Cloud Computing

(21CS643)

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 Module -1

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Introduction

■ Cloud computing is a technology that uses the internet

and central remote servers to maintain data and
applications.
■ It allows consumers to use applications without
installation and access their personal files at any
computer with internet access.

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Life before cloud computing

■ Traditional business applications have always been very

complicated and expensive. The amount and variety of
hardware and software required to run them are
daunting. You need whole team of experts to install,
configure, test, run, secure and update them.

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Life after cloud computing

■ With cloud computing, you eliminate those headaches

because you’re not managing hardware and software–
that’s the responsibility of an experienced vendor like
salesforce.com. The shared infrastructure means it
works like a utility: You only pay for what you need,
upgrades are automatic, and scaling up or down is easy.

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Cloud computing
■ Uses Internet technologies to offer scalable and elastic services.
The term “elastic computing” refers to the ability of dynamically
acquiring computing resources and supporting a variable workload.

■ The resources used for these services can be metered and

the users can be charged only for the resources they used.

■ The maintenance and security are ensured by service providers.

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Cloud computing (cont’d)
■ Lower costs for the cloud service provider are past to the cloud users.

■ Data is stored:
◻ closer to the site where it is used.
◻ in a device and in a location-independent manner.

■ The data storage strategy can increase reliability, as well as security,

and can lower communication costs.

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Types of clouds
■ Public Cloud - the infrastructure is made available to the general
public or a large industry group and is owned by the organization
selling cloud services.

■ Private Cloud – the infrastructure is operated solely for an

organization.

■ Community Cloud - the infrastructure is shared by several

organizations and supports a community that has shared
concerns.

■ Hybrid Cloud - composition of two or more clouds (public, private,

or community) as unique entities but bound by standardized
technology that enables data and application portability.

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The “good” about cloud computing
■ Resources, such as CPU cycles, storage, network bandwidth, are
shared.

■ When multiple applications share a system, their peak demands for

resources are not synchronized thus, multiplexing leads to a higher
resource utilization.

■ Resources can be aggregated to support data-intensive

applications.

■ Data sharing facilitates collaborative activities. Many applications

require multiple types of analysis of shared data sets and multiple
decisions carried out by groups scattered around the globe.

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 “good” about cloud computing

■ Eliminates the initial investment costs for a private computing

infrastructure and the maintenance and operation costs.

■ Cost reduction: concentration of resources creates the opportunity

to pay as you go for computing.

■ Elasticity: the ability to accommodate workloads with very large

peak-to-average ratios.

■ User convenience: virtualization allows users to operate in familiar

environments rather than in idiosyncratic ones.

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 Why cloud computing could be successful
when other paradigms have failed?
■ It is in a better position to exploit recent advances in software, networking,
storage, and processor technologies promoted by the same companies
who provide cloud services.
■ It is focused on enterprise computing; its adoption by industrial
organizations, financial institutions, government, and so on could have a
huge impact on the economy.
■ A cloud consists of a homogeneous set of hardware and software
resources.
■ The resources are in a single administrative domain (AD). Security,
resource management, fault-tolerance, and quality of service are less
challenging than in a heterogeneous environment with resources in
multiple ADs.

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Challenges for cloud computing

■ Availability of service; what happens when the service provider

cannot deliver?

■ Diversity of services, data organization, user interfaces available

at different service providers limit user mobility; once a customer is
hooked to one provider it is hard to move to another.
Standardization efforts at NIST!

■ Data confidentiality and auditability, a serious problem.

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More challenges
■ Performance unpredictability, one of the consequences of resource
sharing.
◻ How to use resource virtualization and performance isolation for QoS
guarantees?
◻ How to support elasticity, the ability to scale up and down quickly?

■ Resource management; are self-organization and self-management

the solution?

■ Security and confidentiality; major concern.

■ Addressing these challenges provides good research opportunities!!

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Cloud delivery models

■ Software as a Service (SaaS)

■ Platform as a Service (PaaS)

■ Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

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Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
■ SAAS sometimes referred to as “Software on demand”, is software
that is deployed over the internet.
■ Applications are supplied by the service provider.
■ The user does not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure or individual application capabilities.

■ Examples: Gmail, Google search engine.

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Advantages

■ Accessible from anywhere with an internet connection.

■ No local server installation.

■ Pay per use or subscription-based payment methods

■ System maintenance (backup, updates, security, etc)
often included in service

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Cloud delivery models

Example: Pizza Delivery 🍕

■ 1⃣ Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – "You Make the
Pizza at Home"
• You rent the infrastructure (oven, gas, electricity) but
cook yourself.
• Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS EC2) – You
rent virtual machines but manage everything else.

