CHUYÊN ĐỀ : MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ

A. RELATIVE CLAUSES
- Mệnh đề quan hệ (hay mệnh đề tính ngữ) bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó.
- Mệnh đề quan hệ được đặt sau danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa, được bắt đầu bằng các đại từ quan hệ: WHO,
WHOM, WHICH, THAT, WHOSE, và trạng từ quan hệ: WHERE, WHY, WHEN.
Danh từ đứng trước Chủ ngữ Tân ngữ Sở hữu cách
(Antecedent) (Subject) (Object) (Possesive Case)
Người (person) Who/That Whom/That Whose
Vật (Thing) Which/That Which/That Of which/ whose
1. Đại từ quan hệ (Relative Clauses)
a. WHO: thay thế cho người, làm chủ ngữ trong MĐQH.
Ex: - I need to meet the boy. The boy is my friend’s son.
 I need to meet the boy who is my friend’s son.
- The woman is standing over there. She is my sister.
The woman who is standing over there is my sister.
b. WHO/ WHOM: thay thế cho người, làm túc từ trong MĐQH.
Ex:- I know the girl. I spoke to this girl.
 I know the girl who/ whom I spoke to.
- The man is my teacher. Your father is talking to him.
 The man who/ whom your father is talking to is my teacher.
c. WHICH: - thay thế đồ vật, làm chủ ngữ, tân ngữ trong MĐQH.
Ex: - She works for a company. It makes cars
 She works for a company which makes cars.
- The elephants are big. People keep the elephants in iron cages.
 The elephants which people keep in iron cages are big.
- Thay thế cho cả mệnh đề đứng trước nó
Ex: He passed his exam. This pleased his parents.
He passed his exam, which pleased his parents. (dùng dấu phẩy trước đại từ quan hệ)
d. THAT: thay thế cho WHO/ WHOM/ WHICH trong MĐQH xác định
Ex: - I need to meet the boy that/ who is my friend’s son.
- The woman that/ who is standing over there is my sister.
- I know the girl that/ who/ whom I spoke to.
- The man that/ who/ whom your father is talking to is my teacher.
- She works for a company that/ which makes cars.
- The elephants that/ which people keep in iron cages are big.
* Những trường hợp thường dùng THAT:
- Sau cụm từ quan hệ vừa chỉ người và vật:
Ex: He told me the places and people that he had seen in London.
- Sau đại từ bất định: something, anyone, nobody, all, much ....
Ex: I’ll tell you something that is very interesting.
All that is mine is yours.
- Sau các tính từ so sánh nhất, only, first, last
Ex: - This is the most beautiful dress that I have.
- You are the only person that can help us.
- Trong cấu trúc It + be + … + that … (chính là …)
Ex: It is my friend that wrote this sentence.
(Chính là bạn tôi đã viết câu này.)
* Những trường hợp không dùng THAT:
- Trong mệnh đề tính từ không xác định.
Ex: Mr Brown, that we studied English with, is a very nice teacher.
- Sau giới từ
Ex: The house in that I was born is for sale.
e. WHOSE (OF WHICH): thay thế cho sở hữu của người, vật (his-, her-, its-, their-).
 Ex: - John found the cat. Its leg was broken.
 John found the cat whose leg/(the leg of which) was broken.
- This is the student. I borrowed his book.
This is the student whose book I borrowed.
f. OF WHICH / OF WHOM:
Ex: - Daisy has three brothers. All of them are teachers.
 Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers.
- He asked me a lot of questions. I couldn’t answer most of them.
 He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer.
g. Giới từ đặt trước mệnh đề tính ngữ: (WHOM/WHICH)
Ex: - The man speaks English very fast. I talked to him last night.
 The man to whom I talked last night speaks English very fast.
- The house is for sale. I was born in it.
 The house in which I was born is for sale.
* LƯU Ý: KHÔNG dùng THAT sau giới từ.
2. Trạng từ quan hệ (Relative Adverbs)
a. WHERE (in/ on/ at ... which): thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ nơi chốn
Ex: - The movie theater is the place. We can see films at that place.
 The movie theater is the place where we can see films.
b. WHEN (in/ on which): thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ thời gian
Ex: - Do you remember the day. We first met on that day.
 Do you remember the day when we first met?
c. WHY (for which): thay thế cho cụm trạng từ chỉ lí do
Ex: - Tell me the reason. You are so sad for that reason.
 Tell me the reason why you are so sad.

