Neuro Ophthalmology

Visit the link below to download the full version of this book:

https://medipdf.com/product/neuro-ophthalmology/

Click Download Now

Editors
Judit Somlai Tibor Kovács
Unit of Neuro-Ophthalmology Department of Neurology
Department of Neurology and Stroke Semmelweis University
Military Hospital Budapest
Budapest Hungary
Hungary

ISBN 978-3-319-28954-0 ISBN 978-3-319-28956-4 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-28956-4

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016939129

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or
part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way,
and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software,
or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in
this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor
the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material
contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland
Dedicated to:
László Remenár, M.D.†
(National Neurosurgical Scientific Institute,
Budapest, Hungary)

Márta Hajda, M.D.

(National Neurosurgical Scientific Institute,
Budapest, Hungary)

Prof. Yochanan Goldhammer †

(Tel Hashomer Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel)

Prof. Josef Flammer

(University Eye Clinic, Basel, Switzerland)
Preface

Medical specialties are becoming more and more complex. The knowledge of
experts covers more and more circumscripts. Together with several other fac-
tors, this phenomenon enhances the importance of teamwork. Our book also
aims to meet this need. Neuro-ophthalmology falls in a niche between the
two specialties combining their knowledge concerning the sense of sight.
Vision is the most important system which links us to the outside world. Its
complexity in itself requires the expertise of several specialties, not to men-
tion the visual symptoms of numerous diseases of not neurological origin.
Judit Somlai, who has become a household name in Hungarian neuro-
ophthalmology, managed to win over almost 50 experts to cooperate in the
explanation and education of this field.
This book has some antecedents, as since its first publication (1996) it has
already been revised twice. Both revisions (2007 and 2010) incorporated sub-
stantially updated and supplemented content, written by an increasing num-
ber of authors. You can get an idea of the dynamic development of the field
just by considering the shortened time between two revisions and the expan-
sion of the book; the present publication has twice as many pages as the pre-
vious one.
Similarly to the previous book, the rehabilitation of chronic visual impair-
ment and the available aids get extensive coverage.
This book is also an excellent example of integration and work based on a
complex conceptual base, which is frequently lacking in today’s health care.
I would like to congratulate the authors of this book for providing us with
this consistent and trustworthy knowledge, and I would also like to recom-
mend it to experts working in the field of ophthalmology, neurology, neuro-
surgery, traumatology, radiology, as well as cardiovascular medicine and
rehabilitation.

Péter Halász, M.D.

vii
Contents

Part I The Importance and Role of Neuro-Ophthalmology

1 The Importance and Role of Neuro-ophthalmology

in Ophthalmological Clinical Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Judit Somlai
2 The Importance of Neuro-ophthalmology in Neurology . . . . . . . . 5
Tibor Kovács

Part II Objectives and Recent Results in the

Neuro-Ophthalmological Clinical Practice

3 Mechanisms of Parallel Information Processing

in the Visual System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
György Benedek
4 A New Direction: Neuro-endocrino-immunology . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Csaba Balázs
5 Visual and Oculomotor Disorders in Internal Diseases. . . . . . . . 19
György Pfliegler
6 Genetic Aspects of Neuro-ophtalmological Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 27
Mária Judit Molnár
7 Recent Knowledge in the Neurosurgical Practice
Regarding the Visual System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
János Vajda
8 The Role of Gamma Knife Stereotactic Radiosurgery
in the Treatment of Neuro-ophthalmological Diseases . . . . . . . . 37
Gyôrgy T. Szeifert and Jenô Szeifert
9 Neurointerventional Treatment of Diseases Causing
Neuro-ophthalmological Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Istvan Szikora
10 Recent Results in Neuropathology: Demyelinating
and Conformational Diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Tibor Kovács

