm.
✓ Lethal Dose (LD) is used to determine toxicity i.e., LD50
✓ The term "lethal dose" refers to the amount of a substance that, when
administered or absorbed by an organism, causes death.
13
Ergonomics
Ergonomics is the study of person and machine characteristics in order to
optimize the person's living and working environment. Common issues
associated with poor ergonomics include:
Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs): Improper ergonomics can contribute to the development of MSDs,
which affect the muscles, bones, tendons, ligaments, and other parts of the musculoskeletal system.
Examples include carpal tunnel syndrome, tendonitis, and lower back pain.

Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSIs): Tasks that require repetitive movements or prolonged static
postures without proper ergonomic support can lead to RSIs. This can affect areas such as the hands,
wrists, shoulders, and neck.

Discomfort and Fatigue: Poorly designed workspaces or equipment can cause discomfort and
fatigue, reducing productivity and employee satisfaction. Uncomfortable chairs, poorly positioned
monitors, or awkward keyboard placement are common contributors.

Awkward Postures: Tasks that force individuals to adopt awkward or unnatural postures can
contribute to musculoskeletal problems. This can be common in jobs that involve repetitive bending,
twisting, or reaching.
14

Factors Relating to Occupational Injuries and Diseases

Workplace Hazards: The presence of physical, chemical, biological,
ergonomic, and psychosocial hazards in the workplace can contribute to
injuries and diseases. These hazards may include machinery malfunctions,
exposure to toxic substances, noise, repetitive motions, and stressful work
environments.

Poor Ergonomics: Inadequate ergonomic design of workspaces and

equipment can lead to musculoskeletal disorders, repetitive strain
injuries, and other health issues. Poorly designed workstations and tools
can contribute to physical stress and discomfort.

Inadequate Training: Insufficient training on job tasks, safety protocols,

and the proper use of equipment can contribute to accidents and injuries.
Lack of knowledge about potential hazards and safety measures can put
workers at risk.
13

Factors Relating to Occupational Injuries and Diseases

Workplace Culture: The organizational culture and attitude towards safety
play a significant role. A culture that prioritizes safety, encourages
reporting of hazards, and promotes open communication about health and
safety concerns can contribute to injury prevention.

Environmental Exposures: Exposure to hazardous substances in the

workplace, such as chemicals, dust, fumes, and biological agents, can lead
to occupational diseases. Proper ventilation and control measures are
essential to reduce these exposures.

Insufficient Regulatory Compliance: Failure to comply with occupational

health and safety regulations and standards can contribute to an unsafe
work environment. Regulatory non-compliance may result from lack of
awareness, negligence, or intentional disregard.
13
Maintaining Safety Standards
➢ Classification of Hazardous Materials:
✓ Safety standards often include a classification system that categorizes
hazardous materials based on their characteristics. Common
classifications include flammable, corrosive, toxic, reactive, and
radioactive materials.

➢ Labelling and Marking:

✓ This ensures that workers and emergency responders can easily
identify the nature of the contents and take appropriate precautions.

➢ Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) or Safety Data Sheets (SDS):

✓ These documents provide detailed information on the properties,
hazards, safe handling procedures, and emergency response measures
for each substance.

Maintaining Safety Standards

➢ Emergency Response Planning:
✓ Safety standards require the development and implementation of
emergency response plans for incidents involving hazardous materials.
This includes procedures for spills, leaks, fires, and other emergencies.

➢ Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

✓ Standards often specify the types of personal protective equipment
(PPE) required when working with or near hazardous materials. This may
include gloves, goggles, respirators, and other protective gear.

➢ Training and Education:

✓ Regulations typically mandate training programs for individuals working
with hazardous materials. Training covers topics such as proper
handling, emergency response procedures, and the use of safety
equipment.