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2⃣ Platform as a Service (PaaS) – "You Buy a Frozen Pizza"
• The base is ready; you just bake and add toppings.
• Example: Google App Engine – You build an app but hosting
and database are managed for you.

3⃣ Software as a Service (SaaS) – "You Order a Ready-Made

Pizza"
• Everything is done; you just eat the pizza.
• Example: Google Docs – You use it online without installing
anything.
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Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)
■ Used by developers
■ It provides a platform and environment to allow developers to build
applications and services over the internet

■ Offers development and deployment tools required to develop

applications

■ The user:

◻ Has control over the deployed applications and, possibly, application

hosting environment configurations.

◻ Does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure

including network, servers, operating systems, or storage.

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Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)
■ Allows a cloud user to deploy consumer-created or acquired
applications using programming languages and tools supported by
the service provider.

■ Not particularly useful when:

◻ The application must be portable.
◻ Proprietary programming languages are used.
◻ The hardware and software must be customized to improve the
performance of the application.

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Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)

■ The user is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can
include operating systems and applications.

■ The user does not manage or control the underlying cloud

infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage,
deployed applications, and possibly limited control of some
networking components, e.g., host firewalls.

■ Services offered by this delivery model include: server hosting, Web

servers, storage, computing hardware, operating systems, virtual
instances, load balancing, Internet access, and bandwidth
provisioning.

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Cloud activities

■ Service management and provisioning including:

◻ Virtualization.
◻ Service provisioning.
◻ Call center.
◻ Operations management.
◻ Systems management.
◻ QoS management.
◻ Billing and accounting, asset management.
◻ SLA management.
◻ Technical support and backups.

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Cloud activities (cont’d)

■ Security management including:

◻ ID and authentication.
◻ Certification and accreditation.
◻ Intrusion prevention.
◻ Intrusion detection.
◻ Virus protection.
◻ Cryptography.
◻ Physical security, incident response.
◻ Access control, audit and trails, and firewalls.

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Cloud activities (cont’d)

■ Customer services such as:

■ Customer assistance and on-line help.
■ Subscriptions.
■ Business intelligence.
■ Reporting.
■ Customer preferences.
■ Personalization.
■ Integration services including:
■ Data management.
■ Development.

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NIST cloud reference model

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NIST Cloud Reference Model –

■ The National Institute of Standards and Technology

(NIST) created a model to explain how cloud computing
works. Think of it like an online food delivery system
🍔📦, where different people and systems work together
to get your food (or cloud service) delivered.

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■ 1⃣ Cloud Consumer (The Customer – You!)
■ The person or company using the cloud.

■ Example: A student saving assignments on Google

Drive, or a business using Microsoft 365.

■ 💡 In a food delivery app: You place an order for food

(just like you use a cloud service).

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■ 2⃣ Cloud Provider (The Restaurant – Service Owner)

■ The company that owns and manages the cloud

infrastructure.
■ Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud,
Microsoft Azure.

■ 💡 In food delivery: The restaurant prepares and delivers

your meal (just like the provider runs the cloud service).

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■ 3⃣ Cloud Carrier (The Delivery Partner – Internet Service)
■ The network or internet that connects users to the cloud.

■ Example: Your WiFi or mobile data that lets you access

cloud apps.
■ 💡 In food delivery: The delivery person (Zomato,
Swiggy, Uber Eats) brings your food from the restaurant
to your home (just like the internet connects you to cloud
services).

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■ 4⃣ Cloud Broker (The Best Deal Finder – Consultant)

■ Helps businesses pick the best cloud service by

comparing prices, features, and quality.
■ Example: A company that helps a hospital decide
between AWS or Google Cloud for storing patient data.
■ 💡 In food delivery: A price comparison app that helps
you find the best restaurant with discounts and offers.

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■ 5⃣Cloud Auditor (The Quality Checker – Security Inspector)

■ Ensures security, performance, and compliance with rules.

■ Example: An independent company checking if Google
Cloud keeps user data safe.
■ 💡 In food delivery: A food safety officer ensuring the
restaurant follows hygiene standards.

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Ethical issues
■ Paradigm shift with implications on computing ethics:
■ The control is relinquished to third party services.
■ The data is stored on multiple sites administered by several
organizations.
■ Multiple services interoperate across the network.
■ Implications
■ Unauthorized access.
■ Data corruption.
■ Infrastructure failure, and service unavailability.

