t-Vidya (UPSC CSE Why compilation)

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All Twitter threads and notes from 2022 in one place

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 Backstory of t-Vidya

1. This document is a product of hard work of 3 weeks. Largely, it has been

compiled by Ms. Mouni Battu. She was the first person I discussed this idea with!
To my surprise, she volunteered to contribute to it. I am grateful to her for the
same. This document is as much hers as it is mine!

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2. The name t-Vidya is derived from ‘t’ of Twitter and Vidya of Bal. Buddhi. Vidya.
It is a product compiling the notes (vidya) I have shared on Twitter in 6 months
from July to December.

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3. It was a long process to compile this document. I seldom ask for money but I
believe this document deserves your humble contributions. Your contribution will
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be of great help in bringing such study material in future.

4. You can choose to contribute any amount you want to! However, I’d politely urge
you to contribute at least ₹99/- via https://razorpay.me/@csewhy
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5. For all my other resources like Visual Notes, Ethics Notes etc. click here
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6. Lastly, you can find my Twitter, Telegram, Podcast, YouTube, Blog and other
social media handles at https://csewhy.carrd.co/
 Index

CONCEPTS 1
1. ‘Color’ 🟠 and ‘Flower’ 🌺Revolutions 1
2. Operations 1
3. Types of Passports in India? 2
4. PM-SHRI 3

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5. PM TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyan 6
6. Sustainable Development Goals for UPSC 7
7. Global Hunger Index 10
8. Govt efforts for Scheduled Tribes 12
9. Dharma

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10. December 25 is observed as Good Governance day📜✒
11. IPC - Women related sections
12. Removal of 3 important social evils,
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13. Kalanamak rice 14
14. Fertility rate related 15
15. ‘Panch Pran’🖐 and ‘Panch Amrit’✋ 16
GEOGRAPHY 17
1. Ozone 17
2. Asteroid, Meteoroid, Meteor, Comet, Meteorites. 19
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3. Amarkantak plateau 22
4. Some quick facts on Zimbabwe: 22
5. Blue flag certification for beaches 🇸🇴 22
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6. GEO Definitions , also used in Disaster Management 23

POLITY 25
1. Collegium system 25
2. State Party -how 26
3. MH constitutional crisis 27
4. Sources of Indian Constitution 28
5. Terms Mentioned but ‘Not Defined’ in the Constitution of India: 31
6. Aadhar-Voter ID linkage & Common Electoral Roll! 🤝 32
 Various institutions 33
1. Competition Commission of India (CCI) is in news. 33
2. Financial Action Task Force 35
3. Interpol and Red Corner Notice 36
ECONOMY 37
1. Depreciation of Rupee 37
2. Digital Rupee aka CBDC 39
3. Digital Banking Units 41
4. Recession Recession Recession 42

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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 43
1. Semiconductors: the new 'weapons' of geopolitics 43
2. India Stack- digital revolution 44
3. 5G 45
4. Millets story 48

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5. Soil Management 🏞🌳
6. Rhino, Elephant and Great Indian Bustard
7. Living Root Bridges
8. Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD)
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9. Long Term Strategy -COP 27 60

VISUAL MEMORY 62
1. Northeast - ILP & 6th Schedule 62
2. 22 Languages of 8th Schedule 64
3. NA-MA-MI 66
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4. NE states and their capitals. 😅 67

5. Earthquake zones 68
6. Biosphere Reserves- tips 69
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7. India -contour map 71

8. AGNI V Range 72
9. Visual summary of India’s water reservoirs 73
10. 5 Great Lakes of North America😮💨 75

MNEMONICS 77
1. Geography Mnemonics for Prelims 77
2. Venue- Patrons of 3 ‘major’ Buddhist councils 84
3. Mnemonic - Kings who followed Buddhism: 84
4. Sequence of Europeans+ entering India 85
 5. Fundamental Rights 85
6. Electromagnetic Spectrum 87
7. India submitted LTS at COP27 87
8. Ethics mnemonics to enrich your GS4 answers👇🧵 88

Quotes & Keywords 90

KEYWORDS. 90
1. One Nation 🇮🇳, One _______🤔 90
2. Diplomacy 92
3. 'Tourism' keywords 97

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4. Economy 100
5. Keywords for Panch Pran 101
QUOTES. 102
1. 10 Hindi quoted 102

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2. Civilisational quoted
3. Quotes by Dalai Lama
that will help you make it to the final list! 🤯
4. 12 Quotes to make your UPSC Mains look 10x better.
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107
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5. Quotes for Mains 109

STRATEGY 110
1. How to read newspaper for UPSC? 📰 110
2. How to make notes for MAINS? 119
4. CSAT 122
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5. Analyse PYQS 123

6. How to study for World Map questions 127
7. GS IV Ethics Plan 129
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STATS 131
1) 🇮🇳 States stats as per Census 2011 131
2) Stats about #MSMEs for #UPSC Mains Answers (GS3) 132
3) Stats you can quote in #UPSC Mains GS3 answers 132

Articles of Indian Constitution 133

1. Constitutional Bodies’ related Articles 133
2. 9 important Articles of Constitution about Supreme Court 134
3. Articles related to Finance & Economy 136
4. Articles of Constitution and fun way to learn them: 139
CSEWhy SPECIALS 153
1. 9 Things to know before getting into UPSC Prep 153
2. Social Media is ruining your UPSC preparation!🤯😡 155
3. 6 YouTube videos from Selected Officers 156
4. How to take care of your health, nutrition and stress during UPSC prep 157
5. How to improve your English 161
6. How to upskill during UPSC prep? 162
7. Plan B for UPSC 164

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CONCEPTS

1. ‘Color’ 🟠 and ‘Flower’ 🌺Revolutions

4 prominent Color and Flower revolutions you must know for #UPSC Prelims. 📚🧵

1. Orange Revolution 🟠

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- Ukraine (Nov 2004 - Jan 2005)

- Why? Election of 2004 believed to be rigged

- Revolution in favor of Viktor Yushchenko (Orange was his campaign color)

- Result: Election result invalid, repoll, Yushchenko returns are President

2. Tulip Revolution🌷

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- Kyrgyzstan revolution (to ouster President Askar Akayev)
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- His family and allies won

- Foreign observers: "Election process is flawed"

- Result: Akayev fled to Russia; resigned there

3. Jasmine Revolution🌼
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- Tunisia (national flower: Jasmine)

- In backdrop of unemployment, corruption, inflation, & low pol freedom

- A vegetable vendor self immolated after police confiscated his wares

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- Sparked a youth movement leading to Arab Spring

4. Lotus Revolution

- Egypt; on annual police day in 2011 (Jan 25)

- Against police brutality

- Led to President Hosni Mubarak's ouster with power to army

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2. OPERATIONS
From bringing back Indians stuck in Ukraine to rescuing nurses from ISIS war in Iraq,
several ‘Operations’ have made news lately.Collection of 6 such missions you need to know
for #UPSCPrelims 🧵📚

1. Op Ganga (2022): Ongoing evacuation of Indians stuck in war torn Ukraine 🇺🇦

2. Op Devi Shakti(2021): Evacuated 700 people from Afghanistan after Taliban's

takeover (450 Indians + 250 Afghans) ⚰

3. Op Vande Bharat(2020): 88k flights brought back nearly 70lac Indians stranded

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abroad due to global lockdown following virus breakout 🦠

4. March 2016: 250 Indians evacuated after bombings in Brussels airport/metro 💣

5. Op Raahat (2015): Navy and IAF rescued 4600+ Indians from Yemen during Saudi's
military intervention in the country (another 950 individuals of 41 countries) 🪖

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6. Op Sankat Mochan (2014): 46 nurses rescued from ISIS induced war in Iraq 🇮🇶
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3. Types of Passports in India?

1. Navy Blue🔵 2. Maroon🔴 3. White⚪ 4. Orange🟠

1. Navy Blue🔵

You already know about this one. Highly likely you even have it😉

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2. Maroon🔴

➡ aka Diplomatic passport

➡ Visa free entry to holder

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➡ Diplomats & senior govt officials use this
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3. White⚪

➡ Immigration and customs preferences

➡ Issued to govt officials traveling for official purposes
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4. Orange🟠

➡ Launched in 2018, ECR category

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➡ Given to ones who didn’t study beyond 10th

➡ Purpose: ensure security of uneducated Indians abroad
Bonus:

A white colored emergency certificate (EC) can also be issued

by the respective embassy for those who are stranded in a
country and lose access to their passport. (theft, confiscation etc).
On depositing EC back to PSK, one can get navy blue or orange
passport
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4. PM-SHRI
PM SHRI scheme: What? How? Where? Why?

Central Cabinet approved Pradhan Mantri Schools for Rising India,

a Centrally Sponsored Scheme.

Aim: To make New Education Policy (NEP) labs

It is being seen as a step in direction of circular structure and teaching as per NEP in four
stages:

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a) Foundational (play based learning at pre school + grade I and II)

b) Preparatory (light textbooks +formal classroom teaching for grades III-V)

c) Middle (Subject teachers at grades VI-VIII)

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d) Secondary (Multidisciplinary, no hard separation b/w arts and sciences or other
disciplines from grades IX-XII)

Different, How?
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What's known till now:

- Superior Infrastructure (labs, smart class, libraries, sports equipment etc)

- Green Schools (water conservation, waste recycle, energy efficiency etc)

- PM-SHRI to mentor other schools in vicinity

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- Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Focused modules

- Every PM-SHRI linked to Higher Education Institution for mentoring

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- Internship w/ local artisans

- Pedagogy: experiential, holistic, integrated and play/toy based

- Environment: inquiry driven, discovery-oriented, learner-centered, discussion-based,

flexible & enjoyable environment

- Focus: learning outcome in every grade

- Assessment: on conceptual understanding and real time application of knowledge

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How?

- Upgrade of existing Centre, States, UTs and local bodies run schools

- i.e. can be an upgrade of KV, JNV, State or Municipality school(s)

(Note: KV/JNV u/ Central Sector Schemes. KV for children of central govt employees in
states & JNV to nurture talent in states/UTs)

So, KV/JNV/Govt. school becomes PM-SHRI by default?

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No!

- states will identify schools for upgradation

- subsequently, schools self-apply online

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- Portal to apply open 4 times a year for first 2 years (once every quarter)

What happens after application?

- states/UTs to agree to NEP in its entirety to be included in scheme

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- 60 parameters to be tested before approval (electricity to toilet)

- physical inspection

Where?

max 2 schools per block/ULB to be thus selected

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Glossary

1. KV: Kendriya Vidyalaya

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2. JNV: Jawahar Navodya Vidyalaya

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5. PM TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyan

Syllabus mapping: GS2 Welfare Schemes for vulnerable

Need and Goal

- Launched by H'nble President Smt Draupadi Murmu

- Goal: Eliminate TB by 2025 (global goal 2030)

- Need: 20-25 lac TB cases pa in India, nearly 4 lac deaths

3 point support strategy:

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1. Community support

2. Nutritional and Additional Requirements

3. Vocational Training for their families (3/6)

1. Community Support

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- 'Ni-kshay Mitra' concept

- NGOs, corporates, individuals can "adopt" TB patients

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- 1-3 years support

- emotional (human-touch, not just money) + sponsorship for food basket (₹1000/basket)

2. Nutritional and Additional Requirements

- Health Ministry + National Inst. of Nutrition ( NIN )developed veg/non veg baskets
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- Ni-kshay Mitra can make this basket on their own or get them made by local organizations

3. Vocational Training
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- most TB patients are breadwinners of the family

- financial strain on family after they are diagnosed with TB

- Vocational training to help family continue earning

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6. Sustainable Development Goals for UPSC

First thing first, you need to take a relook at SDGs. A lot of aspirants take a look at the list of
17 and get scared to even touch them again.

How to solve this? LOGIC

Just like DPSPs of Indian Constitution, (Gandhian, Socialist & Liberal Intellectual) we have to
break down SDGs into smaller clubs using LOGIC.

How? I have broken them in parts. Take a look: 👇

a) Social Inclusion (1-7)

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b) Economic Empowerment (8-10)

c) Environmental Sustainability (11-15)

d) Institutional Support (16-17)

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It becomes easy to take a look at SDGs once you understand this distribution via LOGIC.

Now, I will help you learn each of them by the methods of storytelling.
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Read along to find out!

a) Social Inclusion (1-7)

1. No poverty

2. Zero Hunger
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3. Good Health

4. Quality Education
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5. Gender Equality

6. Clean water & sanitation

7. Affordable and Clean Energy

Okay @CseWhy, how to remember them?

'Story' of Logic!👇
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Gareebi Hataenge, kaise?

Bhook, swasthya aur shiksha ka intezaam karke i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4

Shiksha In, Gender Inequality Out i.e. 5

This supports women empowerment. Remember SBM and Ujjwala Yojana? The toilets
and LPG cylinder! (sanitation and energy)

i.e. 6 and 7

Ho Gaya yaad 💪

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b) Economic Empowerment

8. Decent work + eco growth

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9. Industry, Innovation & Infra

10. Reduce inequality

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A'ight @CseWhy What's the story here? 🤔

Social improvement -> high Standard of Living (SoL)

SoL aaega paise aur acche kaam se i.e. 8

Acha kaam tabhi hoga jab honge 3I: Industry, Innovation, Infra i.e. 9
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Ab agar 8 aur 9 hue toh inequality khtm. i.e. 10

Ho Gaya yaad 💪
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c) Environment Sustainability

11. Sustainable cities & communities

12. Responsible production & consumption

13. Climate Action

14. Life below water

15. Life on land

How do you tackle this @CseWhy *wink*

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We'll go in reverse:

Changes in Life on Land & below Water reflect Climate Action.

(15, 14, 13)

You can be responsible in production & consumption to make your cities & families adopt
sustainable growth (12, 11)

Hogya yaad 💪

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d) Institutional Support

16. Peace, Justice & Strong Institutions

17. Partnership for goals

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Don't think you need anything extra after 'Institutional' support to learn this.

- If you closely look, you can map a lot of Indian government schemes (GS2) and
efforts towards environment (GS3) with SDGs.
Everything is connected, Everything will follow a common line of Logic.
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Keep your eyes and mind open and you'll find things as easy as ABC. *wink*
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7. Global Hunger Index

All you need to know about GHI & GoI stance

India is ranked 107/121 on the Global Hunger Index.

(Topic: GS2 Issues related to Hunger)

GHI-What's it?
A tool to measure & track hunger at 3 levels:

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- Global
- Regional
- National

Released by 2 European NGOs every year in October

- Concern Worldwide
- Welthungerhilfe

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Score based on 4 indicators
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- Undernourishment
- Child Stunting
- Child Wasting
- Child Mortality

5 categories of hunger based on 0-100 scores

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- Low
- Moderate
- Serious (India is in this category)
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- Alarming
- Extremely Alarming

Data sources

- Undernourishment: FAO
- Child Stunting/Wasting: Joint data of UNICEF, WHO, World Bank
- Child Mortality: UN- IGME
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Global scene

- Owing to multiple factors like war and pandemic, global fight against hunger is off the
track
- Food security is threatened
- Africa & S. Asia are regions with highest levels

Indian scene

- Poor in child wasting and undernourishment

- Improvement in child stunting and mortality

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- GoI calls FAO data collection methods unscientific

GoI's discarded report. Why?

