Answers

All exam-style questions and sample answers in this title b The expression for efficiency is a ratio of two values
were written by the authors. of power, so there are no units for efficiency. The %
In examinations, the way marks are awarded may be different. sign shows that the answer is a number of parts in one
hundred.
Chapter 1
Practice question 6
Practice question 1
a 5
The time taken to travel down the ramp: s b 8
The length of the ramp: m c 9
The mass of the trolley: kg d 0
(Thousandths are the third figure after the decimal point.)
Practice question 2
50 Practice question 7
cross-sectional area = m2
10 000 a Line B
50 Arranging the numbers like this makes the sequence
volume = m2 × 3000 m
10 000 more obvious.
   = 15 m3
6 . 0 1 5 4

Practice question 3 6 . 1 0 6
6 6 . 8 5 1
Variable Symbol for Name of Symbol for
the variable unit unit 6 8 . 1 0 5
resistance R ohm Ω 6 6 0 . 8 5 1
potential V volt V 6 8 6 . 5 0 1
difference
b 660.85 W 686.501 W Microwaves cookers use
current I amp (or A significant amounts of energy.
ampere) c 6.0154 W 6.106 W Mobile phones use a small
amount of energy.
Practice question 4
Row A Practice question 8
[v is the symbol for speed; centimetres are a sensible unit 1
to th of a degree Celsius
of measurement when using a ruler; d is a symbol for 10 000
distance; t is the symbol for time.] Practice question 9
C
Practice question 5
[A shows 4 sf.   B shows 2 sf.   D shows 2 sf.]
a
Variable Symbol for Name of Symbol Practice question 10
the variable unit of unit
a 9.8 m/s2
potential V volt V b 10 m/s2
difference [These values are often used in physics calculations when
number of N1 or Np none – you see the symbol g. Normally you will be advised how
primary turns many significant figures to use.]
number of N2 or Ns none –
secondary Practice question 11
turns D
power P watt W [The number has been rounded using the rounding rules
shown in the flow chart.]
current I amp (or ampere) A
energy E joule J
 Cambridge IGCSE Physics Maths Skills

Practice question 12 Practice question 20

a 5.6752 × 104
B [Picture each distance in your head and imagine the
b 2.533 12 × 102 cheetah travelling this distance in one second. A
c 1.0005 × 103 cheetah can cover 30 metres every second. The other
d 6 × 10−2 values are unrealistic for a maximum.]
e 4.46 × 10−4
Practice question 21
Practice question 13 Round mass to: 1 × 104 kg
a 8850 m Convert mass to weight, giving: force = 10 × 104 N
b 0.000 84 m Round 1490 cm 2 to 1500 cm2 .
c 0.000 000 000 065 m 1500 cm2 = 1.5 × 103 cm2
d 1 496 000 km Convert 1.5 × 103 cm2 to m2 (because Pa = N/m2).
1 cm2 = 1.0 × 10−4 m2
Practice question 14 Therefore 1.5 × 103 cm2 is 1.5 × 103 × 1.0 × 10−4 m2,
i.e. 0.15 m 2.
1.20 × 106 V Applying this to the formula:
10 × 104
Practice question 15 Pressure =
0.15
1 µm = 10−6 m = 6.66… × 105 Pa
1 nm = 10−9 m which is of order of magnitude 106 Pa.
Therefore there are 1000 or 103 nm in 1 µm.
Practice question 22
Practice question 16 Approximating the given values to 1 sf:
a 5 kW = 5 × 10 W 3 distance (km)
800 km/hour =
2 b 12 ms = 1.2 × 10−2 s 20 hours
c 23 MΩ = 2.3 × 107 Ω distance = 800 km/h × 20 hours
d 0.8 µC = 8 × 10−7 C      = 16 000 km or 2 × 104 km (1 sf)
e 475 nm = 4.75 × 10−7 m
Further questions
Practice question 17 1 A
1 mm is 1.0 × 10−3. 2 a 10 000 Ω + 200 Ω + 30 000 Ω = 40 200 Ω
As mm3 is in three dimensions, the conversion factor needs Total resistance = 4.02 × 104 Ω
to be applied three times, i.e. 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3. b V = IR
Therefore 1 mm3 is 1.0 × 10−9 m3. V = 2 × 10−2 × 10−3 A × 4.02 × 104 Ω
35 mm3 is 35 × 10−9 m3. V = 0.80 V
Change to standard form:
35 mm3 = 3.5 × 10−8 m3 Chapter 2
Practice question 18 Practice question 1
1500 mA = 1.5 A Independent variable: distance – continuous, quantitative
V = 1.5 A × 2.0 × 102 Ω Dependent variable: time – continuous, quantitative
V = 3 × 102 V Distance: a trundle wheel (a distance measuring wheel) or
a long tape measure
Practice question 19 Time: a stopwatch
3.0 × 108 m/s
Wavelength =
500 × 106 Hz Practice question 2
3.0 × 108 m/s Independent variable: core material – qualitative
    