CÓ 2 LOẠI MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ:

RESTRICTIVE & NON-RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES
I. Restrictive Relative Clauses: MĐQH xác định
- Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước chưa được xác định rõ, nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính sẽ không rõ nghĩa.
Ex: - I saw the girl. She helped us last week.
 I saw the girl who/that helped us last week.
* LƯU Ý: Ta có thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT khi chúng làm tân ngữ trong MĐQH
xác định.
II. Non-restritive Relative Clauses: MĐQH không xác định
- Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước đã được xác định rõ (nó chỉ là phần giải thích thêm), nếu bỏ đi
mệnh đề chính vẫn rõ nghĩa.
- Mệnh đề này ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy.
- Ta dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định khi:
+ Trước đại từ quan hệ có: this/that/these/those/my/her/his/…
+ Từ trước đại từ quan hệ là tên riêng, danh từ riêng, vật duy nhất, cụm trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn
Ex: - My father is a doctor. He is fifty years old.
 My father, who is fifty years old, is a doctor.
- Mr. Brown is a very nice teacher. We studied English with him.
 Mr Brown, who we studied English with, is a very nice teacher.
- The sun made the traveller thirsty. It was hot at midday.
 The sun, which was hot at midday, made the traveller thirsty
- The boys in the next room are my students. They are making noise.
 The boys in the next room, who are making noise, are my students.
* LƯU Ý: + KHÔNG được bỏ đại từ quan hệ trong MĐQH không xác định.

ĐẶT DẤU PHẨY Ở ĐÂU ?

- Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ ở giữa thì dùng 2 dấu phẩy đặt ở đầu và cuối mệnh đề
My mother , who is a cook , cooks very well.
 - Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ ở cuối thì dùng một dấu phẩy đặt ở đầu mệnh đề ,cuối mệnh đề dùng dấu chấm .
This is my mother, who is a cook .

Fill each blank with who, whom, whose, which, …..

He knows a lot of people ______ live in Dalat.
Where is the book ______ he gave you on your birthday?
A deaf person is the one ______ is not able to hear.
I met the girl ______ you talked about last night.
This is the woman ______ daughter is a doctor.
I can’t come to your party, ______ is a pity
What’s the name of the girl ______ house has just been sold?
The boy ______ broke the window was arrested.
The man ______ we met is working in my office.
0. The boy ______ sister works for your father is my class leader.
1. We will soon gather at the village ____________the festival is taking place.
2. Do you know the mane of the tourist ___________ came and talked about New Year in Canada?
3. I’m looking for a book ___________ tells us about traditional festivals of Asian people.
4. I couldn’t go to the show __________was held in Hoi An last summer.
5. This is the photo of a Hero ___________our teacher talked about in the lecture.
6. My brother has told me about the festival ___________ is held in Hue City every two years.
7. I recently visited the school __________ I used to study five years ago.
8. I couldn’t understand the dance ___________ I saw at the festival last spring.
9. I’m really interested in the present __________ you gave me on my birthday.
0. Have you seen the photos __________ I took at the camp last week.

Combine each pair of sentences, using a relative pronoun.