- 3/4 indices are only about children (wasting, stunting and mortality)
- The data collection methodology is considered unscientific by GoI

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Indian efforts wrt eradicating hunger

- Eat Right India Movement

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- POSHAN Abhiyan
- PMMVY
- NFSA 2013
- Fortification
- Mission Indradhanush
- ICDS scheme
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8. Govt efforts for Scheduled Tribes

to be quoted directly in UPSC Mains answers 📚

1. 10 museums to celebrate contribution in freedom struggle

2. Agreements: Bodo, Bru-Reang, Karbi Anglong

3. SC/ST act strengthened

4. 7x rise in Minor Forest Produce u/ MSP

5. 62x jump in procurement of MFP

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6. ₹1k cr loans: Tribal Entrepreneurship u/ Stand Up India

7. Janjatiya Gaurav Diwas (15 Nov: B’day of Bhagwan Birsa Munda)

9. DHARMA

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Dharma is a key concept in Indian thinking on war and peace.☸

Where to use? 🤔
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GS2: Polity and Indian relations
Essay(s)

1. Dharma = upholding larger righteous interest + welfare of humanity 🥰

(In both its mundane and transcendental sense)

2. Dharma = Action (not passivity)🤺⚔

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That is
a) acting w/o material incentives & w/o regard for narrowly defined gains from that action
b) decisive action despite being aware of collateral damage (like violence & deviation from
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principle)

3. Dharma = Independent action w/o attachment with no fear or pressure❌😨

4. Summing up: Dharma offers a path beyond choice of balancing or cooperation within a
framework that combines national interest, realpolitik and righteousness.🤗🇮🇳🪖

Post notes:
- Only strategic autonomy can sustain dharma🌍
- Dharma brings harmony flexibility in diplomacy & purposeful violence💂
- If the need be, Dharma allows duplicity in diplomacy🪑
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10. December 25 is observed as Good Governance day📜✒

3 examples of Good Governance for you to quote in #UPSC Mains answers (GS2 + Essay)😍

GG definition: Manner in which the power is exercised in managing eco and social
resources of a country striving for development!

Now, examples👇

1. India Stack📲

Digilocker UPI, the 4 layers of India Stack strictly focus on 4 layers for smooth service

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delivery

➡Consent
➡Paperless
➡Cashless
➡ Presence-less
2. Digital India📶 W
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- This e-governance revolution ushered democratic reforms at grassroots.

- Optical Fiber network in 3.5lac+ panchayats is changing info landscape

3. Repealing Irrelevant Laws😮

2,000+ acts, statutes and subordinate laws have been repealed.

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These include:

🔹Excise Act 1863

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🔹Foreign Recruiting Act 1874

🔹Bengal Districts Act 1836
🔹Several Appropriation Acts
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11. IPC - WOMEN RELATED SECTIONS

Some provisions from IPC that will give you an edge on mentioning in Mains answers
around women welfare

- Rape: Section 376

- Stalking: 354D

- Mental/Physical torture: 498A

- Molestation: 354

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- Sexual Harassment: 509

- Abduction: 363-373

12. Removal of 3 important social evils,

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the year and respective Gov Gen of India in that time

1829: Sati banned (Lord William Bentinck)

1843: Slavery abolished (Lord Ellenborough)
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1856: Widow remarriage act (Lord Canning)

13. Kalanamak rice

| New Variety🪴

- Need: Prev saw lodging (plant’s heavier head & weaker stem -> 🌱 fells)
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- Better aroma, higher nutrition (Zn & Fe)🍱

Other details 🤔
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- GI tag to traditional variety ☑

- Considered Buddha’s gift to Sravasthi ☸
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14. FERTILITY RATE related:

While 🇮🇳celebrates declining fertility rate, it’s a big challenge for many!

Examples of how countries are incentivising couples to have babies (to quote in UPSC
Mains answers)

- Germany 🇩🇪

Liberal labor laws (maternity leaves to boost childbirth)

- Denmark 🇩🇰

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State funded IVF for <40 yrs women

- Hungary 🇭🇺

Nationalized IVF clinics

- Poland 🇵🇱

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Monthly cash to parents with 2+ babies

- Russia 🇷🇺
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One time payment on 2nd child’s birth
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15. ‘Panch Pran’🖐 and ‘Panch Amrit’✋

These two can be confusing at times.

No stress! Just read next to remove confusion forever. 🧵📚

First, the difference

- Panch Pran (पाँ च ण ie 5 Promises) 🖐

By PM from Red Fort on Aug 15

- Panchamrit (5 ‘amrit’ promises of India) ✋

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By PM at CoP 26 as India’s gift for better world

Now, what are these?

Panch Pran 🖐

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- Developed India by 2047 🛣

- Decolonisation ❌
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- Pride in our roots

- Unity 🫂

- Sense of duty among citizens

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Panchamrit ✋

- 500GW Non-fossil energy capacity by 2030 ☀

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- 50% energy from renewables by 2030💡

- 1 bn tonnes lower carbon emissions from now to 2030 🌲

- 45% reduction in carbon intensity of economy 🚗💨

- Net zero by 2070

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GEOGRAPHY
1. OZONE

Ozone, what?

- At 15-30 km above earth’s surface, high ozone concentration forms Ozone Layer

- It absorbs 97-99% of UV (200-315 nm wavelength)

- Detrimental to life on earth

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Hmm, so why Sept 16 as ozone day?

September 16, 1987: Montreal Protocol signed

What's the Montreal Protocol?

What are ODS?

Man made chemicals like:W

International Protocol pledging to eliminate the Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) (3/7)
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⭕ Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs
⭕ Hydro CFCs
⭕ Halons
⭕ Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4)
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⭕ Methyl Bromide
⭕ Methyl Chloroform etc (4/7)
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Oh! How do they damage the Ozone?

⭕ Chlorine (Cl) & Bromine (Br), when in contact with Ozone, destroy Ozone Molecules.
⭕ One Cl atom can easily destroy 100k ozone molecules before its removal from
stratosphere Shit. What are other harms?

⭕ Food security (both terrestrial and marine)

- UV rays, if unchecked by Ozone, can damage crops or reduce yields.

- Phytoplanktons are at threat to UV

⭕ Human Health
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UV exposure can lead to diseases like:

- Skin Cancer

- Cataract etc

Closing note:

- Since 1987, MontrealProtocol ensured elimination of 98% ODS

- Theme for 2022 (35 yrs of Montreal)

“Global Cooperation Protecting Life on Earth”

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2. Asteroid, Meteoroid, Meteor, Comet, Meteorites.

NASA has successfully run a 'kick' test contracting orbit of Asteroid Dimorphos.

Revise the difference between Asteroid, Meteoroid, Meteor, Comet, Meteorites.

Asteroids

- formed from debris of solar system

- MOST found in asteroid belt (not restricted to)

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- Either revolve around sun or another celestial body

- smaller than planet, larger than meteoroids

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Meteoroids

- Small broken pieces of asteroids or comets

- break away because of collision or action of other forces

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Meteors

- A meteoroid enters earth to vaporize and form a streak of light in sky aka meteor

- aka shooting stars, made of rocks

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Comets

- made of ice & dust - NOT rocks

- near the sun, the ice & dust vaporize giving it a tail (like meteor)

- It can be seen even in far off space *(unlike meteor which is in Earth's atmosphere when
seen)

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Meteorites

- the meteors that don't burn completely land on earth

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- when on earth, they are called meteorites

Summarizing:
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- Asteroid -> Meteoroid -> Meteor -> Meteorite

- Comets are far space objects revolving around Sun

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3. Amarkantak plateau
is 'water-mine' in central India.
5 major rivers originating here🌊🤯

1. Narmada
2. Son
3. Tapi
4. Wainganga (W>Pranhita>Godavari)
5. Johilla (Son tributary)

There are many others which serve as tributaries to other major rivers. Keep this region in

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mind! 🥰

4. Some quick facts on Zimbabwe:

- Capital: Harare
- Landlocked

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- Lake Kariba (Zambia-Zim border)
- Coal, Gold, Platinum, Iron ore etc rich country
- Mosi-Oa-Tunya Falls (Victoria Falls) on Zambezi river (River is border of Zim and Zambia)
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5. Blue flag certification for beaches 🇸🇴

- by Foundation for Env Education (FEE) [Copenhagen based] 😎

- Criteria: Env, Edu, Safety & Accessibility 🥰 🌊🌳
- Blue flag beaches are “Cleanest & Eco Friendly”😯
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- 12 Indian beaches in list ✔ ☺

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6. GEO DEFINITIONS , also used in DISASTER MANAGEMENT &

ENVIRONMENT

Cyclone🌀

- Intense vortex/whirls in the atmosphere with very strong winds.

- Clockwise in Southern Hemisphere, Anti Clockwise in Northern Hemisphere

Cloudburst🌧

- 100mm per hour rainfall over a localized area

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- accompanies with strong winds and lightning

- mostly due to orographic lift and sudden condensation.

Cold waves🥶

a) Cold day

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1- Minimum temp = 10°C, or, 2- Maximum temperature drops by 4.5°C to 6.4°C below
normal
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- If drop in maximum temperature is >6.4°C below normal, it is severe cold day

b) Cold Wave

1- Min temperature becomes 4°C , or, 2- Minimum temperature becomes 10°C + drops
by 4.5°C below normal

- If drop in minimum is >6.4°C below normal, or, if min temperature drops down to 2°C ,
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it is severe cold wave

Heatwaves 🥵
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- Heatwave: Maximum temperature departure by 4.5°C to 6.4°C

- Severe Heatwave: >6.4°C departure from maximum

Heavy rains, floods and landslides🌊

- Heavy rain: 64.5-115.5 mm rain in 24 hours

- Very heavy rain: >115.5mm in 24 hrs

- Extremely heavy rain: >204.5 mm in 24 hours

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Lightning and storm🌩⚡

- Lightning: electrical discharge due to imbalance of charge between storm clouds and
ground (or within clouds).

- Storm⛈

a) Thunderstorm: A storm with thunder+lightning+strong winds. Sometimes there is no

precipitation at all.

b) Dust storm: DUST and DEBRIS blown and carried by strong winds over a large area

c) Hailstorm: Thunderstorm + lumps of ice + rain

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POLITY

1. COLLEGIUM SYSTEM

What's it? 🤔
- A system to appoint the judges of the High Court and Supreme Court.
- Result of 3 prominent cases aka First, Second and Third Judges Cases
- No mention of Collegium in the constitution ⭐

What are the 3 famous cases? ⚖

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1. First Judges Case 1981☝
- Seven judge bench decision
- aka SP Gupta v/s Union of India
- Executive is deciding authority
- Executive can disagree with CJI for "cogent reasons"

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2. Second Judges Case 1993✌
- Nine judge bench decision
- reversed the 1981 verdict
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- Interpreted "consultation" as "concurrence" of CJI
- CJI to make decision with a collegium including 2 senior most judges

3. Third Judges Case 1998👌

- President KR Narayanan sought opinion u/A 143
- SC reiterated the 1993 judgement
- Collegium extended to include 4 senior most judges now
C

- gave legal backing to the current system of appointing judges

⚖Functioning 💼
@

1. CJI + 4 senior most judges to recommend

- appointment of judges to SC and Chief Justice of HC
- the transfer of HC judges

2. CJI + 2 senior most judges to recommend appointment of judges to HC

26

2. STATE PARTY- HOW?

How to remember criteria to be a 'State Party' in India ?

Break it in small blocks of

🔺Lok Sabha
🔺Assembly
🔺Combined

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W
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C
@
27

3. MH constitutional crisis
SC cases on anti defection and speaker’s role become imp for value in answers

Read: Kihoto Hollohan 1992, Bommai 1994, Nabam Rebia 2016.

While the cases are vast, only 1-2 pointers from above mentioned are relevant in the
ongoing case. You can take a look at those in the attached screenshot.

PS: Do checkout Article 179 mentioned below wrt removal notice pending against the
speaker

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W
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C
@
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4. Sources of Indian Constitution

+ TIPS to remember which features come from which country!

Govt of India Act 1935📜

1. Federal Scheme

2. Judiciary

3. Office of Governor

4. Ordinance Power: President and Governor

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5. Administration at Centre & State Level

6. Emergency Powers

How to remember? 🤔

Create logical story:

W
GoI 1935 brought in 'Federal Scheme'. Which elements will make a strong federation?

- Judiciary
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- Administration

- Governor (as rep of center in states)

- Ordinance Power: Pres & Gov

Impose Emergency, if things go down south!❌

C

USA 🇺🇸
@

- President as executive head

- Vice President as RS Chair

- President Impeachment and Judges Removal

- Supreme Court, Judicial Review and Independence of Judiciary

- Written Const. + FRs

How to remember? 🤔
29

Use some contextual learning:

POTUS and VP Harris as Senate head are easy to remember. Think of POTUS Trump's
impeachment and link it with judiciary (removal + independence)

Easy to correlate and keep in mind! :D

UK 🇬🇧

- Parliamentary System + Bicameral Parliament

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- PM and Council of Ministers

- Writ + Rule of Law

- Single Citizenship

- CAG

How to remember?🤔

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UK's inheritance in all these matters are a no brainer considering our colonial past. Read
these ones, you'd be alright!
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Hogya yaad!💪

Canada 🇨🇦

- Governor Appointment + Residuary Powers

C

- Advisory Jurisdiction of SC

- Federal System
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How to remember? 🤔

As a former colony itself, Canada needs 'advices' and 'residuary powers'.

In this 'federal system', let the 'governor appointement' be done for the provinces/states

Hogya yaad!💪😎
30

Ireland 🇮🇪

- DPSP

- President's election and RS Nominations by President (10/17)

How to remember? 🤔

Ireland taught our state 'directive principles' to 'elect President' who in turn nominates
some members to Rajya Sabha

Hogya yaad!💪😎

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Australia 🇦🇺

- Cooperative Federalism

- Concurrent List

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- Joint Sitting of Parliament

How to remember?🤔
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Aus is a cat-dog country, everything here is about cooperation and mutual existence.
Concurrent, Cooperative Fed or Joint Sitting, everything!

Hogya yaad!💪😎

South Africa 🇿🇦
C

- Constitution Amendment Procedure

- RS MPs election
@

How to remember? 🤔

You can't amend Constitution without electing RS MPs from 'South'

Hogya yaad!💪😎
31

USSR 🇷🇺

- Fundamental Duties

How to remember? 🤔

Ye toh yaad rakh lo bhai, kamal hai!

Weimar Constitution of Germany 🇩🇪

- FR suspension during emergency

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How to remember?🤔

Hitler suspended a lot of rights, yeah?

Hogya yaad!💪😎

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Note: Federal ‘Scheme’ from GoI 1935 while Federal ‘System’ from Canada

5. Terms Mentioned but ‘Not Defined’ in the Constitution of India:

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➡ Untouchability
➡ Office of Profit
➡ Minority
➡ Martial Law
C

➡ Violation of Constitution
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6. Aadhar-Voter ID linkage & Common Electoral Roll! 🤝

Important committees and relevant details on this topic

1. Aadhar 🔄 Voter ID

▪105th report of PSC on Personnel, Public Grievances and Law and Justice

“Linking Aadhar w/ electoral rolls will purify rolls and consequently reduce malpractices”

▪sec 23, RPA1950 amended

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To enable linking to curb menace of multiple enrolment of same person in diff places

2. Common Electoral Roll (CER)

▪ Venkatachaliah committee (NCRWC)

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Advocated CER for elections to Parliament, Vidhan Sabha, PRIs (4/5)

▪255th report of Law Commission

Favored intro of common electoral roll for Parliament, assembly & local body elections
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▪2nd ARC (on local governance)

“Local govt laws shall provide for adoption of assembly electoral rolls for local govt w/o
revision of names by SEC”
C
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33

Various institutions

1. Competition Commission of India (CCI) is in news.

Why?