=
5.0 × 108 Hz Dependent variable: strength – quantitative, continuous
    
= 0.6 m Control variable: current
    
= 6.0 × 10−1 m
 Answers

Practice question 3 Practice question 7

a B [Note that the current value is only given to show that
b Make the tube containing the coloured liquid thinner. it was controlled, i.e. kept constant. If it is not shown in
the results table it needs to be recorded somewhere in the
Practice question 4 results section of the experimental write up.]

a Read the value when no weight added, from the first Current Number First Second Third Mean
diagram, then deduct this value from the reading from /A of coils reading reading reading (average)
the second diagram. force force force reading
b 1.6 N – 0.2 N = 1.4 N /N /N /N force / N
c Adjust the barrel of the newtonmeter first, so that the
0
reading on the scale is zero with no force applied.
5
Practice question 5 10
a 0.72 V   b 0.2 V   c 0.16 V   d 0.96 V
15

Practice question 6 20

a [Number of coils could be 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20.]

Time / m Temperature of Temperature of
black can / ° C shiny can / ° C
Practice question 8
0
p.d. First Second Third Mean Resistance
4 V / V current current current (average) V
R= /Ω
8 reading reading reading current I
I/A I/A I/A reading I / A
12 3
0.5 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.09 5.6
16
1.0 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.19 5.3
20
1.5 0.29 0.27 0.28 0.28 5.4
[Accept 2-minute intervals.]
[Note: maintaining a constant ambient temperature The best value of the resistance is the mean value
while repeating the experiment would be challenging 5.6 + 5.3 + 5.4
of R = = 5.4 Ω
for this length of time, so repeating this experiment 3
would probably be impracticable. ]
Practice question 9
b The temperature of the surroundings is a variable that
needs to be controlled. Time / Activity Background count Net activity
hours counts/minute counts/minute counts/minute

1 560 16 560
2 290 16 274
3 152 16 136
4 82 16 66
5 50 16 34
 Cambridge IGCSE Physics Maths Skills

Practice question 10 Further questions

1 The first reading is anomalous and can be ignored. No
Mass / kg of A 0.75 0.75
one has ever run 100 m in 8 seconds. It is likely that
Velocity the student was late pressing the start button on the
of A 2.30 1.80
m/s stopwatch.
Momentum The mean (or average) value of the other readings is
of A 1.73 1.35
kg m/s 10.8 s.
Mass/ kg of B 0.75 0.75 2 B

Velocity
m/s
of B −2.40 −1.70 Chapter 3
Momentum Practice question 1
of B −1.80 −1.28
kg m/s
a
Momentum
of A + B −0.07 +0.07
kg m/s
Conclusion
Within the tolerances of the readings taken:

Resistance / Ω
total momentum before the collision = total momentum
after the collision (= 0)

Practice question 11
D [This statement is related to the timing of the release
of the ball. When the ruler is not vertical the height
is too large. Parallax errors are caused when the eye
4 is not directly opposite the reading. Balls bounce
Distance from LDR / m
very quickly making it difficult to judge precisely the
height reached. Therefore, in these circumstances, the b The distance from the light source is the independent
metre rule can only be used to measure to the nearest variable and therefore plotted on the x-axis.
centimetre.] The resistance is the dependent variable and hence
plotted on the y-axis. Units need to be added to each
Practice question 12 variable.