1. The girl is my cousin. She chatted with you yesterday.
………………………………………………….……………………………..
2. The man is very kind. He spent 15 minutes measuring our kitchen.
………………………………………………….……………………………..
3. The architect designed these flats. He has moved to HCM City.
………………………………………………….……………………………..
4. The young boy is naughty. He rides an expensive motorbike.
………………………………………………….……………………………..
5. I’m reading the book. I bought it in 1996.
………………………………………………….……………………………..
6. Do you know the man? He is sharing the flat with me.
………………………………………………….……………………………..
7. The young man is Ba’s brother. He is talking to our teacher.
………………………………………………….……………………………..
8. We visited the monument. It was built a hundred years ago.
………………………………………………….……………………………..
9. The boys are interested in the game. It is a popular game all over the world.
………………………………………………….……………………………..
10. You have no need to tell me the reason. You are often late for work for that reason.
………………………………………………….……………………………..
11. We visited the people. They are homeless after the flood.
………………………………………………….……………………………..
12. I don’t like the films. They have unhappy ending.
………………………………………………….……………………………..
 13. I know the man. His son broke your windows.
………………………………………………….……………………………..
14. The girl is very kind. Her parents work with me.
………………………………………………….……………………………..
15. The village has around 200 people. The majority of them are farmers.
………………………………………………….……………………………..
16. She hasn’t eat anything. This makes her parents worried.
………………………………………………….……………………………..
17. The student is from China. He sits next to me.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
18. I thanked the woman. This woman had helped me.
 …………………………………………………………………………………………
19. Mr. Pike is excellent. I am taking his course.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
20. Shakespeare wrote plays . People have enjoyed them for four centuries.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
1. I bought a motor. I can use it to travel to work every day.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. My cell phone has become necessary part of my life. I only bought it a month ago.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. My roommate has never been on the Internet. She is afraid of computers.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. Some people dream of a job. They can do the job without technology.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. The man is a computer expert (chuyên gia). You were talking to him.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. Some documents have been found. They were stolen from a car.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
7. Marta has a brother. Her brother’s name is Manuel.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
8. The dog won the race. The dog is mine.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
9. Show me the shoes. You bought them yesterday.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
10. Our school has a good laboratory. The students practise chemistry in this laboratory.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
11. Edward has just moved to France. His mother died last year.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
12 . That man looks very lonely. He lives in the next floor.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
13. It rained all night. That was good for the garden.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
14. The man is my father. I respect this man most.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
15. The house is empty now. I used to live there.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
16.Tet is a festival. Tet occurs in late January or early February.
 …………………………………………………………………………………………………
17.Auld Lang Syne is a song. Auld Lang Syne is sung on New Year’s Eve.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
18.This watch is a gift. The watch was given to me by my aunt on my 14 th birthday.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
19.My friend Tom can compose songs. Tom sings Western folk songs very well.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
20.We often go to the town culture house. The town culture house always opens on public holidays.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
21.I like reading books. Books tell about different peoples and their cultures.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
22.On my mom’s birthday my dad gave her roses. The roses were very sweet and beautiful.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
23.Judy liked the full moon festival very much. The festival is celebrated in mid- fall.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
24. Tomorrow I’ll go to the airport to meet my friends. My friends come to stay with us during the Christmas.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
25.I’m a boy. I’m wearing a white T-shirt.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
26.My aunt Judy is the woman. She is holding Jack.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
27.Linda is the girl. She is giving my mom a present.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
28.My mom is the woman. She is sitting on the chair.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
29.Uncle John is the old man. He is standing behind Aunt Judy.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
30. Grandmother is the old woman. She is sitting next to Aunt Judy.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Combine the following pairs or groups of sentences using relative pronouns.

1. Her many friends gave her encouragement. I like to be considered among them.
Her many friends _______________________________________
2. Her father died last year. She looked after him for over twenty years.
Her father _____________________________________________
3. The bed has no mattress. I sleep on this bed.
The bed _______________________________________________
4. There wasn't any directory in the telephone box. I was phoning from this box.
There wasn't ___________________________________________
5. I was sitting on a chair. It suddenly collapsed.
The chair ______________________________________________
6. Mr Smith said he was too busy to speak to me. I had come specially to see him.
Mr Smith _______________________________________________
7. I saw several houses. Most of them were quite unsuitable.
I ______________________________________________________
8. Graham took us to his office. It was filled with books.
The office _______________________________________________
9. Mr. Marks is unhappy about the plans for the new dam. The stream flows across his farm.
Mr. Marks _______________________________________________
10. They picked up five boat-loads of refugees. Some of them had been at sea for several months.
They ___________________________________________________
11. That is the man. He bought her car last month.
………………………………………………………………………..
12. Those are the books. He has just bought them from the bookstore.
………………………………………………………………………..
13. The students are from China, They are sitting in the front row.
………………………………………………………………………..
14. I like the girl. I met her at the party last night.
………………………………………………………………………..
15. The boy is very happy, He won the race yesterday.
………………………………………………………………………..
16. The teacher liked the composition. She wrote it last Monday.
………………………………………………………………………..
17. The people are very friendly. We visited the two week ago.
………………………………………………………………………..
18. The book is very interesting. It was written by Jane Austen.
………………………………………………………………………..
19. The lady gave me good advice. I spoke to her an hour ago.
………………………………………………………………………..
20. Is that the computer? Your father bought it last month?
………………………………………………………………………..