It imposed 1337 crores fine on Google and 392 crores on MakeMyTrip & OYO.

Why the fine? 😈

Google:

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For abusing dominant positions in multiple markets

MMT/OYO:

Anti competitive conduct in hotel room listings (2/7)

Syllabus Mapping: 📝

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GS2: Issues & Achievements of CCI (Various statutory bodies)
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About CCI 🤔

- Statutory body u/ Ministry of Corporate Affairs

- Formed u/ Competition Act 2002

- 1 chair, 6 members (All full time; appointed by GoI) [1+6]

C

- Quasi-judicial body
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Eligibility Criteria for members

Chair and members shall be of ability, integrity and standing who is

- qualified to be HC judge -OR-

- having special knowledge, 15+ yrs of experience in relevant field(s)

34

Functions/Role 🏃

- End monopolistic practices for market freedom

- Watchdog to offer level playing field to small businesses

- Maintain consumer market fairness

- Communicate w/ other eco regulatory bodies

- Undertake competition advocacy via public awareness campaigns

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Challenges 😟

- Digitization requires amendment in the act (20 yrs old act)

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- Need new market definition with advent of digital economy

- War, pandemic and economic factors threatening cartelization

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C
@
35

2. Financial Action Task Force

is in news again as Pakistan is off the ‘grey list’

What’s FATF and how’s India related to it?

How does it work? 🤔

- 3x annual meetings of Decision Making body

- All decisions by consensus

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- Monitor various countries to review money laundering & terrorist financing techniques
and counter-measures

- Promote adoption and implementation of FATF recommendations

History 🤭

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- 1989: 39 member body set up out of G7 meeting

- 37 countries+ 2 groupings: European Commission & Gulf Cooperation Council

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What’s Grey/Black list? ⚫

- Grey: Jurisdiction u/ Increased Monitoring

- Black: High risk jurisdiction

Impact of these lists 😦

C

Countries on both lists find it tough to

- procure loans from global financial organisation

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- invite private investments in their country

India 🤝 FATF

- 2006: Observer

- 2010: Full Member

36

3. Interpol and Red Corner Notice

Interpol history
- started as Int’l Criminal Police Commission (1923)
- 1956: Interpol
- HQ: Lyon, France
- 195 members

Objectives 📝
- Coordinate police actions among member states

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- Enables members to share crime & criminal data
- Tech & operational support

Red Corner Notice 🔴

- To alert global police forces about fugitives
- ‘Request’ to law agencies to locate & provisionally arrest/extradition/surrender wanted
person

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- “Int’l Wanted Person’s Notice” & NOT “Arrest warrant”

What all 🔴 includes? 🤔

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- Information to identify wanted person
- Name, DoB, Nationality
- Physical attributes: photo, hair/eye color, biometric
C
@
37

ECONOMY

1. 📉DEPRECIATION OF RUPEE
What does it mean and implications for UPSC?

Rupee breached historic mark of ₹82 against USD. What is depreciation of rupee and what
are its macroeconomic implications?

Why RBI may intervene to curb rupee volatility but not prevent depreciation in the long

hy
run
Depreciation, what?

Fall (or rise) in value of one currency wrt the other is known as depreciation (or
appreciation)

eg:

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$1 = ₹82 from ₹80 is depreciation of rupee
$1 = ₹78 from ₹80 is appreciation of rupee
SE
Factors behind depreciation/appreciation?

Demand & Supply depends on factors like

- Economic fundamentals
- Monetary policy
- Inflation rate
- Political Instability
C

What is causing the fresh depreciation?

@

1- Sharp increase in oil prices: This increase $$ demand since India imports 80% of oil)
2- Ukraine-Russia conflict: Supply shortage leading to higher import prices and thus,
demand for $$
3- US rate hike: Funds outflow from India as US gives higher RoI
4- Global recession fears: Investors pulling out money from vulnerable economies
38

Macroeconomic implications:

- Costlier Imports
- Increased exports
- Higher inflation rate
- Depleting FOREX
- Exit of foreign investors
- Borrowing impacted

How are other economies faring?

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- Pound, Euro, Yen: all are depreciating
- ₹ is one of the better performing currencies owing to stringent economic measures in past

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SE
C
@
39

2. Digital Rupee aka CBDC

Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) aka Digital Rupee to be launched soon by RBI. Here's
How Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) Can Help India's Digital Economy

What is e-Rupee? ₹💸₹

- Digital form of Indian currency notes

- Based on Blockchain technology
- CBDC will be medium of payment & legal tender
- RBI backed

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CBDC v/s Cryptocurrency ₿

- CBDC centralized, Crypto decentralized

- CBDC central bank backed, Crypto has no legal backing

CBDC v/s UPI📱

1. UPI W
- Payments made using digital equivalent of existing currency notes
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- i.e. every ₹ transferred via UPI is backed by physical currency

2. CBDC
- Digital ₹ to be legal tender in itself
- needs no physical currency backing

Advantages of Digital ₹ 🤩
C

- Boost to digital economy

- Expands Financial inclusion
- Efficient & secure payments (local + int'l)
@

- Easier to trace money trail

- Reduced cash dependency
- FinTech & Geopolitical leverage (Like Rupay/UPI)
- Greater push to govt's DBT like initiatives
- Check on counterfeit currency
- Check on corruption
- Corrects inflated prices in industries like Real Estate (going forward)
40

Disadvantages 😢

- Cybersecurity threats
- Risk to user privacy
- Poor internet penetration
- Low digital literacy
- High cost investments in tech upgrade
- Disintermediation of banks and thus low deposits with banks to invest

What are other countries doing? 💰

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- China tested e-CNY (2020)
- Bahamas: CBDC Sand Dollar
- Nigeria: e-Naira
- Ukraine, Sweden are testing CBDCs

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C
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41

3. Digital Banking Units

PM Modi dedicated 75 Digital Banking Units to the nation.

What’s it? 🤔
- A specialize fixed point hub
- Has minimum digital infra
- Offers specialized services

Purpose 😯
- Deliver baking products & services

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- Servicing existing finance products digital
- Offers ‘self-service’ mode
- 24*7 unit

Aim 🎯

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- Further financial inclusion
- Significantly improve experience for the citizens

Operations
Commercial banks w/ past digital banking experience permitted to open DBUs in tier 1 to
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tier 6 cities
(other than RRBs, Payments Bank and Local Area Banks)

Services 🏦
- Minimum digital banking products
- Such products to be both on Asset & Liability side
- Value added services are welcome
C

In layman terms😇
- Bank accounts (current/savings)
@

- Cards (debit/credit)
- Mobile/Net Banking
- FDs, Digital kit
- Applications for retail or MSME loans

DBUs v/s Fintech

Neobanks (fintech)
- offer digital banking services
- In partnership with NBFCs
- eg: @TheJupiterApp, @Razorpay, etc
- More innovative + Quick adoption
42

Issue with Neobanks:

Arrangement with NBFCs makes ‘em “glorified digital distribution companies”

While DBUs are independent arrangements run by Commercial banks

4. Recession Recession Recession

What does Recession even mean? 🙁

Simple definition: 🤭

▪Contracted output in an economy for at least 2 quarters straight.

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▪Can be accompanied by ⬇ demand and job losses

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43

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. Semiconductors: the new 'weapons' of geopolitics

What is a Semiconductor? 🔌

- Thumbnail sized 'building blocks' of almost every modern electronic device

- Give computational power to devices

Working of a Semiconductor:

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- Basic component: sliver (not silver) of silicon

- sliver etched with billions of microscopic transistors in a pattern to control current flow
determined by computational instructions

Steps in Supply Chain:

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- developing software for chips

- patenting 'em via core IPR

- making chip fabrication machines

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- setting up factories (aka fabs)

- ATMP (Assembly, Testing, Marking and Packaging)

Global Concentration: 🌏

- Taiwan, S. Korea, and USA are biggest players

C

- 90% of 5 nm chips by Taiwan Semiconductors Manufacturing Company (TSMC)

- Industry Valuation: $500-$600bn globally

@

Amidst Chinese position on Taiwan, major economies are forced to enter the chip-making
sector.

What are major efforts? 💵 💶

- USA: $52.7bn government funds for chips + Science Act

- EU: €43bn for public and private investments

- India: $10bn PLI + fiscal support to Designed LI

44

Indian Scene: 🇮🇳

- By 2026, Indian demand expected: $70-$80 bn

- PLI now gives 50% fiscal support for all chips w/ special push to 45nm chips (less
time consuming and economical in production)

- 2 plants in GJ (Vedanta and Foxconn)

- One each in TN and KA planned

Challenges:

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- Limited capital: $3-$7bn needed for 1 fab, total PLI is only $10bn

- Low funds for RnD

- Initial cost upfront on taxpayer

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- 2-4 mn gallons (75-150 lac liter) of ultrapure water needed per day per fab (on avg)

2. INDIA STACK- digital revolution

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What is India Stack?

An API allowing businesses, developers and govt to utilize unique digital Infra for solving
hard Indian problems.iSPIRT's Open API team contributed pro bono in development,
evolution and evangelization of the APIs
C

But what's API?🤔

API: Application Programming Interface 📲

@

eg: You can login to twitter via Gmail. In this case, Twitter uses Google's API for smooth
user onboarding.

What's the goal of India Stack?

Ensure service delivery on 4 principles

➡Presence-less

➡Paperless

➡Cashless

➡Consent
45

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What's the utility of India Stack:

a) Government: Makes the service delivery more accountable & transparent🏛

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b) Citizenry: Integrates 1.4bn Indians in formal economy

c) Software: Fosters innovation for improvised products in fintech, health and education.

Some APIs u/ India Stack:

🔹Aadhaar e-KYC
C

🔹Digi Locker📄🔒
🔹UPI💸
@

Other platforms on similar principles:

🔹GST Network
🔹Bharat Bill Payment System (BBPS)
🔹E-Toll Network (ETN) [FASTag]
3. 5G

PM Modi launched 5G in India.

46

Imp terms:
- Latency: Time delay in data packets from A to B
- Spectrum: invisible radio frequencies on which wireless signal travels
- Band: range of radio frequency
- Standalone: independent architecture for given G
- Fiberisation: radio towers connected via optical fiber

Basics:
- 30-300 GHz
(millimeter wave spectrum-1mm to 10mm, falls between microwave and infrared waves)
- Peak speed 10 Gbps (4G: 100Mbps)

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- Latency: 1 millisecond (4G: 10-100 ms)
- Long Term Evolution: 30-300 GHz (4G: <6GHz)

Evolution:
- "Very high" frequency
- High download speed
- Enhanced connectivity

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- Low interference from surroundings
- Greater savings for connected devices (push to IoT)
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Working, in 3 bands:

- Low Band: wide coverage but lower speed (100Mbps),

can penetrate through wall/window, long range communication

- Mid Band: Higher speed, limited coverage

C

- High Band: Highest speed, no penetration through window/wall,

short range communication

Advantages:
@

- Improved fintech, agri & healthcare experience

- Boost to digital infra -> socio-economic growth
- Job creation
- Tech advancement + higher digital literacy going forward

Challenges:
- Standalone v/s Non-Standalone architecture
- Digital divide in our demography
- Critical infrastructure overhaul
- High cost eventually lands on customer
- Fiberisation still a challenge
47

Scene post auction:

- 1.5 lac cr revenue💰
- Payment in 20 equal installments, no upfront payment obligation (a biz friendly move by
govt.)
- Higher debt inevitable in the sector

Architecture:

Standalone (SA) v/s Non Standalone Architecture (NSA)

This image will help you understand the difference and form a visual memory

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C
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4. Millets story
Millets Millets Millets. Hai kya millets?🤔

Why is media talking about them everyday?😮

What are millets?🧐

These are Small Grain Cereals! eg: Jowar, Bajra, Ragi, Kuttu, Rai, Kutki etc.

History

It finds mention in:

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- Yajur Veda
- Kalidasa’s Abhijnana Shakuntalam
- Sushruta’s Samhita
- Kautilya’s Arthashastra
- Abul Fazl’s Ain-i-Akbari

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Why so much noise about Millets in the news?

⏩COVID, Conflict and Climate pose challenge to global food security

⏩Millets de-risk this challenge
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⏩2023: Declared as Int'l Year of Millets on India's initiative
Points to be noted🗿

⏩Among first to be domesticated (evidence from IVC)

⏩India, W. Africa, China & Japan: Home to indigenous crop
C

⏩Need less water than rice & wheat

⏩Widely found millet globally: Jowar
@

Millets in India 🇮🇳

⏩Widely found millet in India: Bajra

⏩Grown as Kharif crop(s)
⏩7% gross cropped area
49

Nutritious value of Millets🥗

⏩Protein: 7-12%
⏩Carbs: 65-75%
⏩Fat: 2-5%
⏩Dietary fiber: 15-20%
⏩Called as 'Powerhouse of Nutrition' -OR- nutri-cereals

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Millets under PDS & MSP

⏩Coarse grains (food grains) under section 2(5) of NFSA 2013

⏩In reality, negligible coarse grains distributed as of now

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⏩Government is now pushing to include millets in PDS
⏩MSP for Jowar, Bajra and Ragi (only) as of now
State wide distribution of Millets in India
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Jowar

⏩Area: 4.24mn ha 2020-21

⏩Production: 4.78mn tonne
⏩MH>KA>RJ>TN>AP>UP>TS>MP
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Bajra

⏩RJ>UP>HR>GJ>MP>MH
@

Major consumption of which millet in which state:

⏩Gujarat: Jowar & Bajra

⏩Karnataka: Jowar & Ragi
⏩Maharashtra: Jowar & Bajra
⏩Rajasthan & UK: Ragi
50

Politics on Millets

⏩Food basket of ~60 cr people globally

⏩Mostly grown in Low Income Countries (LIC) of Asia-Africa
⏩India pitched the idea of 2023 as IYM pitching itself as leader of LIC group
⏩Activities around Millets u/ IYM 2023 will be seen as ways of Political Parties to reach out
to farming communities in upcoming Vidhan Sabha elections in Rajasthan & Karnataka.

