On the Psychobiology of Personality Essays in Honor of

Marvin Zuckerman

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front cover. The images depict the four faces representing the four temperaments of antiquity
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 ON THE PSYCHOBIOLOGY OF
PERSONALITY:
ESSAYS IN HONOR OF
MARVIN ZUCKERMAN

EDITED BY

R O B E R T M. S T E L M A C K
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada

2004

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Contents

Contributors ix

Foreword xiii
Robert M. Stelmack

Part I: Historical Perspectives on the Biological Bases of Personality

Impulsivity and Sensation Seeking: A Historical Perspective

on Current Challenges
E. Barratt, L. F. Orozco-Cabal and E G. Moeller

. On Personality and Arousal: A Historical Perspective on

Eysenck and Zuckerman 17
R. M. Stelmack

. Warsaw Studies on Sensation Seeking 29

J. Strelau and M. Kaczmarek

Part l h On the Identification and Structure of Personality Factors

. The Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire: Origin, Development,

and Validity of a Measure to Assess an Alternative Five-Factor Model of
Personality 49
J. Joireman and D. M. Kuhlman

On the Alternative Five-Factor Model: Structure and Correlates 65

P. G. Schmitz

. Investigating the ZKPQ-III-R: Psychometric Properties, Relations to the

Five-Factor Model, and Genetic and Environmental Influences on its
Scales and Facets 89
A. Angleitner, R. Riemann and E M. Spinath
vi Contents

7. How the Impulsiveness and Venturesomeness Factors Evolved after the

Measurement of Psychoticism
S. B. G. Eysenck

8. Stability of Personality Across the Life Span: A Meta-Analysis

I? G. Bazana and R. M. Stelmack

9. The Genetic Basis of Substance Abuse: Mediating Effects

of Sensation Seeking
A. M. Johnson and I? A. Vernon

Part 111: Personality and Social Behavior

10. Personality and Leisure Activity: Sensation Seeking

and Spare-Time Activities
A. Fumham

11. Sensation Seeking and Participation in Physical Risk Sports

M. Gomh-i-Freixanet

12. Personality Traits, Disorders, and Substance Abuse

S. A. Ball

13. Personality and Risky Behavior: Communication and Prevention

L. Donohew, M. i? Bardo and R. S. Zimmerman

Part IV: Biological Bases of Personality

A. Psychophysiological Analyses

14. Neuroticism from the Top Down: Psychophysiology

and Negative Emotionality
G . Matthews

15. The Multilevel Approach in Sensation Seeking: Potentials and Findings

of a Four-Level Research Program
B. Brocke

16. On the Psychophysiology of Extraversion

V De Pascalis
 Contents vii

17. Brain Imaging Studies of Personality: The Slow Revolution 329

R. J. Haier

18. Electrophysiological Correlates of Sensation Seeking Behavior in

Rats, Cats, and Humans
J. Siege1

B. Biochemical Analyses

19. Personality and Hormones

l? Netter

20. Personality, Serotonin, and Noradrenaline

J. Hennig

21. Extraversion and the Doparnine Hypothesis

T H. Rammsayer

22. On the Psychobiology of Impulsivity

B. af Klinteberg, L. von Knorring and L. Oreland

23. The Neuropsychology of Impulsive Antisocial Sensation Seeking

Personality Traits: From Dopamine to Hippocampal Function?
A. D. Pickering

Part V: Epilogue

The Shaping of Personality: Genes, Environments, and Chance Encounters

Marvin Zuckerman

Bibliography of Marvin Zuckerman

Author Index

Subject Index
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Contributors

Alois Angleitner Department of Psychology, University of Bielefeld,

Bielefeld, Germany
Samuel A. Ball Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
Michael T. Bardo Center for Prevention Research, University of Kentucky,
Lexington, KY, USA
Ernest S. Barratt Psychiatry and Behavioral Science Department, University
of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
P. Gordon Bazana Assessment Strategies, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Burkhard Brocke Department of Psychology, Dresden University of
Technology, Dresden, Germany
Vilfredo De Pascalis Department of Psychology, University of Rome “La
Sapienza,” Rome, Italy
Lewis Donohew Department of Communication, University of Kentucky,
Lexington, KY, USA
Sybil B. G. Eysenck Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry,
University of London, UK
Adrian Furnham Department of Psychology, University College, University
of London, UK
Montserrat Department of Health Psychology, Autonomous University
Gomà-i-Freixanet of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Richard J. Haier Department of Pediatrics, University of California at Irvine,
Irvine, CA, USA
Juergen Hennig Department of Psychology, University of Giessen, Giessen,
Germany
Andrew M. Johnson Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario,
London, Ontario, Canada
x Contributors