Combine each pair of sentences, using RESTRICTIVE or NON-RESTRICTIVE REALTIVE

CLAUSES, remember to put commas where necessary.
1. The matter has been settled. You were arguing about it last night.
.................................................................................................................................................
2. Mr. Nam is an experienced doctor. His house is near mine.
.................................................................................................................................................
3. The records are mostly classical. He owns them.
.................................................................................................................................................
4. A man brought in a small girl. Her hand had been cut.
.................................................................................................................................................
5. That jogger practises in this park every morning. He is 70 years old.
.................................................................................................................................................
6. Her father is a manager. He usually goes abroad.
.................................................................................................................................................
7. She is the girl. He wants to win her heart.
.................................................................................................................................................
8. William Shakespeare wrote “Romeo and Juliet”. He was born in Stratford- on – Avon.
.................................................................................................................................................
9. Beethoven was one of the world’s finest composers. You have just been listening to his music.
.................................................................................................................................................
10. I saw some people and some animals. They were working on the farm.
.................................................................................................................................................
 11. I’ve seen the little girl and her puppy. They’ve lived next door for ages.
.................................................................................................................................................
12. The loud noise woke everybody up. He made the noise.
.................................................................................................................................................
13. The tables have been thrown away. The legs of these tables have broken.
.................................................................................................................................................
14. She is the woman. The film was made in her house.
.................................................................................................................................................
15. My husband sent me this postcard. He is on a business trip to Rome all this week.
.................................................................................................................................................
16. He is the famous scientist. Many books have been written about him.
.................................................................................................................................................

LƯỢC BỎ ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ

WHOM(who), WHICH, THAT: có thể lược bỏ khi đứng vị trí là tân ngữ.
Không được bỏ khi là mệnh đề không giới hạn (không xác định.)
Không được bỏ khi trước đại từ quan hệ có 1 giới từ.

1. In Mexico, 17th January is a day ………….people ask for protection for their animals.
2. The house …………I lived as a child has been pulled down now.
3. Stop him. He’s the man …………..stolen my wallet.
4. There are many people………….lives have been spoiled by that factory.
5. Is that the button…………you pressed?
6. Could everybody…………..luggage has got lost please stay here?
7. The man …………I saw last week said something totally different.
8. They have invented a television set…………is as small as a watch.
9. My grandmother, ………….was an extraordinary woman, lived to the age of a hundred and fifteen.
10. I’m working on a firm…………..main office is in London.
11. The firm, ………..employs five hundred people, makes video recorders.
12. My boss, ………work takes him to a lot of different countries, has decided he needs an assistant in London.
That’s me.
13. I work mainly in the Finance Department, …………….is the smallest department in the firm.
14. The work, …………increases a lot when the boss is away, is always interesting.
15. Zedco, ………..has ten thousand employees, is an international company.
16. Vicky, …………name was missed off the list, was not pleased.
17. The picture…,,……Laura painted is being shown in an exhibition.
18. The week ……….Mike and Harriet went camping is the wettest of the year.
19. Aunt Joan, ………….is a bit deaf, didn’t here the phone.
20. Henry, ………..you’ll meet tomorrow, is also the member of the board.
21. I’ll see you near the post office…………..we met the other day.
22. The concert …………..we’re looking forward to is next Saturday.
23. That was a kind of car with …………I was not familiar.
24. The story to ……………I listened yesterday was interesting.
25. I’ll give you the address to …………you could write.
26. The film about ………….they are talking is fantastic.
27. The woman about ……………..I’m telling you teaches me French.
28. There are two persons to ……………we owe more than we can say.
29. The success of shared holidays depends on …………….you share with.
30. More and more people are rejecting food……………don’t come from local producers.
31. Working on the internet form home is a possibility ……………many people are exploring.
32. Many people …………….moved form the country are now returning to the city.
33. The young are returning to traditional beliefs……………their parents rejected
 34. Parents …………….children are in college are working longer hours to pay their tuition.
35. Natural remedies are something ……………..more people are experimenting with these days.
36. A pacifist is a person ………………believes that all wars are wrong.
37. An orphan is a child ……………..parents are dead.
38. I don’t know the name of the woman ………………..I met yesterday.
39. This school is only for children………………..first language is not English.
40. The woman ………………I wanted to see was away on holiday.
41. A coward is someone …………….is not brave.
42. The girl ………….was injured in the accident is in the hospital now.
43. I met Jane’s father, …………..works at the university.
44. That’s a woman to ……………Jim used to be married.
45. The person …………..did it was never caught.
46. The meeting to…………..I went was interesting.
47. She is a woman about ……………I told you.
48. The song to ……………….we listened last night was interesting.
49. It was a service for …………..I was grateful.
50. Jack is the one ……………I miss most.
51. It was a kind of computer with ………… I was not familiar.
52. Do you like the person …………sits next to you?
53. There is one person to ………….I owe more than I can say.
54. It was a kind of accident for ……………nobody was really to blame.
55. Do you get on with the person …………... lives next door?
56. I must thank the man from …………….. I got the present.
57. It is an event ……………… I would rather forget.
58.Mrs. Richmond, ................... is 42, has three children,
59.Don is a friend ................... I stayed with in Australia.
60.She is one of the kindest people ……………………. I know.