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5. SOIL MANAGEMENT 🏞🌳

Benefit of soil

- Food security🌱

- Maintains disaster resilient landscape 🌊

- Restores Carbon (2nd largest C sink after Ocean)🌿

➡ World Soil Day: December 5 🥰

➡ 2022 Theme: “Soils: Where Food Begins” 🌾

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Degradation & Consequences 🔴

▪Nutrient Loss

- Runoff

- Leaching

- Soil erosion

- Residue burning
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SE
▪Pollution

- Mining

- Fertilizers

- Agriculture
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- Industrial waste

- Waste treatment
@

- Transport emissions

- Fossil fuel extraction

Stats 📈

🔺29% of Indian land impacted

🔺3.7 mn ha land suffer from nutrient loss
52

Indian strategy: 5 pronged

🔹Save soil biodiversity

🔹Preventing soil erosion
🔹Make soil chemical free
🔹Enhance organic matter
🔹Mitigate soil degradation

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GoI schemes

1. Soil Health Card Scheme 2015

- Assess current status

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- Make necessary data based amends

2. PM Krishi Sinchayee Yojana

- Prevent erosion
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- Rainwater harvesting

- Regenerate natural vegetation

- Recharge groundwater table

3. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture

C

- Promote indigenous practices

- Lower chemical(s) dependency

@

Way Forward

➖Increased cooperation & partnerships to ensure knowledge availability

➖Strengthen communication channels among various stakeholders
➖LiFE like individual measures (plant trees etc)
53

6. Rhino, Elephant and Great Indian Bustard

Rhino, Elephant, and Great Indian Bustard are important for biodiversity.🦏🐘🐦

What are the threats and conservation efforts for these national treasure?⚠

1. Rhino🦏 (IUCN: Vulnerable; WPA '72: Sc. I)

➡ 4014 in India-Nepal habitats

➡ 2613 in Kaziranga alone
Year -No. in Kaziranga

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1905 -12

2022 -2613

Threats⚠

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- Illegal wildlife trade in Myanmar

- Invasive plant species grabbing key grassland habitats

Conservation efforts😄
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- Local sentiments

- Better fighting gears to forest guards

- Anti-poaching mechanism in India-Nepal

- More manpower, capacity building & frontline staff

C

As a result, while 2013/14 saw 54 poaching cases, 2021/22 saw just 2!

@
54

2. Elephant🐘 (IUCN: Endangered; WPA '72: Sc. I)

➡ 60% Asian Elephants in India, total ~30k

➡44% of total in KA, KL, AP, TN
Threats⚠

- Poaching

- Change of land use (forest -> agriculture)

- Fragmentation of elephant habitats

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- Linear construction of rail, road and power infrastructure

- Human conflicts (500 humans + 100 elephants lives lost every year)

Conservation efforts😄

- Project Elephant 1992

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- 32 Elephant Reserves in India (Agasthyamalai latest)

- Elephant corridors, linear narrow habitat linkages✔

SE
C
@
55

3. Great Indian Bustard🐦 (IUCN: Critically Endangered; WPA '72:SC-I)

➡ 150 total, 128 in RJ

➡ Others in GJ, MH, KA, AP
➡ 1969 (1260 GIB), 75% decline in 30 years
Threats⚠

- Slow breeders

- Habitat loss (grasslands)

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- Pesticides contamination

- Overhead transmission lines

- Make nest on ground, prone to damage

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- Increasing population of dogs and pigs puts pressure on GIBs

Conservation efforts😄
SE
- Task force u/ MOEFCC

- Mitigate impacts of power transmission lines

- Conservation breeding i.e. chicks preserved at Jaisalmer facility

- 'Habitat Improvement & Conservation breeding of GIB- an integrated approach' w/ aim:

C

build captive population of GIB & release chicks in wild

Way Forward
@

- Remove all overhead power lines in RJ from priority areas

- Community centric conservation initiatives

56

7. Living Root Bridges

PM Modi referred to PM Sunak as the ‘living bridge’ of UK Indians.

What is a ‘Living Bridge’? 🌁
- Aerial suspension bridges (elastic in nature)
- Built by weaving living roots of Rubber Fig trees
- Upto 150 years life span 😯
- Entered temporary list of UNESCO’s World Heritage Sites 🇺🇳

Tribals:
- Khasi & Jaintia tribes of Meghalaya use their tribal knowledge to ‘weave’ roots 🌳

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- Example of symbiotic relationship between nature and people 🌲

Here’s an image of a living bridge for your visual memory

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SE
C
@
57

8. Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD)

Syllabus Mapping: GS3 (Economics of Animal Rearing)

What is LSD? 😱

- caused by LSD virus

- belongs to genus Capripoxvirus

- same family as that of goat pox and sheep pox

- affects lymph nodes of infected animal

hy
- nodes enlarge appearing like lymphs

- nodules may later turn into ulcers

- It is not zoonotic

How does it spread? 🖐

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- direct contact w/ vectors

- contaminated food & water

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- animal semen during artificial insemination

Symptoms 🤒

- enlarged lumps on skin

- high fever
C

- low milk yield

- discharge off eyes and nose

@

- salivation

- depression

- loss of appetite

- weakness

- infertility & abortion

58

How did it spread in India? 😬

- first case in Zambia in 1929

- 2019: S. Asia spread starts

- In India potentially from Bangladesh in 2019 (porous borders -> illegal cattle trade)

Economic Implications 💸

- FAO: "Substantial and severe" economic losses

- low milk production

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- income losses

- reproductive problems

- lower draught capacity

Indian Case 😟
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- 2019-2020: $1.45bn direct loss of livestock & production

- Milk: 210 mn tonne liter pa

SE
- largest cow+buffalo headcount

- RJ: 3-6 lac liter milk loss per day

- threatened livelihood of small poultry farmers

Spread Control Measures (FAO recommendations)

C

- vaccination of suspected population

- quarantine & movement control of bovines

@

- biosecurity implementation via shed sanitization & spraying insecticides

- strengthen active-passive surveillance

- awareness on risk mitigation

59

Indian Govt efforts🥺

- FAO compliant

- Goat Pox vaccine found 'very effective'

- 97 lac doses administered till first week of September

- Major breakthrough: ICAR developed indigenous LSD Vaccine based on 2019 spread

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SE
C
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9. Long Term Strategy -COP 27

India released the Long Term Strategy (LTS) for Low Carbon Development at CoP27 in
Egypt.

● Need of LTS🤔

The 2015 Paris Agreement mandated all parties to submit two climate action plans.

- Short Term (aka Nationally Determined Contributions or NDCs)

- Long Term Strategy (LTS)

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● NDCs😳

- To be submitted every 5 yrs (till 2030)

- Elaborates on 5-10 yr action plan

etc.

● LTS😊

- No time frame for LTS

W
- India's NDCs include 50% renewable share, 45% reduction in emission(s) from 2005 levels
SE
- To reach net zero destination (India: 2070, China 2060, most developed 2050)

● What's India's LTS?🥰

- Lists key focus areas and specific interventions

- These interventions are what India has already taken or planning to!
C

India plans to intervene in 5 sectors. Which 5 and how to remember them?

Mnemonic: U-FITE (Read like You-Fight)🤯

@

U: Urban design

F: Forestry

I: Industry

T: Transport

E: Energy & Electricity (6/10)

61

● Other key takeaways 💁

- Finance & Investments (key enabler in LTS vision)

- Focus on LiFE

- Research & Innovation emphasized (in green energy)

- Adaptation, Resilience & Int'l cooperation (in irrigation and disaster infra) (7/10)

● What is missing?😮

- Agriculture

hy
- Carbon Pricing

● Way Forward🛣

- Next iterations shall include actionable information

W
- Prioritize sectoral actions based on data and research

- Individual to International approach

SE
C
@
62

VISUAL MEMORY

1. NORTH EAST - ILP & 6th SCHEDULE

hy
How to remember the states with Inner Line Permit and those under 6th schedule?

#1: Inner Line Permit

States of Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram have ILP systems.

Have a map on your mind? Now just run a line through (see image)👇

W
SE
C
@
63

#2: 6th schedule

States in 6th schedule are: Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram

Have a map on your mind? Now just run a line through (see image)👇

hy
W
SE
Point to be noted: Mizoram is both an ILP and 6th schedule state.
C
@
64

2. 22 LANGUAGES OF 8th SCHEDULE

Using Visual Memory! How? Read on!!

hy
W
SE
We will start by tracing the map. Let's go!
C

a) Jammu and Kashmir: 1. Kashmiri, 2. Urdu 3. Dogri

b) Punjab: 4.Punjabi
@

Now, trace the western India

c) Gujarat & Maharashtra

5. Gujarati 6. Marathi

Further, we'll take states of south and Goa together

e) Goa: 7. Konkani

f) Karnataka: 8. Kannada
65

g) Kerala 9. Malayalam

h) Tamil Nadu 10. Tamil

i) Andhra + Telangana 11. Telugu

Move east

j) Odisha: 12. Odia

k) West Bengal/East India: 13 Bengali, 14 Santhali, 15 Bodo

l) Bihar: 16. Maithili

hy
Fly North East

m) Assam: 17. Assamese

n) Manipur: 18. Manipuri

Alright, what else?

W
SE
Two languages from neighboring countries

19. Nepali

20. Sindhi

Hey! These are just 20. Where are the other two?
C

Easiest to remember!!!

21. Hindi
@

22. Sanskrit

All languages in one place on an Indian map!

66

3. NA-MA-MI

I see a lot of aspirants getting confused in order of the marked states.

hy
W
SE
How to remember them in the right order?
C

Mnemonic: NaMaMi (similar to NaMaMi Ganga)

Na: Nagaland, Ma: Manipur, Mi: Mizoram Hogya yaad! 😎

@
67

4. NE states and their capitals. 😅

Simple tips to remember 8 states and capitals

1. GANGs of Sikkim

Sikkim: Gangtok

2. DIS is Assam

Assam: Dispur

hy
3. SHI (she) lives in Meghalaya

Meghalaya: Shillong

4. TRIP to Agartala

Tripura: Agartala

W
5. I-M Manipur (I am Manipur)
SE
Manipur: I-M-PHAL

6. MiZoram: AiZawl

The 'Z' sound

C

7. IT is Arunachal
@

Arunachal Pradesh: Itanagar

8. NAG Ko-Hi-Ma door rakhna

Nagaland: Kohima
68

5. EARTHQUAKE ZONES
Many earthquakes this month. Revise karo:

hy
W
SE
C
@
69

6. BIOSPHERE RESERVES - tips

India has 18 Biosphere Reserves.How to remember them all for UPSC?

First things first, break them down in 2 parts: 🤔

1. BRs (6) 2. UNESCO BRs (12) (2/5)

1. BRs
Now, we will use Visual Memory to remember these!!
These are 6 in number

hy
- Chandratal
- Manas
- Dibru Saikhowa
- Dihang Dibang
- Seshachalam Hills
- Rann of Kutch

W
Plot them on map for visual memory 😮
SE
C
@
70

For these, Visual Memory comes to play! Use of red color will imbibe these better in your
mind (Thank me later!😛)

A quadrilateral, a straight line and a triangle will help you with 11. 🤯

hy
W
SE
C

You can find all 18 in one place separated as

BRs and UNESCO BRs in the right image

This is a unique way, no? *wink*

@
71

7. INDIA- CONTOURS
Save this beautiful map of India to your collection.

Visual memory from this map will help you immensely in #UPSC Mains Answer Writing.
Example

How do the Himalayas guard India? Why are plains the food bowl? Why is the eastern coast
fragmented? Why is Thar a desert? Or How’s NE?

hy
W
SE
C
@
72

8. AGNI V Range

Beijing , Islamabad , Moscow , Istanbul , Nairobi , Jakarta , Seoul 😍

No, I’m not making list of World Capitals🤨

These are some of the cities in range of India’s new Nuclear Capable Ballistic Missile Agni
V🤯
Map for visual memory

hy
W
SE
C
@
73

9. VISUAL SUMMARY OF INDIA’S WATER RESERVOIRS

hy
W
SE
C
@
74

Remember this question from Pre 2022? This

and other like this can be solved by the map
given above 👆 . So, what to note?

- note all reservoirs on a map yourself by hand

- take rough idea of which region/river is at

what stat (develop rough idea of ascending
order)

-have a rough idea on health of reservoirs

(remember monsoon is yet to grow)

hy
- lastly, note: CWC monitors health of these
143 reservoirs.

Quickly revise about CWC, it’s roles &

responsibilities and reports, if any.

W
SE
C
@
75

10. 5 Great Lakes of North America😮💨

Learn about them for UPSC in this thread.

First, where are these located?

- On border of the USA and Canada
- Michigan is in USA, rest all are shared by Canada and the USA 😮

hy
W
SE
Second, Names🤔
1. Superior 2. Michigan 3. Erie 4. Ontario 5. Huron
C
@
76

Importance:

Group of freshwater lakes on earth

- Largest by total area🤗
- 2nd largest by Volume (21% fresh water by volume) 🤯
Okay, @CseWhy, how do I remember these lakes?
Visual Memory!!! 😃

Form a spiral going for 'SME-OH!'

(See image for visual memory)

hy
W
SE
C
@
77

MNEMONICS

1. Geography Mnemonics for Prelims

1. Countries around RED SEA: DESSEY

D: Djibouti

hy
E: Eritrea

S: Sudan

S: Saudi Arabia

E: Egypt

Y: Yemen

W
SE
C
@
78

2. Countries around Caspian Sea: TARIK

T: Turkmenistan

A: Azerbaijan

R: Russia

I: Iran

K: Kazakhstan

hy
W
SE
C
@
79

3. SAARC Countries: MBBS is PAIN

M: Maldives

B: Bhutan

B: Bangladesh

S: Sri Lanka

P: Pakistan

hy
A: Afghanistan

I: India

N: Nepal

W
SE
C
@
80

4. BIMSTEC countries: MBBS in NIT

M: Myanmar

B: Bhutan

B: Bangladesh

S: Sri Lanka

N: Nepal

I: India

hy
T: Thailand

W
SE
C
@
81

5. ASEAN countries: MBBS me TV PLIC (MBBS me TV please)

M: Malaysia

B: Brunei

B: Burma

S: Singapore

T: Thailand

hy
V: Vietnam

P: Philippines

L: Laos

I: Indonesia

C: Cambodia
W
SE
C
@
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6. Horn of Africa Countries: SEED

S: Somalia E: Eritrea E: Ethiopia D: Djibouti

hy
W
SE
C
@

7. Layers of Atmosphere: The Simple

Methods To Earn

T: Troposphere

S: Stratosphere

M: Mesosphere

T: Thermosphere

E: Exosphere
83

8. Tributaries of Ganga

1. Left Bank Mnemonic: 4G-KM

4G: ramGanga, Gomti, Ghaggar, Gandhak

K: Kosi

M: Mahananda

2. Right Bank: Mnemonic: YaSoDa

hy
Ya: Yamuna

So: Son

Da: Damodar

W
SE
C
@
84

9. Decreasing order of water on earth's surface

OILS ARe Bio

O: Ocean

I: Ice caps (glaciers)

L: Lakes

S: Soil moisture

A: Atmosphere

hy
R: Rivers

Bio: Biosphere

- Venue:
Start from latest- PVR
W
2. VENUE - PATRONS of 3 ‘major’ Buddhist councils
SE
R: Rajgriha
V: Vaishali
P: Pataliputra

- Patrons: AKA (year)

A: Ajatashatru (483BC)
K: Kalasoka (383BC)
C

A: Ashoka (250BC)

PVR-AKA ! Hogya yaad! 😎

@

( if you’re seeing for the 4th one 🧐-> KAshmir-KAnishq😉)

3. Mnemonic - KINGS who followed BUDDHISM:

BHUKAP

B: Bimbisara H: Harshavardhana U: Udaysen K: Kanishka A: Ashoka P: Prasanjeet

Hogya yaad! 😎
85

4. SEQUENCE OF EUROPEANS ENTERING INDIA

and how to remember it for UPSC?