Case Study: Ensuring Safe Handling of Hazardous Materials in a

Manufacturing Facility
Background:
XYZ Manufacturing is a mid-sized company specializing in the
production of electronic components. The manufacturing process
involves the use of various hazardous materials, including solvents,
acids, and electronic waste. Recognizing the importance of safety and
compliance, the company has implemented a comprehensive safety
program in accordance with regulatory standards.
Challenge:
The production floor at XYZ Manufacturing recently underwent an
expansion to meet increased demand. With the expansion, there was a
need to reassess and update safety protocols related to the handling,
storage, and disposal of hazardous materials. The company was also in
the process of introducing new chemicals into the production process,
adding complexity to the safety management system.
 Case Study: Ensuring Safe Handling of Hazardous Materials in a
Manufacturing Facility
1. In the case study of XYZ Manufacturing, what were the specific
challenges the company faced regarding the handling of hazardous
materials during the expansion of its production floor?
2. How did XYZ Manufacturing prioritize employee safety and awareness
during the safety program update?

1. The specific challenges faced by XYZ Manufacturing included the need to

reassess and update safety protocols due to the expansion of the production
floor and the introduction of new chemicals. The company recognized the
importance of adapting its safety program to address these changes.
2. XYZ Manufacturing prioritized employee safety and awareness by conducting
training sessions that covered proper handling procedures, the use of personal
protective equipment (PPE), emergency response protocols, and the
importance of reporting safety concerns promptly. Regular training sessions
aimed to keep employees informed and engaged in safety practices.

T H A N K S FOR YOUR
ATTENTION…

24

Chp. 5
Hazard, Hazard matrix and its classification

Shadman Sharar Alam

Lecturer, IPE, AUST
 2

Basic Definition
Hazard
• Potential of a substance to cause damage to people or
environment
Accident
• Uncontrolled, unplanned event which has led or
could have led to injury to people, plant and
machineries
➢ Hazard poses risk and outcome of hazard is
accident.

3
Classification/ Potential sources of Hazard

Classification/ Potential sources of Hazard

• Physical/ Mechanical Hazard : Equipment, Machine, Extreme Heat, cold noise,
vibration
• Electrical Hazard: Damaged insulation or broken cover
• Chemical Hazard: Paint, paint thinner, solvent, ammonia, lead
• Biological Hazard: Bacteria, Virus
• Psychological Hazard: Stress or violence at workplace
• Ergonomic Hazard: Expose to unnatural postures, Repetitive job
 5

Hazard Identification
• Hazard identification is a crucial step in the process of
risk assessment and management, particularly in the
fields of safety, health, and environmental
management.
• It involves recognizing and understanding potential
sources of harm or danger in a given situation,
environment, or process.
• The goal is to identify and assess these hazards to
prevent accidents, injuries, or damage.
• Locating its place in the system
• Whether it will propagate under specific conditions
(Environmental Conditions, Interaction with Other
Hazards)

Hazard Identification Techniques

1. Checklists

• Description: Uses predefined lists of potential hazards based on previous experience, standards, or regulations.

• Application: Suitable for routine operations and standard procedures.

• Advantages: Simple, quick, and systematic.

• Limitations: May miss unique or complex hazards not covered by the checklist.

2. What-If Analysis

• Description: A brainstorming method where team members ask "what if" questions to explore potential hazards
and failures.

• Application: Flexible and can be applied to various systems and processes.

• Advantages: Encourages creative thinking and thorough examination.

• Limitations: Can be time-consuming and dependent on the experience of team members.

Hazard Identification Techniques

3. Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP)

• Description: A structured and systematic examination of a process using guide words to identify deviations from
normal operations.

• Application: Commonly used in chemical processing and complex systems.

• Advantages: Thorough, detailed, and can identify both hazards and operability issues.

• Limitations: Resource-intensive and requires a multidisciplinary team.

4. Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)

• Description: Analyzes potential failure modes within a system and their effects on overall system performance.

• Application: Used in manufacturing, automotive, and aerospace industries.

• Advantages: Identifies critical components and prioritizes risks.

• Limitations: Can be complex and time-consuming, may not capture all types of hazards.
 8

Hazard Identification Techniques

5. Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)

• Description: Uses a top-down approach to identify the causes of a specific undesirable event by mapping out
fault paths.