Jeffrey Joireman Department of Psychology, University of Washington,

Pulman, WA, USA
Magdalena Kaczmarek Warsaw School of Social Psychology, Warsaw, Poland
Britt af Klinteberg Department of Psychology, Stockholm University,
Stockholm, Sweden
Lars von Knorring Department of Neuroscience, University of Uppsala,
Uppsala, Sweden
D. Michael Kuhlman Department of Psychology, University of Delaware,
Newark, DE, USA
Gerald Matthews Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati,
Cincinnati, OH, USA
F. Gerard Moeller Psychiatry and Behavioral Science Department, University
of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
Petra Netter Department of Psychology, University of Giessen, Giessen,
Germany
Lars Oreland Department of Neuroscience, University of Uppsala,
Uppsala, Sweden
Luis F. Orozco-Cabal Psychiatry and Behavioral Science Department, University
of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
Alan D. Pickering Goldsmiths College, University of London, UK
Thomas Rammsayer Department of Psychology, University of Goettingen,
Goettingen, Germany
Rainer Riemann Institute of Psychology, Fredrich-Schiller University, Jena,
Germany
Paul Schmitz Institute of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn,
Germany
Frank Spinath Department of Psychology, University of Bielefeld,
Bielefeld, Germany
Jerome Siegel Department of Psychology, University of Delaware,
Newark, DE, USA and Warsaw School of Social
Psychology, Warsaw, Poland
Robert M. Stelmack School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa,
Ontario, Canada
Jan Strelau Warsaw School of Social Psychology, Warsaw, Poland
 Contributors xi

P. A. Vernon Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario,

London, Ontario, Canada
Rick S. Zimmerman Research Department of Communication, University of
Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Foreword

During the past 50 years, there has been remarkable progress in the understanding of
individual differences in personality. There now is considerable agreement that lengthy
lists of personality trait terms can be reliably referred to a small number of independent,
descriptive factors, notably sociability, emotional stability, impulsiveness, sensation
seeking, openness to experience, conscientiousness, and agreeableness. Although there is
some debate on which of these personality factors are fundamental, this psychometric work
constitutes an important foundation for defining and structuring personality characteristics
into a rational classification schema. The heritability of personality factors was also
convincingly demonstrated in several large-scale identical twin and adoption studies.
Determining the genetic architecture that serves individual differences in personality is now
an important research objective. Moreover, this work strongly suggests that constitutional
factors, under the influence of genetic mechanisms, contribute substantially to the expression
of personality traits. In this respect, too, significant progress has been made in revealing the
psychological processes and physiological mechanisms that mediate individual differences
in personality. Throughout this span of inquiry, Marvin Zuckerman was an important
contributor and an inspiring catalyst for a broad range of scientific research on the nature
of personality.
In recognition of his outstanding productive scholarship, colleagues of Professor
Zuckerman at the University of Delaware initiated a plan to honor his academic career
and his retirement from the University with a symposium on personality at the University
of Delaware and with the dedication of a book of essays contributed by colleagues,
collaborators and experts in the field of personality. I was invited by his colleagues to
organize and edit this book and I was pleased to do so.
Marvin Zuckerman is a well-established, renowned leader in research and writing on
the social and biological bases of personality. In particular, he is a leading authority on
the biological bases of sensation seeking and fundamental personality dispositions and
on the manifestation of these dispositions in social behavior and in psychopathology. His
major books Sensation seeking: Beyond the optimal level of arousal (1979), Psychobiology
of Personality (1991), and Behavioral expressions and biosocial bases of sensation
seeking (1994) are well known, required reading by students and researchers in this
field. His personal research contributions and commentary exploited the full range of
methods and models in psychological and physiological research, from the identification
of fundamental personality traits through factor analysis, social behavior, psychopathology,
psychophysiology, biochemical assays to molecular genetics. During the course of this
xiv Foreword

interdisciplinary work, he collaborated and communed with leading authorities in those