The complex structure of cloud services can make it difficult to

determine who is responsible in case something undesirable happens

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De-perimeterisation
■ protect an organisation's systems and data on multiple levels, by using
a mixture of encryption, secure computer protocols, secure computer
systems and data-level authentication”

■ The complex structure of cloud services can make it difficult to

determine who is responsible in case something undesirable happens.

■ Identity fraud and theft are made possible by the unauthorized access
to personal data in circulation and by new forms of dissemination
through social networks and they could also pose a danger to cloud
computing.

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Privacy issues

■ Cloud service providers have already collected petabytes of

sensitive personal information stored in data centers around the
world. The acceptance of cloud computing therefore will be
determined by privacy issues addressed by these companies and
the countries where the data centers are located.

■ Privacy is affected by cultural differences; some cultures favor

privacy, others emphasize community. This leads to an ambivalent
attitude towards privacy in the Internet which is a global system.

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Cloud vulnerabilities

■ Clouds are affected by malicious attacks and failures of the

infrastructure, e.g., power failures.

■ Such events can affect the Internet domain name servers and
prevent access to a cloud or can directly affect the clouds:
■ in 2004 an attack at Akamai caused a domain name outage and a
major blackout that affected Google, Yahoo, and other sites.
(Akamai, a content delivery network (CDN) provider,
experienced a domain name outage due to a targeted attack.
This outage affected several major websites, including Google
and Yahoo, which relied on Akamai's services to deliver content
efficiently to users.)

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Cloud vulnerabilities

■ in 2009, Google was the target of a denial-of-service attack which

took down Google News and Gmail for several days;
■ in 2012 lightning caused a prolonged down time at Amazon.
The lightning strike caused power outages and equipment failures,
disrupting services for AWS customers.

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Amazon Web Services (AWS)

■ AWS 🡺 IaaS cloud computing services launched in 2006.

■ Businesses in 200 countries used AWS in 2012.

■ The infrastructure consists of compute and storage servers

interconnected by high-speed networks and supports a set of
services.

■ An application developer:
■ Installs applications on a platform of his/her choice.
■ Manages resources allocated by Amazon.

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AWS regions and availability zones
■ Amazon offers cloud services through a network of data centers on
several continents.
■ In each region there are several availability zones interconnected by
high-speed networks.
■ An availability zone is a data center consisting of a large number of
servers.

■ Regions do not share resources and communicate through the

Internet.
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AWS instances
■ An instance is a virtual server with a well specified set of
resources including CPU cycles, main memory, secondary
storage, communication and I/O bandwidth.
■ The user chooses:
■ The region and the availability zone where this virtual server
should be placed.
■ An instance type from a limited menu of instance types.
■ When launched, an instance is provided with a DNS name; this
name maps to a
■ private IP address 🡪 for internal communication within the
internal EC2 communication network.
■ public IP address 🡪 for communication outside the internal
Amazon network, e.g., for communication with the user that
launched the instance.

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AWS instances (cont’d)

■ Network Address Translation (NAT) maps external IP addresses to

internal ones.

■ The public IP address is assigned for the lifetime of an instance.

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Steps to run an application

■ Retrieve the user input from the front-end.

■ Retrieve the disk image of a VM (Virtual Machine) from a

repository.

■ Locate a system and requests the VMM (Virtual Machine Monitor)

running on that system to setup a VM.

■ Invoke the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and the

IP bridging software to set up MAC and IP addresses for the VM.

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User interactions with AWS

■ The AWS Management Console. The easiest way to access all

services, but not all options may be available.

■ AWS SDK libraries and toolkits are provided for several

programming languages including Java, PHP, C#, and Objective-C.

■ Raw REST requests.

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Examples of Amazon Web Services
■ AWS Management Console - allows users to access the services
offered by AWS .
■ Elastic Cloud Computing (EC2) - allows a user to launch a variety
of operating systems.
■ Simple Queuing Service (SQS) - allows multiple EC2 instances to
communicate with one another.
■ Simple Storage Service (S3), Simple DB, and Elastic Block Store
(EBS) - storage services.
■ Cloud Watch - supports performance monitoring.
■ Auto Scaling - supports elastic resource management.
■ Virtual Private Cloud - allows direct migration of parallel
applications( provides a bridge between existing IT infrastructure of
an organization and the AWS cloud).