The half-life, the time taken for half of the material to

Practice question 2
decay, should be consistent throughout the curve.
For the solid curve, the half-life can be estimated as A [The passage of time is the independent variable.]
follows:
• Time taken for 100 counts / minute to become Practice question 3
50 is 25 – 18.5 = 6.5 hours 120
• Time taken for 50 counts / minute to become
25 is 30 – 25 = 5 hours
• Time taken for 25 counts/ minute to become 100
12.5 is 36 – 30 = 6 hours
The mean (average) half-life is 7 hours.
Using the curve through point A, the time taken for the 80
Temperature / °C

count rate to change from 250 counts / minute to 125

counts / minute is: 16 – 6 = 10 hours
60
Using the curve through point B, the time taken for the
count rate to change from 200 to 100 is: 18.5 – 12.0 = 6.5
hours 40
Therefore, the curve through B is the correct curve and
point A is an outlier.
Possible reason: First readings should always be treated 20
with caution, as often the experimenters have not
practised taking readings and so errors occur. This is
0
especially noticeable when timing is involved. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time / minutes
 Answers

Practice question 4 Practice question 7

60 Examples:
Should the line go through the origin?
Do the data points seem to form a curve or a straight line?
50 Are there any outliers that I should ignore?
If I draw the line or curve like this, are there as many
points below the line as above it?
Are the points that are above and below the line roughly
40
evenly spaced along the line?
Angle of refraction / °C

Am I sure this is the best estimate of the trend?

30 Practice question 8
a B [Although the curve does not touch every data point
this is the best estimate. In A the drawn line is not
20 smooth. Unless there is a reason to believe otherwise,
in physics it is best to assume that changes are gradual
and curves should be smoothly drawn. In C there is no
10 evidence for the rise at the end of the curve. In D the
feathering of the lines leads to uncertainty and so to
inaccuracies.]
b C
0 Reason: In this region (low volume, high pressure) the
0 20 40 60 80 100
Angle of incidence / °C data is changing rapidly as shown by the steeply falling
graph. More readings would improve the accuracy of
the data plot.
Practice question 5 5
4.0
Practice question 9
2.0 a
6.0
Voltage / volts

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time / mins 5.0
–2.0

–4.0 4.0
Extension / cm

Practice question 6 3.0

[Small crosses or dots correctly plotted, using a sharp pencil]

Cooling curve of 100 cm3 of water showing
2.0
temperature against time
100

90 1.0

80
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Temperature / °C

70
Load / N
60

[The graph is a straight line and should pass through
50 the origin, demonstrating Hooke’s law.]
b 
The final point shows the spring has been stretched
40 beyond its elastic limit.
Or, the final point could be an outlier and some repeat
30
data should be taken to check.
20 In either case, the point should be ignored when
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 determining the position of the straight line.
Time / minutes
 Cambridge IGCSE Physics Maths Skills

Practice question 10 Chapter 4

[The line should be a curve, smoothly drawn, with equal
number of points above and below the curve.]
Practice question 1
Graph of acceleration against mass for a truck 2.9 s [allow 2.8 s or 3.0 s; this is the point at which the graph
becomes linear.]
25.0

Practice question 2
20.0
18.4 m/s
15.0
Acceleration

Practice question 3
m / s2

10.0 24.9 mph (accept 25 mph)

5.0
Practice question 4
4600 Pa
0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 Practice question 5
Mass / kg
The speed is directly proportional to time. (For each
period of time passing, the speed increases evenly and the
Further questions line goes through the origin.)
1
Graph of period against length for a pendulum
2.50
Practice question 6
C
6
2.00
Practice question 7
(8 − 0) × 10−3
a gradient, m = A/V
1.50
2−0
8 × 10 −3
Period / s

m= A/V
2
1.00
m = 4 × 10−3 A/V
b intercept, c = 0
c Use y = mx + c, giving I = 4 × 10−3V, where I is in A
0.50 and V is in V.

Practice question 8
0 300 − 100
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 a gradient m = m/s
60 − 0
Length of pendulum / m
200
2    m = m/s
60
    = 3.3 m/s
0.2
  intercept c = 100 m
0.1 equation, using y = mx + c, is d = 3.3 t + 100, where d is
Amplitude / V

in m and t is in s
0 Time / ms b The value of the gradient tells us that the speed of the
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
object was 3.3 m/s, constant for the journey.
–0.1
c The value of the intercept tells us the object was 100 m
–0.2 from the start position when timing started.
 Answers

Practice question 9 Practice question 14

a The new station needs to be 6.5 m from station A. a As the cross-sectional area increases the resistance of
b The faster train is Q; it covers 20 km in 1 an hour the wire decreases.
2 1
(speed 40 km/h), whereas train P covers 20 km in 1 hour As increases the resistance of the
cross−sectional area
(speed 20 km/h). wire increases.
b The graph in Figure 4.31 has a straight line which goes
through the origin. There is sufficient evidence.
Practice question 10 c The gradient k of the graph in Figure 4.31 is found by
27 N taking two convenient numbers as far apart as possible.
change in y
gradient =
Practice question 11 change in x
7.8 − 2.6
80 gradient = Ω mm 2
30 − 10
bridge 2    = 0.26 Ω mm2
60
Therefore by comparing to y = mx + c:
0.26
Speed