ix
x Contents

Part III Conventional, Novel and Complementary Examinations

in Ophthalmology

Functional Tests of the Visual Pathway System

11 Algorithm of the Neuro-ophthalmological
Examination Used in the International Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Judit Somlai
12 Objective and Subjective Examination Methods
of Visual Acuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Márta Janáky
13 Examination of Contrast Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Márta Janáky
14 Examination of Color Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Klára Aczél
15 Electroretinography (ERG): Electrophysiological
Examination of the Retina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Ägnes Farkas
16 Functional Examinations of the Visual Pathway
System with Electrophysiological Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Márta Janáky
17 Clinical Importance of Conventional and Modern Visual
Field Tests in the Topographical Diagnostics of Visual
Pathway Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Judit Somlai
18 The Differential Diagnosis of Visual Field Deficits
at the Bedside. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Gyula Gács and Ildikó Szilvássy
19 The Role of Fluorescein Angiography and Optical
Coherence Tomography in the Examination
of Circulatory Disorders of the Optic Disc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Zsuzsa Récsán and Zsuzsa Szepessy
20 Optical Coherence Tomography of the Optic Disc
and the Macula in Neurodegenerative Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Gábor Márk Somfai, Erika Tátrai, and Magdolna Simó
Neuro-Ophthalmological Examinations of the Eye Movements
21 Diagnosis, Differential Diagnosis and Treatment
of Congenital Ocular Motor Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Anna Soproni and Patrícia Domsa
22 Polatest Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Judit Pálfia and Ernő Pálfia
Contents xi

23 Physiology and Examination Methods

of the Pupillomotor Pathway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Bernadett Salomváry
24 Neuro-ophthalmological Methods for the Clinical
Analysis of Double Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Judit Somlai
Supplementary Test Procedures
25 Duplex Ultrasound Examination of the Carotid
and Vertebral Arteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Péter Barsi
26 Transcranial Doppler Examination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Gyula Pánczél
27 Color Doppler Ultrasound Examination in Orbital
Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
János Németh, Zoltan Harkányi, and Zita Morvay
28 The Role of the Ophthalmologic Ultrasound
in Neuro-ophthalmology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Béla Csákány and János Németh
29 The Role of the EMG-ENG in Diagnosing
Neuro-ophthalmologic Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Mária Judit Molnár
30 Computed Tomography Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
József Kenéz
31 Neuroradiology, Functional MRI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
György Várallyay and Lajos Rudolf Kozák
32 Novel Information Regarding the Visual
and Eye Movement Systems in Otoneurology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Ágnes Szirmai
33 Electro-Oculography (EOG) Examination
of Eye Movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Szilvia Gulyás
34 The Importance of Familiar Thrombophilias in the Clinical
Practice. Novel Ways in Anticoagulant Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
László Nemes
35 Novel Consideration Regarding the Role of Evoked
Potential in Confirming the Diagnosis of Eye Movement
Disorders of Brainstem Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Szabolcs Tóth
xii Contents

Part IV Diseases of Retina and the Optic Nerve (Visual and Sensory
System)

Congenital Diseases of the Retina and the Visual Pathway

36 Hereditary Diseases of the Retina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Ágnes Farkas
37 The Roles of Electroretinography (ERG) and Visual
Evoked Potential (VEP) Examinations in the Diseases
of the Retina and/or the Optic Nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Márta Janáky
38 Congenital Diseases of the Optic Nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Márta Janáky
39 Phacomatoses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Judit Somlai
Acquired Diseases of the Optic Nerve
Inflammatory Diseases
40 Retrobulbar Optic Neuropathy:
From the Neurologist’s Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Gábor Lovas
41 Neuromyelitis Optica (Devic’s Disease):
A New Concept for an Old Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Zsolt Illes
42 Acquired Inflammatory Diseases of the Optic Nerve:
From the Neuro-Ophthalmologist’s Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Judit Somlai
Circulatory Disorders
43 Vascular Diseases of the Optic Nerve: Internal
Medicine Aspects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
György Pfliegler
44 The Cardiovascular Background of ‘Intracerebral
Small Vessel Disease’. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Éva Nieszner
45 Vascular Diseases of the Optic Nerve:
The Neuro-Ophthalmologist’s Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Judit Somlai
Compressive Optic Neuropathy
46 Diseases Causing Compression of the Optic Nerve:
The Neurosurgeon’s Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
János Vajda
47 Neuro-Ophthalmological Aspects of Tumors Causing
Compression of the Visual Pathway System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Bernadett Salomváry
Contents xiii