• Application: Effective for analyzing complex systems and identifying root causes.

• Advantages: Provides a visual representation of failure paths and their probabilities.

• Limitations: Requires detailed knowledge of the system and can become very complex.

6. Event Tree Analysis (ETA)

• Description: Uses a bottom-up approach to analyze the possible outcomes following an initiating event.

• Application: Often used in conjunction with FTA for comprehensive risk analysis.

• Advantages: Helps in understanding the sequence of events leading to different outcomes.

• Limitations: Can become complex with many branches and potential outcomes.

Hazard Identification Techniques

7. Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)

• Description: A high-level, initial analysis to identify potential hazards early in the design or development phase.

• Application: Useful for new projects or when limited information is available.

• Advantages: Quick and can identify major hazards early on.

• Limitations: May not be as detailed as other methods.

8. Job Safety Analysis (JSA)

• Description: Breaks down a job into its individual tasks and identifies hazards associated with each task.

• Application: Commonly used in construction, manufacturing, and other labor-intensive industries.

• Advantages: Provides specific and actionable insights for improving safety.

• Limitations: Can be time-consuming and dependent on worker cooperation.

10

Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)

 11

• HAZOP (Hazard and Operability) Study

• Identify Hazards: Determine potential
hazards that can lead to accidents or
dangerous situations.
• Evaluate Operability Issues: Assess
problems that can hinder the efficient and
smooth operation of the system.
• Risk Mitigation: Provide recommendations
to mitigate identified risks and operability
issues.

12

Terms used in Hazop study

• Study nodes: Location at which parameters are investigated

• Intention: expected pattern of operation in absence of deviation

• Deviation: departures from intention, need to apply guide word
• Causes: Reasons of deviation
• Consequences: results of deviation
• Guide word: No, less, more, as well as
No: Absence of an intended operation (e.g., no flow, no pressure).

More: More of a parameter than intended (e.g., more temperature, more pressure).
Less: Less of a parameter than intended (e.g., less flow, less level).
As Well As: Additional, unintended operation (e.g., contamination, impurity).

Case Study: Ready-Made Garment Industry 13

Overview
A ready-made garment manufacturing plant conducts a Hazard and Operability Study
(HAZOP) to identify potential hazards and operability issues in its production line. The goal is to
ensure worker safety, improve operational efficiency, and comply with industry regulations.
System Description
The garment manufacturing process involves several key steps:
Fabric Cutting: Cutting fabric into pieces according to patterns.
Sewing: Assembling pieces into garments.
Quality Control: Inspecting garments for defects.
Ironing and Finishing: Pressing garments and adding final touches.
Packaging: Packing finished garments for shipment.
Node 1: Fabric Cutting
Guide Word: No
• Deviation: No fabric feed to the cutting machine
• Causes: Material shortage, feed system malfunction
• Consequences: Production delays, idle time
• Recommendations: Maintain adequate material inventory, regular feed system
maintenance
Case Study: Ready-Made Garment Industry 14

Node 2: Sewing
Guide Word: High
Deviation: High machine speed
Causes: Incorrect settings, malfunction
Consequences: Poor stitch quality, increased machine wear
Recommendations: Regular machine calibration, speed monitoring

Node 3: Quality Control

Guide Word: None
• Deviation: No quality checks performed
• Causes: Staffing issues, oversight
• Consequences: Defective products reaching customers, brand damage
• Recommendations: Implement automated inspection systems, ensure adequate staffing

Case Study: Ready-Made Garment Industry 15

1. Describe a hazard identified using the guide word "High" in the sewing process and provide a
recommendation to address it.
2.What are the potential hazards of having "No quality checks performed" in the quality control process, and
how can this be prevented?

1. Using the guide word "High," a hazard identified in the sewing process is high machine speed. This can result from incorrect settings or
malfunction and can cause poor stitch quality and increased machine wear. A recommendation to address this issue is regular machine
calibration and speed monitoring.
2. If no quality checks are performed, defective products might reach customers, damaging the brand. This can be caused by staffing issues
or oversight. Preventing this issue involves implementing automated inspection systems and ensuring adequate staffing.