Mnemonic: PD(E)F (PDF like sound)

P: Portuguese (1498)
D: Dutch (1605)
(E): English (1608)
F: French (1673)

hy
Hogya yaad!💪😎

5. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

W
Read these Just once and you'd remember FR Articles of #Constitution from 14-35

1. Right to Equality (Article 14-18)

Mnemonic: E-DOUT
SE
14: Equality

15: no Discrimination

16: equality of Opportunity

17: Untouchability abolished

C

18: Titles abolished

2. Right to Freedom (Article 19-22) 🎤

@

Mnemonic: S-OLEA

19: Speech

20: conviction for Offences

21: Life

21A: Education

22: Arrest and detention

86

3. Right against Exploitation (23-24) 🥰

Mnemonic: TC (Take Care against Exploitation)

23: no human Trafficking and bonded labor

24: no Child employment

4. Right to Freedom of Religion (25-28) 💒🕌🛕🕋🕍

Mnemonic: PATE

hy
(sound of पित; in Indian culture, 'religion' sees god as पित. eg: Pashu'pati' nath)

So, PATE:

25: Practice, Profess and Propagate one's religion

26: manage religious Affairs

W
27: no Taxes for promotion of any religion

28: no religious Education in state run institutions

SE
5. Cultural & Educational Rights (29-30) 📕⛩

Mnemonic: ME

29: protection of rights of Minorities

C

30: rights of minorities to Establish and administer Educational institutions

@

6. Rights to Constitutional Remedies (32-35) 🪖

Mnemonic: SAME

32: Supreme court writ

33: parliament powers to modify Armed forces rights

34: Martial law

35: legislation to bring these into Effect

87

6. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

How to use mnemonics to your advantage?

Eg: Qs on Electromagnetic spectrum are tricky but easy. How?

With this Mnemonic:

'Gaadi XUV In My Range'

Gamma > X-Ray > UV > Visible > Infrared > Microwave > Radio

hy
7. India submitted LTS at COP27
focusing on 5 key interventions for #UPSC Mains. 📝

Mnemonic to remember these:

U-FITE (You Fight)

U: Urban design

F: Forestry
W
SE
I: Industry

T: Transport

E: Energy & Electricity

Hogya yaad! 😎
C
@
88

8. Ethics mnemonics to enrich your GS4 answers👇🧵

- 5 EI theory points by Goleman 🧠

- 7 Nolan committee principles 🤝

- 8 Principles for good governance 🪢

5 components of Emotional Intelligence theory by Goleman 🧠

Mnemonic: RESMA

hy
R: self Regulation

E: Empathy

S: Social skills

M: Motivation

A: self Awareness W
SE
7 Principles of Public Life by Nolan Committee 🤝

Mnemonic: ISO LOHA (ISO certified LOHA (iron))

I: Integrity
C

S: Selflessness

O: Objectivity
@

L: Leadership

O: Openness

H: Honesty

A: Accountability
89

8 principles for Probity in (Good) Governance 🪢

Mnemonic: PRICE of ART

P: Participation

R: Rule of Law

I: Inclusiveness & Equity

C: Consensus Oriented

E: Effective and Efficient

hy
A: Accountability

R: Responsiveness

T: Transparency

W
SE
C
@
90

Quotes & Keywords

KEYWORDS

1. One Nation 🇮🇳, One _______🤔

hy
Use these 'One Nation' keywords to make your UPSC Mains answers 2x scoring. Save these
to your notes! 📚🧵

● One Nation One Flag 🇮🇳

Scrapping of 370 saw this keyword surface. Same principle is now used in talks with Naga
groups.

W
● One Nation One Election🗳

Till 1967, this was the norm in India. With new trends in the Indian polity, PM Modi has
SE
mooted the idea again striking a debate.

● One Nation One Uniform👮

To offer high quality products and give a common identity to the Indian police. (Keep in
mind that new IPC & CrPC are in pipeline too

● One Nation One Charger🔋🔌

C

A common charger for all electronic devices to offer electronic benefits to consumers and
serve the environment better.
@

● One Nation One Fertilizer🧪

Single Brand and Logo "Bharat" for the fertilizers u/ Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janurvarak
Pariyojna (PMBJP)

● One Nation One Grid⚡

Connects all regional grids to have one national power frequency

91

● One Nation, One __ Card 💳

- Ration

- Mobility

- Health

These 3 cards are solving food, transport and health problems!

● One Nation One Tax 💵🧾

GST must come to your mind, eh? *wink*

hy
● One Nation One Ombudsman 📝
RBI proposed mechanism to have an efficient grievance redressal and enhanced consumer
protection

W
● One Nation One Digital Platform👩💻📱

PM-eVIDYA platform for launching online models to offer quality education for students.

● One Nation One Driving License🚗

SE
Currently, state govt issues a DL and diff state DLs have variations. In order to centralize
the database, the efforts are in direction of ONODL

● One Nation One Exam📚📓

UGC to sort logistical issues via ONOE offering a combination of subjects for students to
pick from the same entrance exam
C

● One Nation One Law⚖📜

The need for Uniform Civil Code u/A 44 of the constitution is apt keyword for UCC related
@

answers in GS2.

● One Nation One Dialysis🩸

To offer the much needed costly dialysis services, GoI is coming up with One Nation One
Dialysis u/ National Health Mission.

● One Nation, One Emotion, One Identity😊

Remember the Independence Day celebrations around this keyword?

92

2. DIPLOMACY

1. Civilizational Diplomacy

With the decline of the west, Civilization states will see a fresh leadership role in the world.

"An upgrade of the Civilizational past and links will help aid the diplomatic battled"

eg: Think of Kushinagar airport and its impact in Buddhist countries.

2. Energy Diplomacy🛢⛽

hy
Our energy dependency is widely known. Despite new investments in renewables &
blending, we are still years away from atma nirbharta.

"Indian diplomacy shall add arrows of energy diplomacy in our quiver"

W
eg: Oil deals with Russia despite the USA sanctions

3. Infrastructure Diplomacy🏗👷
SE
China's global rise is riding on the back of Infra diplomacy.

As India awakes to the threat, the investments by state and private partnerships reflect a
head start in Infra Diplomacy. eg: Adani's rising global infra footprint

4. Wildlife Diplomacy🦁🐅
C

One area of cooperation builds goodwill to have two partners explore other dimensions.
Wildlife, for India, is that first step.
@

Cheetah's from Namibia, Gaurs to Sri Lanka, Tigers to Cambodia are such initiatives.

5. Sports diplomacy

Recurring international medals attract the global interest. Stories of sportspersons are
undeclared Indian ambassadors abroad

eg: Chinese domination allows them to offer athlete training as unique proposition on
diplomatic tables (among other benefits)
93

6. Disaster Diplomacy🌊

Indian efforts in events of neighborhood disasters & global preparation

eg: a) Indian response to Nepal Earthquake

b) Interactions b/w PM Modi and his Pak counterpart in context of floods

c) CDRI initiative

7. Vaccine Diplomacy💉

hy
"Vaccine Maitri earned India great good will, broke Vaccine Nationalism monopoly, and
restrengthened 'Global Pharmacy' image.

101 countries beneficiaries till Oct 19 2022 (source: MEA website)

8. Space Diplomacy🚀
W
- Launch of foreign satellites by ISRO
SE
- ISRO's commercial arm (Antrix & NSIL) to deal with private sector

eg: Launch of UAE's nano satellites by India

9. Academic/Intellectual Diplomacy🎓
C

IIT campuses abroad (other institutes are in pipeline)

- IIT Madras: Tanzania campus

@

- IIT Delhi: Abu Dhabi campus

- IIT Kharagpur: Malaysia campus

BITS, Amity University etc,already have overseas campuses

94

10. Diaspora Diplomacy🧑👪

"Collective action driven by country's diaspora influencing the host's culture, economics,
and politics in a mutually beneficial manner for homeland and new home base"

eg: Influence of Indian diaspora in economy, polity and society of western countries

11. Mediation Diplomacy🤝

Policies of third state to eliminate problems created by actions of first 2.

hy
eg: Turkey's role in Black Sea initiative to ship wheat midst Ukraine war

12. Civil Diplomacy 📜✒

W
Diplomatic activities individually by non-official representatives of countries.

eg: Writers' and academicians on international platforms, doctors sans borders etc.
SE
13. Shuttle Diplomacy ✈

Henry Kissinger's methods of using 'ease of transportation' to solve problems of Middle

East.

eg: India's refueling of US airplanes amidst Gulf crisis in exchange of much needed loans in
1991
C

14. Silent Diplomacy 🤫

@

A common method practiced by smaller states in the changing discourse of geopolitical

situations.

eg: African countries staying away from Ukraine crisis owing to financial reasons (and
lacking diplomatic power to make a difference)
95

15. Cultural Diplomacy 🛕

Use of soft power to lead the discourse and have other countries behave a certain way that
the first country wants.

5 subheads: Cultural Traditions, Religion, Social Structure, Economic System, Art Space. eg:
K-Pop, Buddhism, American culture via movies

hy
W
SE
16. Coercive Diplomacy 💪

No war but no peace! eg: US's sanctions, Chinese wolf-warrior etc.

C

17. Secret Diplomacy 🤐

Methods implied away from the media and public eye to achieve the objectives in national
@

interest. eg: India-Pak ceasefire was a result of secret diplomacy

18. Toothless Diplomacy 🦷

All words and no action; this form of diplomacy involves accusations with no substance.
However, the respondent needs to be vigil. eg: USA describes N. Korea's nuclear threat as a
'toothless' form of diplomacy
96

19. Hard Diplomacy 🥌

Machiavellian way of diplomacy with three types today: Military intervention, Economic
sanctions, Repressive diplomacy. eg: Taiwan blockade by China post Nancy Pelosi's visit

20. Humanitarian Diplomacy🏥

Humanitarian aid(s) in moment of crisis for the country in crisis by a 'generous' donor

eg: Indian aid to Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles etc. in pandemic

hy
W
SE
C
@
97

3. 'Tourism' keywords

9 keywords for 'Way Forward' in answers related to tourism (GS3/GS1)

1. Agriculture Tourism 🌾
2. Kingdom Tourism👑

3. Fort Tourism🏰

4. Tribal Tourism

hy
5. Dessert Tourism🌕

6. Wildlife Tourism🐯

7. Handloom Tourism🧵

8. Sports Tourism🏅⚽

9. Musical Tourism🎵
W
What do these mean? How to use them? Take a look👇
SE
1. Agriculture Tourism 🌾
The UP govt is coming up with a new policy where remote villages will be developed as
centers for the world to see 'agriculture' and village life.

Other examples:
C

- Rice in Kuttanad (KL)

- Wheat harvesting (HR & PB)

- Saffron (Kashmir)
@
98

2. Kingdom Tourism👑

The potential of the ancient Indian kingdoms can be harnessed to develop 'Kingdom
tourism' circuit in South Indian on lines of Ramayana, Buddha circuit(s). Some examples:👇

- Cholas

- Cheras

- Pandyas

- Vijayanagar

hy
- Deccani Sultans

3. Fort Tourism🏰

W
While the Kingdoms have great stories, the forts (like those of Rajasthan) are living stories.
Developing a Fort circuit in RJ alone has huge potential.

6 forts are already in UNESCO WHL

SE
4. Tribal Tourism

Indian tribes offer a blend of:

- Food

- History
C

- MFP and much more!

(Club this with latest museums’ initiative around Tribal heroes)

@

Economic opportunities offered by Tribal Tourism will also prove counter to Mao and Naxal
movements (GS3 Internal Security)

5. Dessert Tourism🌕

Remember the debate over where did Rasogulla originate? Bengal or Odisha!

The states can serve as tourism hub for their offerings for those with a sweet tooth.
99

6. Wildlife Tourism🐯

From Snow Leopard to Tiger and now to Cheetah.

From bird watching to biodiversity of Western Ghats;

Untapped potential in Indian WL sustainable tourism will open new opportunities

7. Handloom Tourism🧵

Kashi Tamil Sangamam is in news. From Banarasi Saree(s) of Kashi to Kanjeevaram from

hy
TN, the weavers and artisans (of other artforms) make up for a good opportunity for the
world to see how India is doing what it does the best!

8. Sports Tourism🏅⚽

- TOP scheme

- Neeraj Chopra's Gold

- Soft Power Diplomacy

W
SE
Everything converges towards an untapped potential of sports training for 'tourists' for fun.

9. Musical Tourism🎵

How's it that India had classic musical instruments and rich classical music yet the 'world' is
C

yet to witness this cultural renaissance?

@
100

4. ECONOMY

- E-cow-nomy
- Inflation = Taxation w/o Legislation
- 3T export strategy of India
- Samaj, Sarkar, Bazaar
- Vigyan aur Gaon
- Anti Poverty Vaccine: Micro-Finance
What do these mean? How to use them? Take a look👇🧵

1. E-COW-NOMY 🐮🐄

hy
- Use of cow urine/dung for vermicompost, super compost etc by Chattisgarh govt
- ₹300cr+ paid to villages, cattle farmers, women-SHGs by CG govt already

2. "Inflation is taxation without legislation" 💸📈

catchy phrase to emphasize on impacts of Inflation

W
3. 3Ts of Indian export strategy: Trade, Tourism & Technology💰🏖📱

- MEA Jaishankar shared these in a speech

- Can also be used in GS2
SE
4. 'Samaj, Sarkar and Bazaar' 🫂🏛🛍
- all 3 to be shaped by youth
- 3 came together to fight COVID19
- 3 to work in sync to expand livelihood opportunities
- Samaj to ensure Sarkar & Bazaar play role to make world's largest democracy peaceful &
prosperous for all its citizens
C

5. "Vigyan Gaon ki Aur"🧪🏡

- A way forward to how Indian rural capacities can be best utilized!
@

- Science & Technology x Indian Rural Economy

6. Micro-Finance: Anti Poverty Vaccine💰💵

- source: UPSC Mains PYQ
- Good keyword for Inclusive growth, FPIs/SHGs finance, etc.
101

5. KEYWORDS for PANCH PRAN

One of Panch Prans given by PM Modi was to get rid of any signs of slavery.🖐 (british
marks)

Examples for you to quote in your UPSC Mains Answers to strengthen your argument!