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 Fig shows the AWS services
accessible via Management
console
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EC2 – Elastic Cloud Computing
■ EC2 - web service for launching instances of an application under
several operating systems, such as:
■ Several Linux distributions.
■ Microsoft Windows Server 2003 and 2008.
■ OpenSolaris.
■ FreeBSD.
■ NetBSD.
■ A user can
■ Load an EC2 instance with a custom application environment.
■ Manage network’s access permissions.

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 EC2 (cont’d)
■ Import virtual machine (VM) images from the user environment to an
instance through VM import.
■ EC2 instances boot from an AMI (Amazon Machine Image) digitally
signed and stored in S3.
■ Users can access:
■ Images provided by Amazon.
■ Customize an image and store it in S3.

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Instance types
◻ Standard instances: micro (StdM), small (StdS), large (StdL), extra
large (StdXL); small is the default.
◻ High memory instances: high-memory extra large (HmXL),
high-memory double extra large (Hm2XL), and high-memory
quadruple extra large (Hm4XL).
◻ High CPU instances: high-CPU extra large (HcpuXL).
◻ Cluster computing: cluster computing quadruple extra large (Cl4XL).

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Instance cost
■ A main attraction of the Amazon cloud computing is the low cost.

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S3 – Simple Storage System
■ Service designed to store large objects; an application can handle
an unlimited number of objects ranging in size from 1 byte to 5 TB.
■ An object is stored in a bucket and retrieved via a unique,
developer-assigned key; a bucket can be stored in a Region
selected by the user.
■ Supports a minimal set of functions: write, read, and delete; it does
not support primitives to copy, to rename, or to move an object from
one bucket to another.
■ The object names are global.
■ S3 maintains for each object: the name, modification time, an
access control list, and up to 4 KB of user-defined metadata.

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S3 (cont’d)
■ Authentication mechanisms ensure that data is kept secure.
■ Objects can be made public, and rights can be granted to other
users.
■ S3 computes the MD5 of every object written and returns it in a
field called ETag.
■ A user is expected to compute the MD5 of an object stored or
written and compare this with the ETag; if the two values do not
match, then the object was corrupted during transmission or
storage.

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Elastic Block Store (EBS)
■ Provides persistent block level storage volumes for use with EC2
instances; suitable for database applications, file systems, and
applications using raw data devices.
■ A volume appears to an application as a raw, unformatted and reliable
physical disk; the range 1 GB -1 TB.
■ An EC2 instance may mount multiple volumes, but a volume cannot
be shared among multiple instances.
■ EBS supports the creation of snapshots of the volumes attached to an
instance and then uses them to restart the instance.
■ The volumes are grouped together in Availability Zones and are
automatically replicated in each zone.

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SimpleDB
■ Non-relational data store. Supports store and query functions
traditionally provided only by relational databases.

■ Supports high performance Web applications; users can store and

query data items via Web services requests.

■ It manages automatically:
■ The infrastructure provisioning.
■ Hardware and software maintenance.
■ Replication and indexing of data items.

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SQS - Simple Queue Service
■ Hosted message queues are accessed through standard SOAP
and Query interfaces.

■ Supports automated workflows - EC2 instances can coordinate by

sending and receiving SQS messages.

■ Applications using SQS can run independently and

asynchronously, and do not need to be developed with the same
technologies.

■ A received message is “locked'' during processing; if processing

fails, the lock expires and the message is available again.

■ Queue sharing can be restricted by IP address and time-of-day.

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CloudWatch
■ Monitoring infrastructure used by application developers, users,
and system administrators to collect and track metrics
important for optimizing the performance of applications and for
increasing the efficiency of resource utilization.
■ Without installing any software a user can monitor either seven
or eight pre-selected metrics and then view graphs and
statistics for these metrics.
■ When launching an Amazon Machine Image (AMI) the user can
start the CloudWatch and specify the type of monitoring:
◻ Basic Monitoring - free of charge; collects data at five-minute
intervals for up to seven metrics.
◻ Detailed Monitoring - subject to charge; collects data at one
minute interval.

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AWS services introduced in 2012
■ Route 53 - low-latency DNS service used to manage user's DNS
public records.
■ Elastic MapReduce (EMR) - supports processing of large amounts of
data using a hosted Hadoop running on EC2.
■ Simple Workflow Service (SWF) - supports workflow management;
allows scheduling, management of dependencies, and coordination of
multiple EC2 instances.
■ ElastiCache - enables web applications to retrieve data from a
managed in-memory caching system rather than a much slower
disk-based database.
■ DynamoDB - scalable and low-latency fully managed NoSQL
database service.