16

Risk and Risk Assessment

Risk
• Combined factor of probability and consequences of losses
• Risk refers to the likelihood of an event occurring and the potential
consequences associated with that event. In various contexts, risk can
be defined as the combination of the probability or likelihood of a
particular outcome and the severity or impact of that outcome.
Risk assessment
• Determination of quantitative (no of hazard) and qualitative (hazard
rank) value of risk related to hazard
• Risk assessment is a systematic process of identifying, analyzing,
and evaluating potential risks to understand their nature and
magnitude. The goal of risk assessment is to provide a foundation for
informed decision-making and risk management.
 17

Hazard ranks in basis of probability of occurrences

• Frequent (virtually every time)
• Probable (most of the time)
• Occasional (sometimes)
• Rare (no chance)

Hazard severity rating on adverse consequences

• Catastrophic (results in death, loss of entire production process )
• Critical (may result in death, loss of body parts)
• Marginal Hazard (minor injuries)
• Negligible Hazard

18

Hazard Matrix
Graphical presentation of risk analysis considering the probability and severity of risk
Hazard Assessment step
Step 1: Identify the risk universe. To start, you'll want to cast as wide a net as possible
Step 2: Determine the risk criteria. Before assessing each risk, you'll want to develop a
common set of factors with which to evaluate the risk universe.
Step 3: Assess the risks
Step 4: Prioritize the risks

19

Hazard Matrix
Risk Characteristics R O P F
Ca H1 H2 E3 E4
Cr H5 H6 E7 E8
M L9 L10 M11 M12
N L13 L14 M15 M16
Hazard Matrix
4T
Terminate Transfer 1, 2, 5, 6 (C) Terminate 3, 4, 7, 8 (A)
Treat: Improve the process
Tolerate 9, 10, 13, 14 (D) Treat 11, 12, 15, 16 (B)
Transfer: Incorporate agencies /
insurances
Tolerate: Apply PPE
20

21

22
 FIRE HAZARD

Shadman Sharar Alam

Lecturer, Dept. of MPE, AUST

Fire Triangle
Three conditions must be met at the same time to initiate fire
 Enough oxygen to sustain combustion
 Enough heat to raise the material to its ignition temperature
 Fuel or combustible material

Imagine a simple campfire:

Fuel: The wood logs you're using to build the fire.

Heat: The match or lighter used to ignite the fire.
Oxygen: The air around the fire.

Fire Triangle
 Oxygen, heat, and fuel are frequently referred to as the fire triangle.
 Add in the fourth element, the chemical reaction, and you actually have a
fire tetrahedron.
 Essentially, fire extinguishers put out fire by taking away one or more
elements of the fire triangle/tetrahedron.
 Fire safety, at its most basic, is based upon the principle of keeping fuel
sources and ignition sources separate

Consider a gas stove fire:

Fuel: The natural gas (methane) coming from the stove.

Heat: The spark from the stove's igniter.
Oxygen: The air in the kitchen.
Chemical Chain Reaction: The reaction between the methane and oxygen,
catalysed by the heat, which sustains the fire.
3
 Combustion
Combustion is a chemical process in which a substance reacts rapidly
with oxygen and gives off heat. It's often referred to as burning.
❖ Fuel+Oxygen→Carbon Dioxide+Water+Energy

Flash Point and Fire Point

Flash point explains the lowest temperature for ignition, but the
ignition may not be sustained; whereas fire point explains the lowest
temperature where ignition is achieved and the ignition sustained for
some time.
Ignition Temperature
IT of a substance is the minimum temperature required to start or cause
combustion, regardless of an igniting element.