1. Navy’s new ensign ⚓

2. Indianization of education w/ NEP 📕

3. Abolition of many colonial era laws

hy
4. Race Course Road -> Lok Kalyan Marg 🛣

5. Rajpath -> Kartavya Path 🇮🇳

6. National War Memorial ⚔🎖

W
7. Change in time of budget speech 💼

8. Patriotic songs in Beating Retreat Ceremony🥁

SE
C
@
102

QUOTES
1. 10 HINDI QUOTES
● "Jaisa Ann, Waisa Mann"🌾🥰

Use in

GS2: Govt Schemes

GS3: Agriculture

● "Shramev Jayate & Shramjeevi" 🛠👷

hy
Use in

GS3: Infrastructure and Indian economy

● "Sabka Prayas, Sabka Kartavya" 👪

Use in

W
GS1: Way Forward in Society/Harmony Topics

GS2: Article 51A Fundamental Duties

SE
● "Samaj, Sarkar and Bazaar"🛒🏛

use in

GS1: Society

GS2: Governance
C

GS3: Economy

Essay: relevant topics on demographic dividend linked to economic progress

@

● "Kashi: Saat vaar, nau tyohaar"🛕

(7 days, 9 festivals)

Use in

GS1: Culture and Society

GS2: HRIDAY like schemes relevance

103

● "Vruksho Rakshati Rakshitah"🌳🌲

(Save the trees, Trees will save you)

Use in:

GS1: Society & Cultural (significance of trees)

GS3: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment

GS4: Attitude and Human Values

● "Jan Bhagidari" 🤝

hy
(surfaced during Har Ghar Tiranga campaign)

use in

GS1: Society

W
GS2: Govt schemes, Article 51A

GS3: Economic rise/Indian economy

GS4: Governance Issues

SE
● "Vigyan Gaon ki Aur"🏡🔬

A good solution/way forward in sync with 'Jai Anusandhan'

Use In:

GS2: Policy
C

GS3: SnT

● "Har Khet me Saur Urja" 🌞

@

Possible solution/way forward

Use in:

GS2: Govt police/schemes

GS3: Agri (2x farmers' income)

104

● "Jalmev yasya, balmev tasya" 🚢🌊

(He who rules over the seas is all powerful)

use in

GS3: security answers (wrt SAGAR, QUAD and free, open and inclusive Indo Pacific)

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C
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2. CIVILIZATIONAL QUOTES
Use this 6 Civilizational Quotes in your Essays and see your examiner going 🤯

"We owe a lot to Indians who taught us how to count, without which

no worthwhile scientific discovery could have been made." 🧮

--Albert Einstein

"Access to the Vedas is the greatest privilege this century may claim over all previous

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centuries." 🕉💣

--Julius Robert Oppenheimer (Father of Atom Bomb)

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" I am convinced that everything has come down to us from the banks of the Ganga ---
astronomy, astrology, metempsychosis, etc." 🌊🏞

- Voltaire (French writer)

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" India has left a deeper mark upon the history, the philosophy, and the religion of
mankind, than any other terrestrial unit in the universe." ✝☪🔯🛐

--Lord Curzon
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“Hinduism, the perennial philosophy” that is at the core of all religions.🛕

-- Aldous Huxley (English novelist)

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"Samskrit is the greatest language of the world."🕉📜

-- Max Muller
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3. QUOTES BY DALAI LAMA

that will help you make it to the final list! 🤯

1. "Anyone who wishes to lead must remain close to the common people." 👑👥

Use in:

- GS2: Polity

- Essay

2. “Act of bringing food is one of the basic roots of any relationship”🍲 🍉🥰

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Use in:

- GS1: Society & Culture

- GS2: Govt schemes

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- GS3: Agriculture and Rural Economy

3. “Pain is what you measure pleasure by!”🥲😊

Use:- Wide use, comfort yourself :)

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4. "Chinese aren’t communists but Chinese chauvinists posing as Communists; a collection
of narrow minded fanatics" 🇨🇳☭⚠

Use in:

GS2: International Relations, China centric answers

C

5. "Desire for freedom is fundamental to all living beings"🙌💫

Use in:
@

- GS1: Indian History (Freedom Struggle)

- GS2: Constitution

- GS3: Security

6. "Never be like a Rainbow. It is beautiful yet lacks substance"🌈

Use: - wide use, comfort yourself :)

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4. 12 QUOTES to make your UPSC Mains look 10x better.

"Domestic strength is building block of all national power" 💪

Can quote in references to
- 'Aatmanirbhar'
- Indian Economy
- Indian Relations

"To believe in something, and not to live it, is dishonest." 🤯

- Gandhi
Use in:

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- Ethics
- Essays

"Not going to school, we are killing ourselves and our future" 🏫

- Hamid Karzai on Afghanistan
Use in:

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- Afghanistan centric answers
- GS2 & GS3 relevant topics

"Science is a way of thinking much more than it is a body of knowledge" 🔬

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- Carl Sagan
Use in:
- GS3 SnT
- Essays

"Authority has value only when it’s based on reason" 🙏

Use in:
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- GS2: Polity and Laws

"Indianness is our true identity and to build a strong nation we all have to rise above
caste, creed and religion" 🇮🇳
@

- President Kovind
Use in:
- GS1: Society & Culture
- Atmanirbhar references
- Essays
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"Everyone has the right to refute any opinion. But no one has the right to prevent its
expression" 😮
- Periyar
Use in:
- GS2: Polity

"There’s nothing like teaching to help one learn"

- Dalai Lama
Use in:
- Education topics
- Essay

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- Ethics

"Democracy is a restrain on power" 🙂🗣👑

- Henry Kissinger
Use in:
- GS2
- Essay

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"Evil unchecked grows, evil tolerated poisons the whole system" 😈
- Jawaharlal Nehru
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Use in:
- Essay
- Legal GS2

"Liberty is the right to choose. Freedom is the result of the right choice." 💃
- Jules Renard
Use in:
C

- GS2

"Measure of intelligence is ability to change" 🤓

- Albert Einstein
@

Use in:
- Essay
- Can be used to refer to 'great leaders'
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5. QUOTES FOR MAINS

1. Religion for India means collective determination of our duties 🙏

Use in: Essay & Ethics, GS2 (Polity)

2. The sum of Policy and Performance leads to Progress ⚡

Use in: GS2 (Policy), GS3 (Infrastructure)

3. Democracy, Diplomacy and Dialogue are ways to touch people

Use in: GS2 (Int'l affairs)

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4. India is not a country that forgets its glorious history. Our glorious history is in the
blood of every Indian, in our traditions!
Use in: Essay, GS1 (History & Culture)

5. The tumultuous times of geopolitics are not of Global Uncertainty but Global
Opportunity 🪢

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Use in: Essay, GS2 (Int'l Affairs), Anywhere to present an optimist outlook

6. Jai Jawan , Jai Kisan , Jai Vigyan , Jai Anusandhaan

Use in: References to Indian strength in Defense, Agri, Science and Research
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7. India is mother of democracy 🗳
Ample examples from Ancient India to support this argument. Will be a strong value addition in
GS2 answers

8. 'Swadeshi to Swaraj and Swaraj to Suraj' (Mantra by Maharishi Aurobindo)

Use in: GS2 (Polity), GS4 (Public Services, Thinkers Contribution), Essay
C

9. Jaisa Ann, Waisa Mann 🍱

On importance of food and nutrition (Can be used to support Indian push for Millets)
@

10. Growth through Inclusivity, Inclusivity through Growth! 💰

Use in: GS3 (Inclusive growth)

11. Solar energy is Sure, Pure and Secure

Use in: GS3 (Infrastructure), Essays on renewable energy topics
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STRATEGY

1. How to read newspaper for UPSC? 📰

WHICH newspaper? 🤔
Hindu or Express?
Pick one of your choice, just be consistent.

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Next, how much TIME for newspaper?
On days 30-35 mins, on other 70.

No hard custom. Only rule is ‘Syllabus Awareness’

Okay @CseWhy, how do I know when is it 35 and when’s it 70?

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Syllabus. For newspaper, always know this unique insight:

Syllabus is the strategy.

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Okay, I get it. But how?

- treat syllabus of GS & optional as a separate subject

- start your day by reading it every day
- If the need be, keep a digital/print copy handy when you read newspaper
C

Now, how to read it? 🗞

Understand how brain functions: It appreciates certainty.

How can you bring it in newspaper reading?

@

Read it in 2 rounds. How? Read ahead

Round 1 (5-7 mins) 🖊

- don’t read, skim.
- tick the articles/news relevant as per syllabus
This round will prepare your mind for certainty of 2nd round: “what all to read?”
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Round 2 👀
Now that mind is certain, you won’t feel either fatigue or anxiety while reading all that
you’ve marked :)
Hmm, so how do I make notes? 📝
Figure if you want to make notes. If you do, don’t make notes daily.

Why? A topic has been in the news for a week or so!

Collect articles and make notes every 7-10 days (not daily)

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Important thread on Newspaper reading with examples

1. This report shared details about India's first Dark Sky Reserve in Ladakh.

BUT that is not all! An intelligent UPSC aspirant will pick 4 diff imp details from JUST one
report.😲

I’ve written them at the bottom

- Changthang WS (location, diversity,species)

- ‘Homestays’ of ladakh (economy & culture)

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- UNESCO certification (revise biosphere reserves and world heritage sites)

- light pollution (be curious enough to learn more about this.)

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SE
C
@
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2. This article on SCO is imp but HOW to know what to focus on for UPSC?

Take a note of:

- Structure, members, org details

- The keywords for Mains , focus on the keywords in the red box.

Simply write it in this sheet you make in front of GS2 topic of Bilateral, regional, global
groupings.

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W
SE
C
@
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3. Don't see one article and start noting it down. Keep stocking newspapers and wait for
5-7 days before you make notes (if you do!)

Why? eg: 5G was in the news but all details are never in 1 article. I compiled notes from 4-5
articles .

4. Operation Ganga brought thousands of Indians back home from Ukraine. But is that
enough for a smart UPSC aspirant to know? NO! 😅

What'll a smart aspirant do? Google other such operations in the past and compile

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a list to revise as seen in this image.

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SE
C
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5. Newspapers are a rich source for Prelims info, CA notes and most importantly,
Mains Keywords.

Yes, it is tough to keep a tap on all of them.

No, it is not tough for YOU.

Bonus💡
If you want to make notes from newspapers but don't know the organized way to do it,

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learn here! 👇

"How to make notes from Newspaper?"🗞

A lot of people fear making notes from newspaper simply because they don't know how
to!🥶

1. Keywords

2. Quotes
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Divide the note making from Newspaper in following segments
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3. Prelims Facts

4. Mains Centric

Let us see these one by one👇

1. Keywords
C

Keywords help you earn more marks.

2 way approach to collect them:

@

➡ Newspaper
➡ Speeches of PM (3/12)
1.1 Newspaper📰

You'd find some articles valuable but won't know how to make use of them in your notes.

Simple: You need enriching keywords topic wise. Note them!

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1.2 PM Speeches💬

Keywords from the speeches of Prime Minister will give you an edge in your answers. I
compile them in one google doc for you to access for Free, find it in my telegram pinned
message.

2. Quotes🗣

Newspapers have great quotes but you don't know how to note them.

There are two ways

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1. I share them an organized form of the same daily on my Telegram. Join me there

2. Organize them in the format shown in the image below👇

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SE
C
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3. Prelims Facts📣

At times you read a fact and think you will remember it.

Fun Fact: You won't until you note them.

Maintain a subject wise copy for these notes.

eg: A Q I posted few weeks ago + notes for pre on same topic

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SE
C
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4. Mains Centric📝

a) 1-2 page topic wise syllabus

b) Value addition from current affairs

Example:

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W
SE
C
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2. How to make notes for MAINS?

Only 0.1% of the students who apply make it to the final list of CSE.

~0.01% make it to IAS. One of the things that separate these 0.01% is their ability to
make concise notes.

So, how to make clear, concise and valuable notes?

1) Know your aim (and syllabus)

You are in this game of UPSC to not earn a PhD but just have 'General' Idea. The subjects

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are called 'General Studies' for a reason.

Which means, if you have 1-2 page notes for every topic of Mains syllabus, you have an
edge on exam day.

2) Be smart!

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A lot of students waste pages (& years) by filling notebooks of notes thinking it will help
them sail. End result? Name not in list!

Note making is an art and you need to learn it before you waste 1-2 years writing and
failing UPSC.
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3) Use A4 sheets

Why?

- Value addition possible

- want to add more notes? Add an extra page and staple!

C

- Clean notes on paper, cleaner visual memory

4) How on A4?
@

- Fold the A4 sheet as shown in the image below

- On top left, as shown, write the Subject, Topic, and Page No.

- On top right, write name of topic

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- Leave left margin for the value addition

- Main body only in the segment shown

- bottom left for some formula or mnemonics.

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- bottom right for writing it in your words
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C
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3. ANSWER WRITING PRACTICE

Answer writing scares a lot of aspirants. Even more if it is a 3 hour test.

Here’s an efficient way to get over this fear: write 2 answers daily (one 10 marker and 15
marker each)

At the end of

week: 14 answers

30 days: 60 ans (equivalent to 3 tests)

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It’s a win!

Consistency is one detrimental factor in UPSC. But how to be consistent?

Break things in parts:

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- can’t write a 3 hr test? Write 3 answers a day

- can’t do 100 prelims PYQ in a day? Do 20.

- can’t read newspaper notes daily? Make ‘em weekly

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Remember, small steps>no steps
C
@
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4. CSAT

How to improve my CSAT score?

- Solve last 5 PYQs full tests

- Once done, analyze your weak sections; prepare list

- work on 1 such topic 20 minutes daily (~120 minutes a week)

- where to find Q to improve?freeupscmaterials[dot]org

- Maintain excel sheet to track daily progress

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W
SE
How to optimize use of this sheet?

- In comments, write what worked/helped/new trick/formula

C

- can add more fields (this is just a sample) like [PYQ attempted], [avg time taken], [score]
etc

- Make the analysis of this sheet a daily routine in those 20 mins

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5. ANALYZE PYQS
How to analyze Prelims PYQ?

Step by step approach:

- pick 25 PYQ daily

- solve them on your own

- visit answer key to score

- now, check 3 wrong options of every Q

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- In google doc, note down relevant information about them.

These options will be source of Qs next time.

Small example:

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Pre 2022 Q (image 1): which of these cause acid rain?
SE
C
@

In 2010 Pre, a question was asked on similar lines. While analysing PYQs, I made a note of it
in my notes.
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W
Took just 10 seconds to solve this Q. 🥰
SE
C
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HOW TO STUDY NATIONAL PARKS/WLS ETC

100+ national parks in India, how can I cover them all for UPSC?

- go state by state, one state every 1-2 days

- Trace a li’ll of history, geography of ‘em

- if possible, create connect b/w those of state. How?

Example: #1

in Assam, ‘MONDay ko Kaziranga’ was what I used before Raimona and Dibang-Patkai

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were announced.

M: Manas

O: Orang

N: Nameri

D: Dibru-Saikhowa

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You can create similar incorporation the 2 new as well!
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#2 KL-TN border has wide diversity. A rough idea of what’s where and famous for what
gives you an edge if prepared together.

Attaching image from my virtual notes for reference.

C
@
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W
Idea is basic: break it down in simple units.
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I learnt this from a Quora answer of Dhananjay Singh Yadav (@dhananjaysy) AIR 95 UPSC
2018.

Link to the answer:

https://www.quora.com/For-the-UPSC-CSE-do-we-have-to-learn-all-the-103-national-parks-i
n-India
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@
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6. HOW TO STUDY FOR WORLD MAP RELATED TOPICS

How do I prepare a world map?

Paste one on your wall and observe the regions closely every day for 8-10 minutes.If
done right,

- you’ll never need any mnemonic for ASEAN, SAARC, BIMSTEC or any grouping

- countries and borders tricks won’t be needed

eg: UPSC 2022 Pre Question borders of Afghanistan.

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W
SE
C
@

If you observed Central Asia on map right, this was a cakewalk.

Second example:

UP-PCS 2022 question

3 countries on an island? Is that possible?

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If you observed south east Asia right, you’d have known: Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei

Cakewalk!

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W
SE
Focus on regions, develop your observation
C
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7. GS IV ETHICS PLAN
Comprehensive strategy to prepare for GS-IV Ethics.

Mindset, Sources, Plan, and Strategy.

1. Mindset

Know the purpose of Ethics exam:

It is to test YOU.

Your ethics.

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Your morals.

Your belief system.

You as a CASE study

2. Sources
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Writing idealist answers that you memorised won’t take you far. Imbibe originality!

- start with Michael Sandel lectures. (YouTube)

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- Syllabus

- pick any standard source recommended for UPSC syllabus

- Tentative:

• autobiographies of politicians, reformers, sportsmen & businessmen.

C

• Civil Services Conduct Rules (read through once)

3. Plan
@

- give one day to every topic [ 8 days, 1 (Attitude) to 8 (Probity)]

- read your sources for that day!