40
m/s

resistance =
bridge 1 cross-sectional area
20
where resistance is in Ω and cross-sectional area
is in mm2.
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 Practice question 15
Time / s
area of rectangle = 40 m/s × 5 s a 2.2 m
     = 200 m b 2.2 m
1 c Point labelled F near 9 hours or 21 hours
  area of triangle = × 5 s × (80 – 40) m/s d Point labelled S at any peak or trough
2 7
1
     = × 5 s × 40 m/s
2 Practice question 16
     = 100 m Gas: 75.5 TWh × (41.3/100 ) = 31.2 TWh to 3 sf
total distance between bridges = 200 m + 100 m Renewables: 75.5 TWh × (29.8/100) = 22.5 TWh to 3 sf
      = 300 m
Practice question 17
Practice question 12
‘Accelerates uniformly’ means that the line on the speed– Material Density / Mass / g = Density / g/cm3
time graph is straight with a constant gradient. g/cm3 × volume / cm3
distance travelled = area under line mercury 13.6 4760
1
distance travelled = × base × height copper 9.0 3150
2
1
100 m = × 20 s × final speed iron 8.0 2800
2
100 m = 10 s × final speed aluminium 2.6 910
final speed = 10 m/s
Further questions
Practice question 13
1 B
i B [When braking the speed decreases slowly at the 2 a power = 2700 × length , or P = 2700l, where
beginning and then very quickly.] power P is in W and length l is in metres
ii D [The graph shows that the speed is zero at the start b 1350 W [accept 1300 to 1400 W]
(as the car is parked). The final speed is a horizontal c Any straight line with a lower gradient
line indicating a constant speed has been reached.] 3 A; The outside air has the biggest temperature range.
iii A [Uniform deceleration means the speed goes down C; High thermal capacity materials either limit the
evenly.] temperature range or cause the biggest time lag.
iv C [The horizontal line going through the velocity axis [Accept either.]
shows at the start the rocket is travelling at speed. The 44 °C – –6 °C = 50 °C
upward slope indicates acceleration.]
 Cambridge IGCSE Physics Maths Skills

Chapter 5 Practice question 6

The weight is the downward force: W = mg
Practice question 1 W = 60 kg × 10 N/kg
a distance = 85 m × 2 = 170 m W = 600 N
distance F
b speed = P=
time A
85 m × 2 600 N
speed = P=
0.5 s 2.5 m2
speed = 340 m/s P = 240 Pa (1 N/m2 = 1 Pa)

Practice question 2 Practice question 7

a volume = 2 cm × 3 cm × 5 cm a P = IV
   = 30 cm3 P = 20 000 A × 25 000 V
mass P = 500 000 000 W or 500 MW
density =
volume power out
b × 100 = efficiency as a percentage
270 g power in
density =
30 cm3 500 MW
× 100 = 37 %
   = 9 g/cm3 power in
b The object will sink, because the density of 500 MW × 100
power in =
water is 1 g/cm3. 37
power in = 1350 MW to 3 sf
Practice question 3
a KE = mv2
1 Practice question 8
2 Vp Np
1 =
KE = 8000 kg × 33 m/s × 33 m/s Vs Ns
8 2 11 000 V 1000
   = 4 356 000 J =
132 000 V Ns
   = 4.4 × 106 J to 2 sf
132 000 V × 1000
b 1.7 × 107 J [When the speed is doubled, the kinetic Ns =
11 000 V
energy is quadrupled.]
Ns = 12 000
Practice question 4
Practice question 9
Percentage Decimal sin i
Refractive index, n =
sin r
4 m as a percentage of 4 0.2 sin 20.0
× 100 = 20 % For diamond, n =
20 m 20 sin 8.2
12 minutes as a 12 0.2     = 2.398
× 100 = 20 %
percentage of 60 minutes 60 sin 10
If the crystal is diamond, sin A =
1250 2.398
1250 cm3 of a liquid as a × 100 = 62.5 % 0.625
percentage of 2000 cm3 2000    sin A = 0.0724
   A = sin–1 0.0724
of liquid
   A = 4.15°
35 g as a percentage 35 0.043    A = 4.2° to 2 sf
× 100 = 4.3 %
of 805 g 805
Practice question 10
Practice question 5 a W = mg
87.5 % W = 95 kg × 10 N/kg
45 J W = 950 N
Find the % of useful energy first. × 100 = 12.5 %
360 J b W = 95 kg × 0.6 N/kg
Subtract this value from 100% to find the wasted W = 57 N
percentage: 100 % − 12.5 % = 87.5 % c 1235 N = 75 kg × g
g = 13 N/kg
 Answers