Flammability Range
Flammables: All liquids with a flash point below 100° F
Combustibles: All liquids with a flash point above 100° F
Lower Flammable Limit
The lowest concentration at which a fuel/air mixture will burn. Below this
there is too little fuel (the mixture is too lean)
Upper Flammable Limit
The highest concentration at which a fuel/air mixture will burn. Above
this there is not enough oxygen (the mixture is too rich)

Types of Fire
Ordinary combustibles Flammable and
such as wood and paper combustible liquids
(gasoline, petroleum oil)

Flammable gas, energized

electrical equipment Combustible metals such
(appliances, transformers) as Mg, Ti, Zr, Li, K

Synthetic oil and greases for industries (deep fryer

overheats or cooking oil in a pan ignites due to high
temperatures)

6
Fire Prevention
Eliminate sources of ignition

Restrict the amount of flammable and

combustible liquids (i.e., Gasoline)

Reduce the amounts (Flammable Substances)

stored to a minimum

Use safe storage procedures and containers

Ensure containers are properly labeled

Fire Extinguishers
Class A Types
Water based for areas containing ordinary combustibles
Air pressurized water extinguishers
Class ABC Multipurpose Dry Chemical
Displaces oxygen and smothers the flame
Class ABC Halon 1211
Inhibits chain reactions of a fire
Class BC (Carbon Dioxide Extinguishers )
Carbon Dioxide displaces air and cuts off the oxygen

Fire Extinguishers
 For example, a 5:A will
put out five square foot
surface area of Class A
fire
 A 20:BC will put out a
twenty square foot
surface area of Class B or
C fire
 A properly trained
person can extinguish 2
to 3 times the amount
listed on the rating

9
Fire Extinguishers

10

Dry Powder- sodium bicarbonate or monoammonium phosphate

Wet chemical-a mixture of potassium acetate or potassium citrate in a solution.
11

Using a Fire Extinguishers

Pass System
P: Pull
A: Aim
S: Squeeze
S: Sweep

12
Pass System
 PULL  AIM
Pull the Pin which will allow you to Aim at the base of the fire. If you aim at
discharge the extinguisher the flames, the extinguishing agent will
fly right through it

13

Pass System
 Squeeze  Sweep
Squeeze the top handle or lever. This Sweep from side to side until the fire
depresses a button that releases the is completely out
pressurized extinguishing agent in
the extinguisher

14

Case Study: Successful Fire Extinguisher Deployment Using the

PASS System
In a bustling office building located in the heart of a city, the importance of fire safety was emphasized
through regular training sessions for all employees. The building management had implemented a
comprehensive fire safety plan, including the installation of fire extinguishers on each floor. Employees were
trained on how to use the PASS system effectively. One day, during normal working hours, an employee in
the building's cafeteria noticed a small fire that had ignited in a trash bin. Recognizing the potential danger,
the employee immediately activated the fire alarm to alert others and grabbed the nearest fire extinguisher.
Q1: What system did the employee use to effectively operate the fire extinguisher?
Q2: Describe the steps involved in the "A" phase of the PASS system.
Q3 What is the significance of the sweeping motion in the "Sweep" phase of the PASS system?
Q4: What key lessons can be learned from the incident?
1. The employee used the PASS system, which stands for Pull, Aim, Squeeze, and Sweep.
2. The "A" in the PASS system stands for Aim. In this step, the employee aimed the nozzle of the fire
extinguisher toward the base of the flames to ensure a targeted approach.
3. The sweeping motion is crucial to cover the entire area of the flames, ensuring that the extinguishing
agent is evenly distributed and effectively smothers the fire.
4. Key lessons include the importance of regular fire safety training, the effectiveness of emergency
equipment like fire extinguishers, and how quick action can save lives and prevent further escalation of a
fire.
15
How to Extinguish Class A Fire

Adding water Limit material

burning
Class A fires only
Shovel away material
Add rock dust to
remaining fuel

Pit a lid on it Use a fire

Usually oily rags or extinguisher
paper in a waste Usually Class
container A, BC fires

16

How to Extinguish Class B Fire

Not
recommended Remove
excess liquid
Water can cause fuel or shut off
the fire to spread bottled gas
cylinders