Traumatic Optic Neuropathy

48 The Significance of Neuro-ophthalmology
in the Diagnosis and Therapy of Cranial Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . 421
György T. Szeifert and Judit Somlai
Toxic and Deficiency Optic Neuropathy
49 Toxic and Deficiency Optic Neuropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Vera Klein
Eye Related Symptoms and Signs of Intracranial Hypertension
50 Ocular Symptoms and Signs of Intracranial
Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Judit Somlai
51 Big Blind Spot Syndrome (Papillophlebitis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Gyula Gács and Ildikó Szilvássy

Part V Neuro-Ophthalmologic Aspects of the Ocular Motor System

Disorders of the Pupillomotor Pathway

52 The Most Important Disorders of the Pupillomotor
Pathway in the Clinical Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Judit Somlai
Infranuclear and Nuclear Neurogenic Paresis
53 Congenital Eye Movement Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Andrea Deák
54 The Most Important Clinical Syndromes of Acquired
Nuclear and Infranuclear Eye Movement Disorders,
and Their Diagnostic and Therapeutic Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Judit Somlai
Neurogenic Paresis Due Too Dysfunction of the Brainstem
55 Eye Movement Disorders Related to Brainstem
Dysfunctions -Types, Clinical Significance of Vertical
Localization, Modern Therapeutic Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Judit Somlai
56 The Clinical Significance of Otoneurology
in the Diagnosis of Brainstem Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Ágnes Szirmai
57 Examination of the Eye Movements of the Patient
in Coma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
György Geréby
xiv Contents

Supranuclear Eye Movement Systems and Their Clinical Significance

58 Supranuclear Regulation of the Eye Movements
and the Significance of Their Disturbances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Szilvia Gulyás
Disorders of the Neuromuscular Junction (MG and OMG),
Non-isoéated Ocular Muscle Paresis and Myogenic Paresis
59 Disorders of the Neuromuscular Junction
and Their Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
László Sándor Fornádi
60 The Ocular Characteristics and Differential
Diagnostics of Mixed Types Eye Movement
Disorders (Disorders of Ocular Neuromuscular
Junction (OMG), Non Isolated Ocular Muscle Paresis
and Myogenic Paresis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
Judit Somlai
61 Endocrine Myopathy and Orbitopathy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Csaba Balázs

Part VI Diseases of the Orbit

62 Diagnostics and Therapy of Diseases of the Orbit . . . . . . . . . . . 573

Katalin Korányi
63 Traumatic Injuries of the Orbit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
György Pulay

Part VII Neuro-Ophthalmological Considerations

of the Facial Nerve

64 Tumor Lesions of the Facial Nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637

Ildikó Gádor

Part VIII The Neuro-Ophthalmological Aspects of Headaches

65 Neuro-Opthalmological Aspects of Headaches

from the Neurologist’s Aspect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
Csaba Ertsey

Part IX Rehabilitation

66 Viewing Down from the Top: Visual Impairments

Developing as a Consequence of Cortical Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
Anna Verseghi and Zita Snagy Nagy
67 Ignored World Without Missing It Neglect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
Anna Verseghi and Zita Snagy Nagy
Contents xv

68 Introducing Tools and Services Helping

Life of People with Impaired Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689
Mihaly Szuhaj and Peter Szatmari
69 Elementary and Occupational Rehabilitation
of People with Impaired Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705
Marta Tolnayne Csattos and Laszlo Joszt
70 The Importance of Rehabilitation and the Options
of a Neuro-ophthalmologist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
Judit Somlai

Appendix: Colour Scheme of the Book Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721