Practice question 11 Practice question 14

V 1 1 1
R= = +
I R12 R1 R 2
12 V 1 1 1
R= = +
0.4 × 10−3 A R12 5 Ω 10 Ω
R = 30 000 Ω or 30 kΩ 1 15
The information is correct. =
R12 50 Ω
50
Practice question 12 R12 =
15 Ω
Possible diagrams: R12 = 3.3Ω
Force 1 1 1
F = ma Weight = +
Acceleration
W = mg R 34 R 3 R4
change in velocity 1 1
= 1
time taken = +
KE = 1 mv 2 R 34 20 Ω 5 Ω
Thermal capacity 2
= mc Mass 1 5
=
R 34 20 Ω
Change in energy
∆E = mc∆T GPE = mgh
R 34 = 4Ω
Latent heat Density RT = R12 + R 34
∆E = mL Impulse
Ft = mv – mu P= m
RT = 7.3 Ω
v
Momentum
P = mv Practice question 15
Force Work done = F × D D
F = ma
Weight V
RT =
Hooke’s Law W = mg I 9
F = kx Presoure 36 V
RT =
P= F 4 × 10−3 A
Force A
RT = 9000 Ω
Moment
= force × ⊥ar distance 1 1 1
Impulse = +
Ft = mv – mu RT R A R B
1 1 1
= +
Practice question 13 9000 Ω 90 000 Ω R B
10−1
a P = IV RB = Ω
90 000
1.0 × 10−4 W = I × 1.5 V
1.0 × 10−4 W
I= Practice question 16
1.5 V
I = 6.6 × 10−5 A anticlockwise moment = clockwise moment
V 10 000 × 5 = force × 25
b R=
I force = 2000 N
1.5 V [This is the maximum weight that can be lifted (because
R=
6.6 × 10−5 A the balancing weight is at the end of the jib).]
R = 2.3 × 10−4 Ω
∆E
c P=
t
∆E
1.0 × 10−4 W =
2.6 × 10−7
∆E = 1.0 × 10−4 W × 2.6 × 10−7 s
∆E = 2.6 × 10−11 J
 Cambridge IGCSE Physics Maths Skills

Practice question 17 2 199 m/s

2 bullets each have the same kinetic energy
a Momentum before = momentum after 1
m1u1 + m 2 u 2 = (m1 + m 2)v1+2 Total KE = 2 × mv2
2
10 kg × 20 m/s + −11 kg × 5 m/s = 31 kg × v1+2 Thermal energy = mcT =
145 KE lost = thermal energy gained
v1+2 = m/s
3 1
v1+2 = 4.7 m/s 2 × mv2 = mcT
2
b They move in the direction of the 10 kg mass. v2 = cT T = 327 – 23 = 304
v = (130 × 304) m/s
v= 199 m/s
Practice question 18 3 In equilibrium F1 + F2 = 15 N    F1 = 15 N – F2
Ft = mv Choose which pivot to take moments about.
F × 2 s = 1.6 × 10−3 kg × 5.0 m/s Anticlockwise moment = F2 × 0.45
F = 4 × 10−3 N Clockwise moment = F1 × 0.5 m
F2 × 0.45 m = F1 × 0.5 m
Practice question 19 F2 × 0.45 m = (15 N – F2) × 0.5 m
222 218 0.5 m × (15 N – 0.5 F2)
Rn → Po + 42He F2 =
86 84 0.45 m
7.5 Nm 0.5 m F2
Practice question 20 F2 = –
0.45 m 0.45 m
14
6
C → 147N + −10e F2 = 16.7 N – 1.11 F2
1.11 F2 = 16.7 N
Practice question 21 F2 = 7.9 N
15 = F1 + F2
94
a 50
S F1 = 7.1 N
10 99 4 2.3 × 10 –23 N
b 51
T
98 94
5 3.9 × 105 Pa
c 52
P→ 50
S + 42He 6 420 Ns
99 99
d 51
T→ 52
Q + −10e
Chapter 6
Practice question 22
Practice question 1
A
B
Practice question 23 [Diagonals are straight lines joining two opposite corners
of a square, rectangle, or other straight-sided shape.]
The time between 7.00 am and 7 pm is 2 half-lives. Each
half-life going back from 7.00 pm to 7.00 am doubles the
Practice question 2
count rate. 30 doubled twice is 120 counts/s.
The picture shows a sideways version of the wheel rolling.
Practice question 24 The dotted circle shows the wheel after the first revolution.
This diagram is read from left to right. The total distance
C for two circumferences is 12 – 1 cm = 11 cm. Therefore one
[Reduced by 50% after 7.5 h; reduced by 50% of this, or by circumference is 11 cm.
a further 25% of the original, after 2 × 7.5 = 15 h]
Practice question 3
Further questions
a volume = length × breadth × height
1 2.3 × 10−23 N 2.5 m × 2.0 m × 3.0 m = 15 m3
2.3 × 10−3 m/s
F = ma F = 9.1 × 10−31 kg × b B
1.0 × 10−14 s
[Heat is lost from the surface. So it is the largest surface
(2.5 m × 3.0 m = 7.5 m2) that will lose the most heat.]
 Answers