Put a lid on it Use a BC or

ABC fire
No oxygen, no
extinguisher
fire

17

How to Extinguish Class C Fire

Not recommended
Shut off the
Water can conduct
power
electricity
May still have
A or B fire
remaining

May not work

because of the Use a BC or ABC
high temp. of the fire extinguisher
electric arc

18
How to Extinguish Class D Fire

Not
recommended Shovel away all
materials that can
The O2 and H2 in be ignite by the
the water will high heat
accelerate the fire generated

Not recommended
Attempt to isolate
the fire by Unsure if ABC
covering with extinguisher will
sand or rock dust put out dangerous
by-product from
the reaction of the
chemicals

19

Fire Rules
Never Fight fire -
 If you don't have adequate/appropriate equipment
 If you don't have the correct type or large enough extinguisher, it is best not
to try to fight the fire
 If you don't know what is burning, you don't know what type of extinguisher
to use
 If the fire is spreading rapidly beyond the spot where it started
 If you might inhale toxic smoke
 If your instincts tell you not to
 If you are uncomfortable with the situation for any reason, just let the fire
department do their job
Time to use an extinguisher is in the beginning stages of a fire. If the fire is already
spreading quickly, it is best to simply evacuate the building, closing doors and
windows behind you as you leave

20

Equipment
 Water sprinkler
 Fire hydrant
 Escape Chute
 Evacuation elevator

21
22

THANK YOU!

23

PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARD

Shadman Sharar Alam

Assistant Professor, Dept. of MPE, AUST
PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARD

Psychological Hazard
❖ A psychological hazard refers to any hazard that affects an individual’s
mental health or well-being.
❖ Typically manifested in the part of the body which react to stress and
anxiety such as head , stomach and back.
 Hans Selye has called these stress- related symptoms the "General
Adaptation Syndrome" (GAS)- (describe the pattern of responses that
the body goes through after being exposed to stress)
 Body goes through three stages
 Stage of Alarm, Stage of Resistance and Stage of Exhaustion
 When resistance fails, symptoms appear

Job Stress

Job can be stress producing if they are either too simple or too complex

Job stress producing factors

 Low utilization of abilities- skills and talents are underused, they can
experience feelings of underachievement or lack of fulfillment
 Low work complexity- monotonous, repetitive, or lack variety can be
unstimulating and lead to boredom
 Lack of participation in decision- unable to influence decisions that affect
one's job can lead to a sense of powerlessness
 Role ambiguity- job expectations are unclear or information is missing,
causing employees to be uncertain about what is expected of them

4
Stress level were found to be affected by
 Job satisfaction
 Life satisfaction
 Motivation to work
 Physical health
 Self esteem
 Depressed mood

Life Stress
 Stress is also related to activities of daily living (Personal Relationships,
Financial Issues, Life Transitions, Bereavement)
 Positive (e.g., marriage, new job) or Negative (e.g., divorce, job loss), but
both types require adaptation and can be sources of stress.
 Homes and Rahe (Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe in 1967) have
developed a life stress scale which can be applied to everyone
 Sum of life change units (LCU) can be considered as estimation of
psychological stress

Life Stress
 Use the life stress scale
 Check off events which have happened to you within the last two years,
then add up the number of stress units
Score of 150 or more ---- 50% chance of developing an illness
Score of 300 or more ---- 90% chance of developing an illness

Life Event Value

Death of spouse 100
Divorce 73
Retirement 45
Change in living condition 25
Business readjustment 39

7
Coronary Prone Behavior
 This concept arose from research suggesting a link between certain
personality traits and an increased risk of coronary heart disease.

 The theory was that such individuals are more prone to stress, which in
turn increases the risk of hypertension and other cardiovascular
problems.

 Researchers dealt with personalities of people who have heart attacks

 Type A: Those who are likely to have heart attacks
 Type B: those who are not likely to have heart attacks

Type A or Type B ???

Coronary Prone Behavior

Excessive activity

Competitiveness

Aggressiveness
Type A pattern is characterized by
Hostility

Impatience

Time urgency

10
Women and Stress
Women experience stress in unique ways due to a variety of biological,
psychological, and socio-cultural factors.