fields. These colleagues have committed to contribute essays in this tribute to Professor
Zuckerman.
The title of this book, On the psychobiology of personality: Essays in honor of Marvin
Zuckerman, mirrors the title of his first major work and marks the scope of this book. An
important objective of the text is to encompass the broad range of research in personality that
provided the context for Zuckerman’s work and that also highlights his own contribution
to progress in this field. The contributors to this volume were encouraged to address issues
within their area of expertise that were resolved, to discuss issues that are unresolved, and to
make an informed statement on current knowledge in their research domain. Thus, the text
is intended to provide a succinct and state-of-the-art analysis of our current understanding
of personality. The text offers both reflections on issues in personality research and technical
reviews and research reports. By this approach, it is hoped that the text will constitute a
useful resource and reference guide for students of personality. In addition, the text will
serve as a catalyst for future research in the area, in much the same way that the contributions
of Marvin Zuckerman served as a catalyst for work by a host of research scientists.
The book is organized in five parts. Part I provides brief historical perspectives on the
biological bases of personality. Part II treats the identification and structure of fundamental
personality traits and Part III deals with personality and social behavior. The fourth part is
presented in two sections, psychophysiological analyses and biochemical analyses. The
fifth section, an epilogue, contains a postscript on personality and it also includes an
autobiography by our protagonist, Marvin Zuckerman.

1. Part I
A framework for understanding the psychobiology of personality is developed in the first
section by introducing influential concepts and by identifying significant developments and
issues. The text begins with a chapter by Ernest Barratt, who is a pioneer in personality
research and noted for his work on impulsiveness, and by his colleagues Luis Orozco-Cabal
and Gerard Moeller. This chapter provides a historical perspective on current challenges
to research on impulsivity and sensation seeking. In the second chapter, Robert Stelmack
discusses the role of the arousal construct in understanding the personality dimensions of
extraversion, and sensation seeking. The arousal construct is of significant heuristic value
as an explanatory construct in several theories of personality, including Zuckerman’s theory
of sensation seeking and Eysenck’s theory of extraversion. This introductory section closes
with a chapter by Jan Strelau and Magdalena Kaczmarek who provide an international, East
European perspective, in a chapter on sensation seeking research that was conducted at the
University of Warsaw.

2. Part II
The second section includes chapters that are germane to the identification and structure of
fundamental personality factors. A rigorous, independent, personality classification scheme
 Foreword xv

that receives broad endorsement from the academic community is an essential criterion
for advancing the empirical analysis of personality. The contribution of Zuckerman to
the development of a Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality is outlined in essays by
his colleague and co-author Mike Kulhman and by Jeffrey Joireman. They also detail the
construction of the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ) and chart
the validity studies that have established authenticity of the test. Paul Schmitz describes
his work on the confirmatory factor analysis of the German version of the ZKPQ and
the validation studies that he conducted with the test. The chapter by Alois Angleitner
and his colleagues, Frank Spinath and Rainer Riemann, report on their study of the
psychometric properties of the ZKPQ and its relation to the FFM. They also present a
behavioral genetic analysis of genetic and environmental influences on the ZKPQ scales
and facets. In her chapter, Sybil Eysenck discusses issues and developments that define
the place of impulsiveness and venturesomeness in Eysenck’s well-known typology of
personality.
As Zuckerman (1991) noted, the stability of personality across the life span and the
heritability of personality factors are two criteria that are important in determining that
personality factors are fundamental. The former topic is addressed by Gordon Bazana and
Robert Stelmack who present a detailed meta-analysis of studies that examine the test-
retest reliability of the FFM at different age intervals. They present a strong case that
personality factors are stable across the life span. The genetic basis of substance abuse and
the mediating effects of sensation seeking are treated by Andrew Johnson and Tony Vernon.
There is good evidence of the genetic and physiological basis of individual differences in
sensation seeking. They argue that the latent trait purported to underlie alcohol, tobacco,
and drug abuse is a sensation seeking dimension similar to that originally conceptualized
by Zuckerman.

3. Part III
The development of a fundamental personality typology is not an end in itself. Rather, it is
a rational means to describe, and subsequently, to understand human behavior and to reveal
the social and biological determinants of that behavior. The third section of the text includes
chapters on a broad range of social activities and life experiences that illustrate the pervasive
expression of personality differences in our daily lives. How personality dispositions are
linked to the selection of leisure activities is discussed by Adrian Furnham, and Monserrat
Gomà i Freixanet reviews research on the role of sensation seeking in participation in
physical risk sports.
Individual differences in personality are also implicated in the development of personality
disorders, substance abuse, and psychopathology. These are vital personal and social
subjects. Lewis Donohew, and his colleagues Michael Bardo and Rick Zimmerman, make
the case that sensation seeking and impulsive decision-making play significant roles in
attention and persuasion. They show that these traits must be taken into account in programs
that aim to discourage individuals from engaging in risky activities such as unprotected sex
or that promote health and safety such as anti-smoking campaigns and safety in the work
place.