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AWS services introduced in 2012 (cont’d)
■ CloudFront - web service for content delivery.
■ Elastic Load Balancer - automatically distributes the incoming
requests across multiple instances of the application.
■ Elastic Beanstalk - handles automatically deployment, capacity
provisioning, load balancing, auto-scaling, and application
monitoring functions.
■ CloudFormation - allows the creation of a stack describing the
infrastructure for an application.

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Elastic Beanstalk
■ Handles automatically the deployment, capacity provisioning, load
balancing, auto-scaling, and monitoring functions.
■ Interacts with other services including EC2, S3, SNS, Elastic Load
Balance and AutoScaling.
■ The management functions provided by the service are:
■ Deploy a new application version (or rollback to a previous version).
■ Access to the results reported by CloudWatch monitoring service.
■ Email notifications when application status changes or application
servers are added or removed.
■ Access to server log files without needing to login to the application
servers.
■ The service is available using: a Java platform, the PHP server-side
description language, or the .NET framework.

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Cloud computing : the Google perspective
SaaS services offered by Google
■ Gmail - hosts Emails on Google servers and provides a web
interface to access the Email.
■ Google docs - a web-based software for building text documents,
spreadsheets and presentations.
■ Google Calendar - a browser-based scheduler; supports multiple
user calendars, calendar sharing, event search, display of
daily/weekly/monthly views, and so on.
■ Google Groups - allows users to host discussion forums to create
messages online or via Email.
■ Picasa - a tool to upload, share, and edit images.
■ Google Maps - web mapping service; offers street maps, a route
planner, and an urban business locator for numerous countries
around the world

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PaaS services offered by Google
■ AppEngine - a developer platform hosted on the cloud.

■ Initially supported Python, Java was added later.

■ The database for code development can be accessed with GQL
(Google Query Language) with a SQL-like syntax.

■ Google Co-op - allows users to create customized search engines

based on a set of facets/categories.

■ Google Drive - an online service for data storage.

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 PaaS and SaaS services from Microsoft
■ Designed by Microsoft in 2010, Microsoft Azure is one of the widely
used cloud computing platforms. Azure provides a wide variety of
services such as cloud storage, compute services, network services,
cognitive services, databases, analytics, and IoT

■ Windows Azure - an operating system; has 3 components:

■ Compute - provides a computation environment.
■ Storage - for scalable storage.
■ Fabric Controller - deploys, manages, and monitors applications.
■ CDN- maintains cache copies of data to speed up computations.
■ Applications and data represent the primary workloads and resources
hosted and managed in Azure, including web applications, databases,
analytics solutions, and more.
■ SQL Azure - a cloud-based version of the SQL Server.

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 Azure

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 Open-source platforms for private clouds
■ Eucalyptus - can be regarded as an open-source counterpart of
Amazon's EC2.
■ It provides an IaaS solution that allows organizations to create and
manage their own cloud environments using their existing hardware.

■ Open-Nebula - a private cloud with users actually logging into the head
node to access cloud functions. The system is centralized and its default
configuration uses the NFS file system.

■ Nimbus - a cloud solution for scientific applications based on Globus

software; inherits from Globus:
■ The image storage.
■ The credentials for user authentication.

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Open-source platforms for private clouds
■ Eucalyptus - can be regarded as an open-source
counterpart of Amazon's EC2.
■ It provides an IaaS solution that allows organizations to
create and manage their own cloud environments using
their existing hardware.

Example: A research institution deploys Eucalyptus in its

data center to create a private cloud environment for
running scientific simulations. Researchers can use
Eucalyptus APIs to provision virtual machines, storage, and
networking resources on-demand, similar to AWS EC2, for
their computational experiments.
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■ Open-Nebula - a private cloud with users actually logging
into the head node to access cloud functions. The
system is centralized, and its default configuration uses
the NFS file system.
■ Example- A company uses OpenNebula to build a private
cloud infrastructure for its internal IT operations.
Employees log in to the central OpenNebula interface to
request virtual machines, storage volumes, and network
configurations for their development, testing, and
production environments.

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■ Nimbus - a cloud solution for scientific applications based on Globus
software; inherits from Globus:
■ The image storage.

■ The credentials for user authentication.

■ A university research project utilizes Nimbus to deploy a

cloud-based environment for processing large-scale genomics
data. Nimbus integrates with Globus for secure data storage
and user authentication, and it enables researchers to run
bioinformatics algorithms on distributed compute nodes via
SSH connections.