Psychological factors due to increased competition will cause women to

have more accidents in the workplace.

Stress factors which mainly affect women

 Equal Economic Opportunities
 Dual Career
 Sexual Harassment

11

Future Shock
Future Shock
 Concept, ideas and training is likely to become obsolete at one point,
Due to this job will evolve and change without any prior notice
 Lack of flexibility
 Advances in technology can also cause stress
Overtime and Shift Work
 When same type of work is carried out during different period of 24
hours (8am-4pm, 4pm-12am, 12am-8am)
 Results in lack of adequate sleep, loss of appetite and fatigue

12

Illness as a hazard
 Ill employees will not function at maximum efficiency
 Malingering (Intentional Fabrication: Individuals who are malingering
deliberately fabricate or exaggerate symptoms. They might feign illness,
disability, psychological trauma, or cognitive impairments)

Drug and Alcohol Dependency

➢ It is a mental health disorder that can involve physical and psychological
reliance on drugs, alcohol, or both
➢ Increases the risk of mental health disorders
➢ Long-term use can result in cognitive impairments affecting memory,
decision-making, and emotional regulation
➢ Can lead to a range of health problems, including liver disease, heart
problems

13
Personal Protective Equipment
S h a d m a n S h a r a r Al a m
L e c t u r e r, M P E , AUS T

Definition
According to OSHA, PPE can be defined as devices used to protect an employee from
injury or illness resulting from contact with chemical, physical, electrical, mechanical,
or other workplace hazards
• Normally hazard can be controlled by administrative controls (i.e., shift rotation) or
industrial hygiene controls
• Use of PPE signifies that the hazard could not be controlled by those methods
• The need for PPE and the type of PPE used is based on hazard present
• Different situation must be evaluated independently

Types of PPE
•Head protection
•Eye and Face protection
•Hearing protection
•Respiratory protection
•Arm and Hand protection
•Foot and Leg protection
•Protective clothing

3
 4

Head Protection
• Falling objects
• Bumping head against fixed objects (exposed
pipes or beams)
• Contact with exposed electrical conductors

Classes of Hard Hats

Class A
• General service (e.g., mining, building construction, shipbuilding)
• Good impact protection but limited voltage protection
Class B
• Electrical work
• Protect against falling objects and high-voltage shock and burns
Class C
• Designed for comfort, offer limited protection
• Protects heads that may bump against fixed objects, but do not
protect against falling objects or electrical shock

6
 Eye Protection
Common Uses
Impact Protection
• Dust and other flying particles, such as metal
chip or sawdust
Chemical Hazard
• Acids and other liquid chemicals that might
splash
Radiation Protection
• welder’s goggles, laser goggles and UV-Infrared
ray

Eye Protection - Selection

• Safety glasses are used to protect the eyes from flying objects (no face protection)
• Made with metal/plastic safety frames: Used for moderate impact from particles produced by such jobs
as carpentry, woodworking, grinding, and scaling

• Chemical splash goggles protect against fluids by sealing tightly against the face
• Protect eyes, and the facial area immediately surrounding the eyes from impact, dust, and splashes

• Welding Shields
• Protect eyes from burns caused by infrared or intense radiant light, and protect face and eyes from
flying sparks, metal spatter, and slag chips produced during welding, brazing, soldering, and cutting.