Practice question 4 north

B
A: area of contact = 3.0 cm × 4.0 cm
       = 12.0 cm2 27º
F
ρ=
A
240
ρ=
12
ρ = 20 g/cm2
B: area of contact = 3.14 × 4.0 cm 2
       = 12.6 cm2
240
ρ=
12.6
ρ = 19 g/cm2
1
C: area of contact = × 4.0 cm × 6.0 cm
2
       =12 cm2 west east
240 south
ρ=
12
ρ = 20 g/cm2 Further questions
1 volume of a cylinder = πr2 h
Practice question 5 volume of space = 3.14 × (1.8 m)2 × 1.75 m
Normal line added at 90° to mirror, labelled N; angle of = 17.8 m3
reflection drawn at 20°, correct to ±1° 2

Practice question 6
11
B
6kN
Practice question 7 7.9 kN

Physical quantity Vector or scalar

Time taken for a ball to bounce Scalar a = 41º
Distance travelled by a car on a Scalar 3 kN
journey
The change in velocity of a person on Vector Resultant force = 7.9 (±1) kN at an angle of 41 (±1)° to
a zip wire the original forward direction

The pressure inside a bicycle inner Scalar

tube Additional questions involving
The acceleration of free fall Vector several maths skills
The kinetic energy of an aeroplane Scalar 1 C
F
2 a P=
A
F = mg
Practice question 8 F = (4 kg + 41 kg) × 10 N/kg
C F = 450 N
Area = 2.5 cm 2 × 3
Practice question 9 Area = 7.5 cm2
F
P=
A suitable scale is 1 cm = 1000 N. The resultant line is A
13 cm long. 450 N
P=
Resultant force = 13 000 N in a direction 7.5 cm2
180° – 27° = 153° (±1°) from north, or north 153° (±1°) P = 60 N/cm 2
south
 Cambridge IGCSE Physics Maths Skills

b New area = 2 × 2.5 cm2 5 Using the Gas law

New area = 5 cm2 p1V1 = p2V2
450 N
New pressure = 1.5 × 105 Pa × 300 cm3 = 0.8 × 105 Pa × V2
5 cm2
1.5 × 105 Pa × 300 cm3
New pressure = 90 N/cm2 V2 =
0.8 × 105 Pa
3 A is correct.
V2 = 562.5 cm3
When balanced: anticlockwise moment = c lockwise distance
6 a Speed =
moment time
Anticlockwise moment = force × p erpendicular distance 160 m
from pivot 25 m/s =
time
  = 30 N × 0.4 m Time = 6.4 s
  = 12 Nm b Convert 192 kJ of energy into joules = 192 000 J
Clockwise moment = 15 N × 0.2 m E
= 3 Nm P =
t
Therefore an additional moment of 9 Nm is needed in 192 000 J
=
the clockwise direction to balance. 6.4 s
Answer A gives a 9 Nm anticlockwise moment = 30 000 W
(20 N × 0.45 m)
output energy /second
4 Efficiency = × 100 %
input energy /second
15 J/s
Efficiency = × 100 %
60 J/s
= 25 %

12