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Eucalyptus : components

■ Virtual Machines - run under several VMMs including Xen, KVM,

and VMware.
■ Node Controller - runs on server nodes hosting a VM and controls
the activities of the node.
■ Cluster Controller - controls a number of servers.
■ Cloud Controller - provides the cloud access to end-users,
developers, and administrators.
■ Storage Controller - provides persistent virtual hard drives to
applications. It is the correspondent of EBS.
■ Storage Service (Walrus) - provides persistent storage; similar to
S3, it allows users to store objects in buckets.

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Cloud storage diversity and vendor lock-in
■ Risks when a large organization relies on a single cloud service
provider:
■ Cloud services may be unavailable for a short or an extended
period of time.
■ Permanent data loss in case of a system failure.
■ The provider may increase the prices for service.

■ Switching to another provider could be very costly due to the large

volume of data to be transferred from the old to the new provider.

■ A solution is to replicate the data to multiple cloud service

providers, similar to data replication in RAID.

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Cloud interoperability; the Intercloud
■ cloud interoperability is the capacity or extent at which one cloud
service is connected with the other by trading data as per strategy
to get results
■ An Intercloud 🡺 a federation of clouds that cooperate to provide a
better user experience.
■ Cloud interoperability is the ability of applications and services
developed on one platform to be used on another platform.
■ Is an Intercloud feasible?
■ Not likely at this time:
■ There are no standards for either storage or processing.
■ The clouds are based on different delivery models.
■ The set of services supported by these delivery models is large
and open; new services are offered every few months.
■ Security is a major concern for cloud users and an Intercloud could
only create new threats.

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Energy use and ecological impact

■ The energy consumption of large-scale data centers and their costs

for energy and for cooling are significant.
■ In 2006, the 6,000 data centers in the U.S consumed 61x109 KWh of
energy, 1.5% of all electricity consumption, at a cost of $4.5 billion.
■ The energy consumed by the data centers was expected to double
from 2006 to 2011 and peak instantaneous demand to increase from
7 GW to 12 GW.
■ The greenhouse gas emission due to the data centers is estimated to
increase from 116 x109 tones of CO2 in 2007 to 257 tones in 2020
due to increased consumer demand.
■ The effort to reduce energy use is focused on computing, networking,
and storage activities of a data center.

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Energy use and ecological impact (cont’d)

■ Operating efficiency of a system is captured by the performance per

Watt of power.
■ The performance of supercomputers has increased 3.5 times faster
than their operating efficiency – 7,000% versus 2,000% during the
period 1998 – 2007.
■ A typical Google cluster spends most of its time within the 10-50%
CPU utilization range; there is a mismatch between server workload
profile and server energy efficiency.

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Energy-proportional systems
■ An energy-proportional system consumes no power when idle, very
little power under a light load and, gradually, more power as the load
increases.
■ By definition, an ideal energy-proportional system is always
operating at 100% efficiency.
■ Humans are a good approximation of an ideal energy proportional
system; about 70 W at rest, 120 W on average on a daily basis, and
can go as high as 1,000 – 2,000 W during a strenuous, short time
effort.
■ Even when power requirements scale linearly with the load, the
energy efficiency of a computing system is not a linear function of
the load; even when idle, a system may use 50% of the power
corresponding to the full load.

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Service Level Agreement (SLA)

■ SLA - a negotiated contract between the customer and CSP; can be

legally binding or informal. Objectives:
■ Identify and define the customer’s needs and constraints including
the level of resources, security, timing, and QoS.
■ Provide a framework for understanding; a critical aspect of this
framework is a clear definition of classes of service and the costs.
■ Simplify complex issues; clarify the boundaries between the
responsibilities of clients and CSP in case of failures.
■ Reduce areas of conflict.
■ Encourage dialog in the event of disputes.
■ Eliminate unrealistic expectations.
■ Specifies the services that the customer receives, rather than how
the cloud service provider delivers the services.

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Responsibility sharing between user and CSP

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User security concerns
■ Potential loss of control/ownership of data.
■ Data integration, privacy enforcement, data encryption.
■ Data remanence after de-provisioning.
■ Multi tenant data isolation.
■ Data location requirements within national borders.
■ Hypervisor security.
■ Audit data integrity protection.
■ Verification of subscriber policies through provider controls.
■ Certification/Accreditation requirements for a given cloud service.

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Reasons driving decision to use public clouds

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