Eye Protection - Selection

Face Shield
• Highest level of face protection
• Protect the face from dusts and
potential splashes or sprays of hazardous
liquids

9
 Hearing Protection
• Noise induced hearing loss can occur Noise levels versus Duration
with exposures >90 dB Sound Level (dB) Exposure (hours)
• Hearing conservation program becomes 90 8
a requirement at exposures >85dB 92 6
95 4
• Higher levels of noise exposure should 100 2
have shorter allowable exposure times 105 1
110 0.5
115 0.25

10

Hearing Protection
Rule of Thumb • Example 1
• If you cannot carry on a conversation in a Ear plugs with NRR of 25 dBA
normal tone of voice with someone at Exposure = 105 dBA
arm’s length, you are likely near 90dB
105-25 = 80 dB… acceptable
• All hearing protection devices should
have a noise Reduction Rating (NRR) = # • Example 2
of decibels they will reduce noise levels Ear plugs with NRR of 25 dBA
• Be conservative when using NRRs Exposure = 125 dBA
125-25 = 100 dB…. not acceptable;
must be below 90 dB

11

Types of Hearing Protection

• Ear Plugs - less expensive, disposable, good ones have fairly high NRRs - sometimes
difficult to tell if employees are wearing them
• Ear Muffs - more expensive, more durable, typically higher NRRs than plugs, can be
used together in very high noise areas

12
 Arm and Hand Protection
• Burns
• Bruises
• Abrasions
• Cuts
• Punctures
• Fractures
• Amputations
• Chemical Exposures

13

Types of Gloves
Disposable Gloves: Often made of latex, nitrile, or
vinyl, these are used in medical settings for hygiene
and in laboratories for chemical protection.

Cut-Resistant Gloves: Made from materials like Kevlar

or Dyneema, these are essential in environments
where workers handle sharp objects, like in metal
fabrication or glass handling.

Chemical-Resistant Gloves: Made from materials like

neoprene, rubber, or PVC, these protect against
chemical burns and exposure. They're commonly used
in chemical plants and laboratories.

14

Types of Gloves
Electrical Insulating Gloves: Made from rubber or
other non-conductive materials, these gloves are used
by electricians and other workers handling high-
voltage equipment.

Thermal Gloves: Designed to protect against extreme

temperatures, both hot and cold. They can be found
in foundries, cold storage facilities, and during welding
operations.

Impact-Resistant and Vibration-Resistant Gloves:

These gloves are designed to protect against hand and
finger injuries in industries where heavy machinery
and tools are used.
15
 Types of Gloves
Leather Gloves: Durable and heat-
resistant, leather gloves are often used
in welding and other tasks where
workers need protection from heat,
sparks, and rough surfaces.

Dipped Gloves: These are standard

gloves dipped in a protective coating to
provide grip and protection against
liquids. They are often used in general
handling and light assembly tasks.
16

Foot and leg protection

Causes of foot protection
• Heavy objects such as barrels or tools that
might roll onto or fall on employees’ feet
• Sharp objects such as nails or spikes that
might pierce the soles or uppers of ordinary
shoes
• Molten metal that might splash on feet
• Hot or wet surfaces
• Slippery surfaces

17

Protective Footwear
• Steel-toed footwear, preferably with metatarsal guards used to protect feet from
crushing injuries caused by heavy objects
• Rubber boots are often used to protect feet from exposure to liquids
• Have impact-resistant toes and heat-resistant soles that protect against hot surfaces
common in roofing, paving, and hot metal industries
• May be designed to be nonconductive to protect from workplace electrical hazard

18
Causes of body injuries
• Intense heat
• Splashes of hot metals and other hot liquids
• Impacts from tools, machinery, and materials
• Cuts
• Hazardous chemicals
• Contact with potentially infectious materials
• Radiation

19

Body Protection
• Cooling Vest
• Sleeves and Apron
• Full body suit

20

Respiratory Protection
• Protects users by removing harmful materials that may enter the body via the lungs
• Inhalation is one of the quickest, most efficient ways to introduce lethal levels of
hazardous materials into the body

21
 PPE cleaning and maintenance
• PPE must be kept clean, Clean PPE with mild soap and water . Some PPE may require
special cleaning, in these cases use the manufacturer’s recommendations.
• If PPE is contaminated and cannot be decontaminated safely, it may need disposed of
in a special manner to protect other employees from exposure to the hazard. EHS shall
be contacted.
• PPE shall be stored in such a way that it will not become contaminated such as plastic
bags, lockers, closet, drawers.

22

Good luck for the finals

End of HUM 2207

23