- Make 1-2 page notes, develop diagrams and flow charts linking diff terms of syllabus

- define the keywords in your language

4. Strategy

- for case studies:

• solve PYQs
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• read newspaper from this pov

• Create bank of case studies from 🗞

• realism > idealism

• In mocks, no more than 100 mins on these

Next, indulge in valuable discussions with your parents, teachers, and respectable elders.

Discuss random case studies to learn their perspectives. (Don’t waste time on chai tapris at

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places like ORN doing this)

These discussions will enrich your answers, help you revise concepts and see alternate
perspectives.

Lastly, neutrality won’t take you far.

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In ethics, a realist scores while an idealist scares. Your scores reflect your ethics not the
other way around. Be a realist!
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C
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STATS

1) 🇮🇳 States stats as per Census 2011

1. Population Density👪

- Highest: BR

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- Lowest: Arunachal

2. Population

- Highest: UP

- Lowest: Sikkim

3. Sex ratio♂♀ W
SE
- Highest: KL

- Lowest: HR

4. Literacy

- Highest: KL
C

- Lowest: BR
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2) Stats about #MSMEs for #UPSC Mains Answers (GS3)

➡ 30% contribution to total GDP of India
➡ 50% share in total exports of India
➡ 11cr+ people employed

Important data point(s) to be quoted in #UPSC Mains Answers

Year MMR

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2001-03 301

2018-20 97

Year

2005

2021
IMR

58

27
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SE
MMR: Maternal Mortality Rate

IMR: Infant Mortality Rate

3) Stats you can quote in #UPSC Mains GS3 answers

C

➡Software: 0.8% of the workforce, 8% contribution to GDP

➡Remittances: 2% population, $100bn contribution
@

➡ Remittances: 25% higher than FDI and 25% lower than software contributions
1. Ethanol production for blending in India (In crore litres)

2013-14: 38

2021-22: 450

2025-26: 1016 (NITI aayog)

2. World Bank: By 2050, climate change may reduce India’s GDP by 3%

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Articles of Indian Constitution

1. Constitutional Bodies’ related Articles

of the Indian Constitution compiled in one place! 😍

1. Attorney General for India: Article 76

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2. CAG of India: Article 148 📚

3. Advocate General (for States): Article 165

4. State Election commission: Article 243K 🗳

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5. Inter state council: Article 263 🤝

6. GST council: Article 279A 📈

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7. Finance Commission: Article 280 📈

8. UPSC/State PSC: Article 315-323 👑

9. Election Commission of India: Article 324 🗳

10. National commission for Scheduled Castes: Article 338 😁

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11. National commission for Scheduled Tribes: Article 338A 😄

12. National commission for Backward Classes: Article 338B 😀

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13. Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities: Article 350B 🔆

How to use them in Mains?

a) "The Attorney-General is the chief legal adviser and lawyer of the GoI. Discuss" (UPSC
CSE Mains 2019)

Mention the article 76 Attorney General in Intro to score brownie points! 😉

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b) Discuss the role of the National Commission for Backward Classes in the wake of its
transformation from a statutory body to a constitutional body. (UPSC CSE Mains 2022)

Start with mention of Article 338B in intro (and 340 if you know) and score higher 😇

2. 9 important Articles of Constitution about Supreme Court

1. Article 124: Establishment & Constitution of SC

This article gives:

- strength of SC (currently 34)

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- appointment by President
- Qualification to be a judge
- Removal of a judge
- Oath and post retirement restrictions

This article gives:

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2. Article 129: Court of Record & Contempt

- SC to be a court of record
- Powers to punish for its contempt of itself (2 types of contempt: criminal & civil)
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3. Article 130: Seat of SC

This article gives:

- SC shall sit in Delhi
- CJI, with President's approval, may appoint some other place as seat of SC
C

4. Article 131: Original Jurisdiction in matters of

- Centre and states

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- Centre and states on one side and state(s) on other

- States and states
Any matter between them, SC has original jurisdiction
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5. Article 132: Appellate jurisdiction

An appeal lie to SC from any judgment of any HC:

- in civil or criminal cases
- if certifies that case involves 'substantial question of law'
- case requires interpretation of constitution

133/134 about civil/criminal appeal in SC from HC

6. Article 136: Special Leave to Appeal (SLA)

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SLA from any judgment, sentence or order of any:
- court
- tribunal
- relevant authority

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7. Article 137: Review of judgements of SC

SC can self review its judgment.

eg: Remember 3 Judges cases? SC reversed its own order of 1st case in 2nd case.
SE
Checkout three cases here: 👇
What are the 3 famous cases? ⚖
1) First Judges Case 1981☝ (AKA- S.P.GUPTA VS UNION OF INDIA)

- Seven judge bench decision

- Executive is deciding authority
- Executive can disagree with CJI for "cogent reasons"
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2) Second Judges Case.

(AKA- SUPREME COURT ADV ON RECORD ASSOCIATION VS UNION OF INDIA)
@

- Nine judge bench decision

- reversed the 1981 verdict
- Interpreted "consultation" as "concurrence" of CJI
- CJI to make decision with a collegium including 2 senior most judges
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3) Third Judges Case 1998👌 ( a reply to president’s question of law - special reference 1 of
1998)

- President KR Narayanan sought opinion u/A 143

- SC reiterated the 1993 judgement
- Collegium extended to include 4 senior most judges now
- gave legal backing to the current system of appointing judges

8. Article 141: Law declared by SC to be binding on all courts

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SC's judgements are sort of precedent for all lower courts to abide by!

Ye judgements apne aap me hi ek kanoon ki tarah hoti hai.

9. Article 143: Powers of President to consult SC

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- The advice is non-binding on President
- SC can refuse to give advice

3. Articles related to Finance & Economy

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First, Syllabus Mapping
GS2: Functions and Responsibilities of Union and States, Issues and challenged pertaining to the
federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels

Let's get started!

C

Article 265

No tax shall be levied or collected except by authority of law

@

In short, if you doubt someone is collecting 'taxes' from you illegally, you can ask them for
their ID or authority! 😏

Article 266 (1), 266 (2) and 267💸💰

-266 (1) Consolidated Fund of India

-266 (2) Public Fund of India
-267 Contingency fund of India
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Important Articles related to Public Funds in India you’ll need to quote in Mains Answers:

1. 266(1) Consolidated Fund of India

2. 266(2) Public Accounts of India
3. 267 Contingency Fund of India

What are these? How do they differ?

Consolidated Fund (CF) of India (266(1))

a) all expenses of govt met by this fund

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b) parliamentary approval needed to withdraw money

Source:
- Direct/Indirect Taxes
- Loans by govt

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- Return on loans govt has given etc

Public Accounts of India (266(2))

a) no parliamentary approval needed

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Source:
All other public money other than CF like
- Bank savings of various ministries
- Defense Fund
- National Small savings fund
- National Investment Fund
C

- Disaster Management fund etc

Contingency Fund of India (267)

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- 500 crore corpus

- Held by Secretary of Finance Ministry on behalf of President of India
- Use: unexpected/unforeseen expenditure

CAG to audit all 3 funds

Asaan tha na?🥰
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Article 268-270🧾🤯

The taxes that are levied, appropriated and distributed between Union and State.
How? Simplified it for you in the following table!

Article Imposed by Collected by Appropriated by Goes to Example

268 C S S CFS Stamp,

excise

269 C C S CFS Inter state

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goods

270 C C C,S CFI/CFS surcharge

+ors not
covered
above

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C- CENTRE, , S- STATE, CFI/CFS - Consolidates Fund of India/ State
Grants💵📈
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Article 275: Statutory Grants💪
- Recommended by FC
- Charged on CFI

Article 282: Discretionary Grants🤌

- For any public purpose by Union or State
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- No obligation on Union to make these grants

Constitutional Bodies
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1. GST Council u/A 279A (101st Amendment)

2. Finance Commission u/A 280 (to recommend tax distribution)

Borrowing by 🙏

1. Union u/A 292 empowered to borrow internally or externally

2. State u/A 293
- Can't independently borrow externally
- If indebted to Union, need Union's permission to borrow more
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Article 300A 🏠

Right to property made a legal right (from fundamental right) via 44th Amendment Act

Trade, Commerce and Intercourse (TCI)🏗🚢🚚

1. 301: TCI free throughout territory of India

2. 302: Parliament has power to impose restrictions on TCI

Give a rough read to 303-307 to understand TCI further :)

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4. Articles of Constitution and fun way to learn them:

⭐“1-2 interchange trick”

124: Supreme Court

214: High Court W
1. 124 and 214 (interchange 1-2)
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2. 123 and 213 (interchange 1-2)
123: Ordinance power of President
213: Ordinance power of Governor

Important articles of constitution related to Union and trick to remember them:

C

“Number game”
Take a pen and paper. Write 5-6-7 top to bottom and in front of each, write 2-3-4

5 2: President
@

6 3: Vice President
7 4: Ministers’ Council headed by PM

Hogya yaad! 😎
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Important Articles of constitution related to Panchayat and trick to remember them:

“Similar sound trick”

243i: Finance Commission to review finances of panchayat (i sound matches i in f-i-nance)

243K: election to Panchayat

(ele-K-tion sound)

Fundamental Rights available only to citizens of India:

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15,16,19,29,30

Read it in Hindi, you’ll never forget:

~Pandrah, Saulah, Unnees, Unnatees, Tees.

Hogya yaad! 😎

6. Connected Themes W
SE
Eg: some institutions are called bulwarks of constitution. Which all?

76: Attorney General

148: CAG
315: UPSC
324: EC
C

Hogya yaad! 😎

7. The MNEMONICS WAY!

@

Eg: FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS MNEMONICS:

Right to Equality (Article 14-18)

Mnemonic: E-DOUT
14: Equality
15: no Discrimination
16: equality of Opportunity
17: Untouchability abolished
18: Titles abolished
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Right to Freedom (Article 19-22)

Mnemonic: S-OLEA
19: Speech
20: conviction for Offences
21: Life
21A: Education
22: Arrest and detention

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Right against Exploitation (23-24)

Mnemonic: TC (Take Care against Exploitation)

23: no human Trafficking and bonded labor

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24: no Child employment

Right to Freedom of Religion (25-28)

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Mnemonic: PATE (sound of पित; in Indian culture, 'religion' sees god as पित. eg:
Pashu'pati' nath)
So, PATE:

25: Practice, Profess and Propagate one's religion

26: manage religious Affairs
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27: no Taxes for promotion of any religion

28: no religious Education in state run institutions

Cultural & Educational Rights (29-30)

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Mnemonic: ME
29: protection of rights of Minorities
30: rights of minorities to Establish and administer Educational institutions
142

Rights to Constitutional Remedies (32-35)

Mnemonic: SAME

32: Supreme court writ

33: parliament powers to modify Armed forces rights
34: Martial law
35: legislation to bring these into Effect (9/9)

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8. Contextual Learning :

8.1.
eg: Antarctica bill passed, SC comments on PMLA. Both enacted to fulfil int’l commitments
Q you shall ask self: u/ which article is legislation for int’l agreements done? Google to find!
A253.

8.2.
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142 : ‘Complete Justice’ (by Supreme Court)
Used by SC in EPFO judgement.
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8.3
Article 43B (In news because of Multi State cooperative bill)
Article 43B: Promotion of Cooperative Societies
To be quoted in #UPSC mains related to Co-op societies.

8.4
C

Article 170 (In news cz of delimitation in Assam & JnK)

Census figures (2001) shall be used for purpose of readjustment of Parliamentary and
Assembly Constituencies in the State.
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8.5
Article 330 & 332 (In news cz of delimitation in Assam & JnK)
Reservation of seats for the SC and ST will be provided as per Article 330 & 332 respectively

8.6
Article 263 (MH-KA Belagavi dispute)
Powers to President to set up an Inter-state Council for resolution of disputes between
states.
Bonus 💡
Article 262 is same but for River water disputes
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8.7
Article 244

6th schedule u/A 244 protects autonomy of tribal populations. It provides for creating
autonomous development councils which can frame laws on land, health and agriculture.
10 such districts in AS, MG, TR, MZ.

8.8
Article 170: Delimitation Data
"The population data to be used for drawing boundaries of constituencies will be as per

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2001 census until 1st census post 2026 is published"

So, why 2011 census used in JnK?

- JnK Reorg. Act '19 mentioned 2011 census data for delimitation

8.9

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Article 176: (In news: TN Governor address issue)
Governor to make a special address at first session of each year of State Legislative
Assembly (and Council, if it be)
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8.10
Article 239AA (In news: LG-AAP Govt. clash)
- Added by 69th Amendment Act in 1991
- "Special provisions w.r.t. Delhi"
- The legislative assembly of Delhi u/A 239AA
C
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9. STORY TELLING
A fun way to remember things is via storytelling. Try to connect things and
remember them via some story.

1st image: provisions of Article 19 (1)

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W
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2nd image: story of how to remember these in order?
C
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Article 19(1) kabhi nahi bhuloge ab! 🥰

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3 Articles of Constitution you’ll never forget after reading this :

Number 338!

338: National Commission for SC (NCSC)

338A: National Commission for ST (NCST)
338B: National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC)

(B for BC, first comes SC, what’s left ? A -ST)

Hogya yaad! 😎

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5. SCHEDULES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION

How to remember all the 12 schedules of the Indian constitution? Form a story. How? Read
on!

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Let us start from the bottom. Why?
These 4 were added later via amendments.
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Take a look! 👇
Schedule 11: Power, Authority & Responsibility of Panchayats
Schedule 12: Power, Authority & Responsibility of Municipalities

Panchayat & Municipality shall remind you of 73/74 Amendment Acts. Yeah?
C

That's right! 73-74 AA added these two!

Schedule 10: Disqualification from LS/RS/SLA/SLC

@

Quite in news wrt MLAs shifting loyalties.

The story of 10 by PM Rajiv Gandhi is widely renowned to remember how he brought in a 10/10
law! *wink*
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Schedule 9: Land Reforms

Do you know how it was added?

PM Nehru's govt wanted an escape from legal scrutiny of land reforms.

Comes 1951, the very next year of constitution and we saw a new schedule.

So, 9-10-11-12 fixed. right?

Let's now go to top!

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Know that these are just ways to frame a story.
A story you will never forget, I promise!!!

The story here is:

as per its 'language'.

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Fix the 'Union', its 'officers', its 'natives' first and then decide the 'powers in lists'

How does it materialize? Read on!

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Schedule 1: Names of states and UT of the 'Union'

First has to be naming 'em all, yeah? Yeah.

Schedule 2: Emoluments, allowances and privileges

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Basically, Paisa and power of officers that 'Union' appoints

'2 number ka paisa' is a colloquial term used in India. Getit? ;)

@

I bet you'll never forget this schedule here after.

Schedule 3: Oaths and affirmations

Do you expect 'Union' to give 'paisa' to officers without pledge or commitment? I don't.
So, let them take an 'OATH'!

Schedule 4: Allocation of seats in RS to states and UT

Wait! So, the 'Union' has states but how do you represent these states in the capital?
Give them 'seats' in the Council of 'States'!
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Schedule 5: Administration and Control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes

Alright! Union sorted, officers sorted; let's now look at welfare of the natives of the land.
Time to look at all that's 'scheduled'- Areas and the Tribe.

Schedule 6: Tribal Areas Admin of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram

Schedule 7: Division of powers between Union and States

Okay, now that you have the admin set up, who takes care of what?

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Let's separate the powers in lists for the two:

- Union list
- State list
- Concurrent list.

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Schedule 8: Language of the Union

Which language is used for the conduct of all of this?

Let Schedule 8 decide that! :D
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Yeah yeah I am aware of TEARS OF OLD PM but I am someone who'll want to rely on visual
memory & contextual learning.
C
@
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6. PROVISIONS FOR WOMEN, CHILDREN AND SC/ST

Quoting these provisions will improve the quality of your UPSC Mains answers by 1.5x
🥶🤗

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W
SE
C
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3. SC/ST

SC: Notification u/A 341(1) ST: Definition u/A 366(25) … notified u/A 342
Provisions: Social, Economic, Educational/Cultural, Political, Service Safeguards

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W
SE
C
@
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7. HINDI CENTRIC ARTICLES

3 articles: 343, 344, 351

What do they say about Hindi?

Article 343:

Official language of the union will be Hindi.

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English too continues to be an official language indefinitely since 1967

Article 344:

Parliamentary Language Committee to recommend on making progressive use of Hindi

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language for the official purposes of the union

Initially at 5 years of commencement of constitution and thereafter every 10 years

Article 351:
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It shall be the duty of union to promote the spread of Hindi language
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8. WRITS

First, there are 5 writs. You can remember them via mnemonic

Mnemonic: MPC-HQ

M: Mandamus
P: Prohibition
C: Certiorari
H: Habeus Corpus

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Q: Quo Warranto

1. Mandamus

- "We Command"

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- A command by court to perform duties that have been refused to perform!
- This writ 'demands action' ie activity 🏃
- issues against public official/body/corporation
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- can't be issued against a Pvt individual/body

eg: A victim gets their complain for FIR rejected. They can move SC/HC seeking 'action' of
having an FIR registered (if case is legit).
Here, police will have to 'perform duty that have been refused to perform'
C

2. Prohibition: "We prohibit"

@

- Prohibition of action by officers of lower court in cases which do not fall in their
jurisdiction or against rule of natural justice
- 'demands inactivity'🧍
- Issued ONLY against judicial/quasi-judicial authority

eg: Say, a judicial officer with personal interest in the case might have their bias impact the
decision (and principles of natural justice)
HC/SC can issue a Prohibition on their suspension/removal from that case
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3. Certiorari: "We certify"

- certification to move a case from inferior to superior court

- this is a 'curative writ' ie when higher court believes lower court either did not have
jurisdiction in the case or committed legal error

eg: Famous Roe v/s Wade case of 1973 had been decided after grant of certiorari against a
lower court order (which was recently revisited) (9/13)

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4. Habeus Corpus: "To have the body of"

- directs physical presence of detained before court

- can be against pvt/public body/individual
- Issued when detained

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- not produced before magistrate in 24 hrs
- for no violation of law or unconstitutional law
- with malintent
eg:
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- ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla is a famous case of Habeus Corpus
- Sitaram Yechury filed Habeus Corpus in SC against detention of CPI (M) leader M Y
Tarigami post abrogation of Article 370

5. Quo Warranto: "by what warrant?"

C

- enquires legality of claim of person/public office

- prevents an officer to act in an office in which they are not entitled to
- only against public individual/body
@

eg: during COVID19, civil defense volunteers (CDV) were deployed in streets of Delhi. At a
few places, the cases of collecting challan by them was brought to the news.
Since the power to issue challan is with police, one could go to SC u/ Quo Warranto against
CDV
153

CSEWhy SPECIALS

1. 9 Things to know before getting into UPSC Prep

1. More is not always better!📚

- Limit your resources

- Limit the people you follow

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- Limit the Telegram groups you are in

More is not better! 🤔

2. Stuck or clueless? Seek help!💡🔆

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- A genuine call for help is never unanswered
- Value the time of those you are approaching
- Ask targeted questions seeking genuine help!
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3. A plan a week leaves you struggling and weak!📝🤒

- Take 2-3 days to fix a 6-8 months plan

- Stick to it with great faith in your abilities
- Avoid switching the plan based on FOMO

Remember: Training is meant to be repetitive, on a purpose!🏋

C

4. Track everything⚖
@

- Time (Anything you do for more than 15 mins? Track!)

- Sleep (Anything less than 7 or more than 9 hours? Track!)
- Calories (Anything more than your burn rate? Track!)

5. It will be uncomfortable🥴😅

Next 5 months are meant to be aggressive. They will be heavy!

It is a mental battle over anything. Stand your ground!
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6. Progressive overload, avoid extremes! 📈

- Yes, you need to put in hours.

- No, you can't shift gears overnight.

Solution? Incremental changes.

- Add 20 mins daily to your study schedule till you reach optimum hrs
- Phase out junk (be it food or social media)

7. Nutrition & Fitness🥗🏃

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- Support your body to have it support you
- Your physical health will strengthen your mental health

8. Make hard choices! 🚫❌

- A friend is getting married and requires you to be with them for a week? No

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- Out on a break and offered alcohol? No
- Craving cheese burst pizza that slows your mind & body? No

Hard choices, harder returns!

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9. Consistency is your sword! ☑

- Show up every DAY till 28th MAY

- No excuses, no leaves (only strategic breaks)
- And oh, hard choices.
C
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2. Social Media is ruining your UPSC preparation!🤯😡

Do these 5 things for JUST 14 days and see how your life changes drastically!

1. Uninstall social apps!📱

You read it right. Get rid of all the apps and switch to web. Why?

➡Apps are designed to keep you hooked to your screen

➡Twitter, Telegram, YouTube all can be accessed via web in controlled manner.

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Delete them NOW! 😲

2. When on web, limit your time!🕒

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Even when on web, keep an eye on the clock!
➡Come online only to check imp details
➡Set 10 mins a day to check Telegram to learn

eg I post highly relevant & Just 1-2 messages a day.

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Join to check it ONLY once daily

3. Curate your feed! 🤌

Unfollow every account that brings no value to your life.

➡Follow #UPSC relevant accounts like @CseWhy

➡Follow those who help you get better with your mind and body
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➡Avoid politics & irrelevant news

4. Keep your phone away!📲

@

Even without social media apps, notifications can be overwhelming

➡Before sleeping, don't keep phone in vicinity of your bed

➡Rather, keep a book on side.
➡Replace early morning phone addiction with 10 mins of reading!
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5. Weekly Digital DETOX! 😮

Weekly digital detox does to your mind that Fasting does to your body!

➡Set a day in a week where you don't use phone/screen

➡Spend more time in nature, with friends or outdoors

3. 6 YouTube videos from Selected Officers

will take you closer to your #UPSC goal

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1. How to analyse UPSC PRE PYQs by the OG expert @AnupamSharmaIFS sir 🤯:
https://t.co/iNsJ5PPd0z

2. Maintaining focus everyday is a big challenge! “How to stay focused?” by IPS

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@SinhaAnna ma’am😎: https://t.co/MN0WOQaxt8

3. Simple and effective tips to improve your Answer Writing by energy powerhouse
@KrutiNaik13 ma’am😁: https://t.co/PkgobCBn4H
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4. “How to Prepare Current Affairs for #UPSC?” Another master class by
@AnupamSharmaIFS sir 😍: https://t.co/K64Ip5zbEN

5. “How to improve English for #UPSC?” A must watch for all!! By @KrutiNaik13 ma’am:
https://t.co/xtESl74Gaa
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6. An Empowering message by IPS @SinhaAnna ma’am for all 2023 aspirants!:

https://t.co/3tmrqgn7kD
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4. How to take care of your health, nutrition and stress during UPSC prep
My expert friend curated this FREE special workout & nutrition plan ONLY for UPSC
aspirants. Thanks @GeekWhoWorksout

Save this, follow this plan 🏃🥗🏋

"A healthy man wants a thousand things, a sick man only wants one."

- Confucius

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Why do you need to take good care of your health? 🤔

It is good health that will become your biggest support during the tough times of UPSC
prep. How to form a daily exercise habit? Train your subconscious mind!😌

How, you ask? You know it already!

identity?
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Remember how you tell yourself "I am a UPSC aspirant" and it is now a part of your

Do the same BUT with fitness

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Let's begin with the basics!

1. Sleep 🛌

Sleep for 7-9 hours daily.

If you are well rested, you have an edge over those UPSC aspirants who aren't! 😁
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Sleep snug, stay focused! 😉

2. Screen Time📱
@

Screen exhausts you in ways you can't imagine. Cut it out! 😨

Remember,

Low screen time = Lesser distractions = Least chances of failure

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3. Water 🚰

What does Dehydration do? 👇

Tiredness 📈

Focus 📉

Drink 3-4 liters of water every single day.

Tip: Use a One liter bottle and finish it 3-4 times a day.

4. NO to drugs 🚫🚬

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Alcohol, Marijuana, Tobacco befool your mind!

You think they fuel your body or reduce stress? WRONG!

No better stress buster than physical and no better fuel than good nutrition.

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5. Hobbies: The shortcuts which ACTUALLY work! 😮

Be curious to take interest in picking hobbies like:

➡ choosing healthier foods (cooking, finding inexpensive and nutrient-rich foods)

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➡ engaging in physical activities (run, lift weights, yoga, sports)
6. Keep it simple!

A plan to workout >>>> a workout plan

Don't wait till the time you design the world's greatest workout plan.
C

Pick something easy and just start exercising to make it a part of your everyday routine.
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159

7. Basic workout (no equipment)

Push-up

Superman / pull-up

Pike push-up

Bicep curl (use water bottles)

Tricep dips

Squat

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Glute bridge

Calf raises/skipping

Go for a run 2-3 times a week.

Chest press

Bentover back row

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8. Basic workout (dumbbell)
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Shoulder press

Bicep curl

Tricep overhead extension

Squat
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Stiff-leg deadlift

Calf raises
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Go for a run 2-3 times a week.

9.1 Nutrition (A)

- Eat protein-rich foods as much as possible: eggs, chicken, soya, paneer

- Eat more salad every single day!

- Minimize fats: oils, fried food, butter

- Moderate carbohydrates: Roti, rice, dal, bread (12/13)

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9.2 Nutrition (B)

- Simple foods to include in regular diet: milk, curd, fruits

- Minimize (eliminate if possible) sweets, desserts, fried food, fast food, chips, soda drinks

Remember:

No single food will deliver magical results.

Your overall food habits matter the most.

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10. ‘Nothing’ time

- Everyday for 15-20 mins before sleeping, do ‘nothing’

- Sit alone with yourself w/ agenda

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C
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5. HOW TO IMPROVE ENGLISH

One perpetual question aspirants face is how to improve English in course of UPSC (and
eventually for life)

As a student of CBSE board from day 1, I never realized how much it can be a deal breaker
for a few smart people to make the cut for the exam (and eventually in life)

So, how to improve it if you didn’t acquire it in school?

1) First thing first, stop hating or fearing it. It is a skill and you need to learn it. Imbibe this
in your thoughts.

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2) start reading basic books. A lot of us might shit on Chetan Bhagat for his books. I find
this coming from a sense of elitism. Yes, his books may not be for you but they have
instilled a habit of reading in masses.

Best? All of this in simple English. Pick easier books

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3) A book I’ll recommend is this from @jockowillink . Simple English and fine lessons
relevant for UPSC (and eventually, life)

You can get your copy here: https://amzn.to/3Ir1yy4

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4) Develop a habit to write (or type) your thoughts once a day in English.

No word limit, no agenda.

Just you writing how you feel or about an event you came across that day!

5) Record yourself
C

This can work like a miracle. Sit at a distance from the camera and record yourself.

Notice your facial expressions and body movement.

@

Can even upload it on YT privately. Do a video every week

6) Every 3 months, you can see the difference in first and latest video.

This will push you towards your goal better.

7) Lastly, be patient.

Nayi cheez seekh rahe ho. Khud ko 12 maheene ka target do.

Invest just 6 hours a week (an hour a day) and see yourself getting better at writing
answers, speech and thought (and eventually, life)
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6. How to upskill during UPSC prep?

"Okay, you recommend spending 5-7 hours a week on upskilling UPSC aspirants. Which
skills shall I focus on?" read an email I received a couple of days ago.

Which are the 'easy-to-acquire', 'high impact' and 'paying skills' in 2022? Read on!

1. Content/Ghostwriting

UPSC preparation & writing go hand in hand. Any serious aspirant w/ fair knowledge can do
wonders as a content/ghost writer

Register on freelance sites or write to the person/organization you want to write for and

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boom!

2. Graphic Designer

Are you the one whose UPSC Mains answers see ample diagrams? Your artistic self can go
places with out of box thinking!

design for them! *wink*

3. Video Editing
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Start with building your portfolio and then email startups, Youtubers, and creators to
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I need not emphasize on the scope of editing videos. Even with basic skills, the returns are
enormous.

Start with learning Premiere Pro and see yourself scaling new heights. (Who knows you
start your own UPSC related YT channel :D

4. Social Media Manager

C

On my alt account, I shared the importance of studying social media algorithms.

It is easy to create for social media (video + graphics) and if you study algorithms, you will
@

be unstoppable

5. Content Researcher and Strategist

No one can beat an aspirant in sitting for reading hours to develop notes from material.Use
this skill to research and strategize content for the established UPSC centric or
informational YT channels. Just ASK, they sure need YOU!!
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6. Public Relations + Media

Serious UPSC prep gives a unique gift to every aspirant: communication

If you are good at it, try your hands at handling PR & communications for different brands.

Monetizing this skill will also help you prepare better for UPSC interview

7. Photography/Videography

Satyam Gandhi (UPSC CSE AIR 10) (and many aspirants) had an artistic knack for
photography.

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Your skill with a camera can pay you fine working part time as a DoP or shooting videos for
brands, YouTubers and creators!

8. Memes

@UPSCprepIAS has a strong meme game in the UPSC niche. Rishikesh (in their team) is/was

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a UPSC aspirant who's now capitalizing on his skill of memes.If you can tickle some funny
bones leaving audience mind blown, you know what to do! :D

If you closely follow this thread, you will realize that you already have most of these skills,
thanks to UPSC prep. You just have to find the right people who will pay you for these!
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How?

Learn the art of cold emailing and with a little hope mixed with great courage, you can
crack your first paycheck!
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7. PLAN B for UPSC

"What shall be my plan B for UPSC?"

A common question with no definite answer. Here are some tips, that can offer breather,
tho.

Just like every career prep, UPSC prep is also uncertain. It is a big risk big reward. But
'some' regret if you don't make it.

However, you can have some cushion. Read along!

1. 'Master' (the) program

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While you get into the prep mode and worry about gap years, enroll yourself in a Master's
program.

Gives you ~2 years time to prepare for UPSC on side while you get a new degree. (Masters
in Optional is a great idea!)

2. Take a sabbatical

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If you are a working aspirant and your company has a friendly sabbatical policy, take it. If
not, ask one from your manager. Worst that will happen is they will say a no
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If nothing else works out, you can go back to your job, always!

3. 'Paying' Hobbies

The internet has changed the game. You can now make money doing things you like to do
with your hobbies.
C

Think of things you loved doing as a kid & try to capitalize on them!

4. Upskill to build revenue channels

@

Develop new skills & learn design, digital marketing, social media algorithms etc.

Pair your hobbies with this & establish a revenue channel. Can also explore substack & YT
to share things you study everyday.

5. Strong 'Why'

No amount of motivation or Plan B will help if you don't have a strong commitment to Plan
A. Basics are the same, can you execute them everyday?

Have a strong why! Go big or go home, simple :)