I. Combine the following pairs or groups of sentences using relative pronouns.

LƯỢC BỎ ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ KHI CÓ THỂ
1. Have you found the keys? You have lost them.
__________________________________________________________
2. I like the dress. Trang is wearing it.
______________________________________________________________
3. the fish is really delicious, we had it for dinner.
_____________________________________________________________
4. We stay at the hotel. Peter recommended it.
______________________________________________________________
5. The church is 200 years old. Our class visited it.

6. The film was interesting. I watch it on TV last night.

_______________________________________________________________
7. The flat was very old. My family used to live in it.
_____________________________________________________________-
8. The birthday party was too noisy. We went to it.
________________________________________________________________
9. Who was that boy? You were with him this morning.
_________________________________________________________________
10. I don’t like the tie. John was wearing it.
________________________________________________________________
11. The train was full of passengers and goods. We traveled on it.
_____________________________________________________________________
12. Her many friends gave her encouragement. I like to be considered among them.
 _________________________________________________________________
13. Her father died last year. She looked after him for over twenty years.
____________________ _____________________________________________
14. The bed has no mattress. I sleep on this bed.
___________________ _______________________________________________
15. There wasn't any directory in the telephone box. I was phoning from this box.
______________________ ___________________________________________
16. Mr Smith said he was too busy to speak to me. I had come specially to see him.
___________________ _______________________________________________
17. I saw several houses. Most of them were quite unsuitable.
__________________________________________________________________
18. Graham took us to his office. It was filled with books.
___________________ _______________________________________________
19. Mr Marks is unhappy about the plans for the new dam. The stream flows across his farm.
_____________________________ _______________________________________________
20. That is the man. He bought her car last month.
____________________________________________________________________________.
21. Those are the books. He has just bought them from the bookstore.
_________________________________________________________________________
22. The book is very interesting. It was written by Jane Austen.
___________________________________________________________________________
23. The lady gave me good advice. I spoke to her an hour ago.
___________________________________________________________________________-
24. Is that the computer? Your father bought it last month?
___________________________________________________________
25. A girl was injured in the accident. She is now in the hospital.
___________________________________________________________
26. A man answered the phone. He told me you were away.
____________________________________________________________
27. A bus goes to the airport. It runs every half an hour.
___________________________________________________________
28. I met Jane’s father. He works at the university.
___________________________________________________________
29. Peter is studying French and German. He has never been abroad.
_____________________________________________________________
30. You’ve all met Michael Wood. He is visiting us for a couple of days.
_______________________________________________________________
31. A building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt.
_______________________________________________________________
32. Some people were arrested. They have now been released.
_____________________________________________________________
33. We are moving to Manchester. Manchester is in the north-west.
34. I’ll be staying with Adrian. His brother is one of my closest friends.
______________________________________________________________
35. John is one of oldest friends. He has just gone to live in Canada.
______________________________________________________________
36. The earth is a planet. It can support life.
_______________________________________________________________
37. A dictionary is a book. It gives you the meaning of words.
________________________________________________________________
38. The book is about a girl. She runs away from home.
_______________________________________________________________
39. She is a woman. I told you about her.
 _____________________________________________________________
40. I’ll give you an address. You should write to it.
______________________________________________________________
41. The picture is beautiful. She was looking at it.
________________________________________________________________
42. The movie is fantastic. They are talking about it.
_______________________________________________________________
43. The song was interesting. We listened to it last night.
__________________________________________________________________
44. The man was kind. I talked to him yesterday.
________________________________________________________________
45. The man works in the hospital. I told you about him.
__________________________________________________________________
46. The woman teaches me English. I am telling you about her.
_________________________________________________________________--
47. That’s the woman. Jim used to married to her.
_________________________________________________________________
48. The students are from China, They are sitting in the front row.
______________________________________________________________
49. I like the girl. I met her at the party last night.
_________________________________________________________________________
50. The boy is very happy, He won the race yesterday.
_________________________________________________________________________
51. The teacher liked the composition. She wrote it last Monday.
______________________________________________________________________
52. The people are very friendly. We visited the two week ago.

B. REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES

1) Dùng phân từ:
a) Dùng cụm V-ing :
Dùng cho các mệnh đề mang nghĩa chủ động
Ex: a. The man who is standing there is my brother.
b. The man standing there is my brother
b) Dùng cụm P.P: (V3/ V-ed)
Dùng cho các mệnh đề mang nghĩa bị động .
a. I like books which were written by Nguyen Du.
b. I like books written by Nguyen Du.
2) Dùng cụm to inf: (... Noun/ Pronoun + to infinitive / to be + P.P... )
-Dùng khi danh từ đứng trước có các từ sau đây :
ONLY, LAST, FIRST, SECOND...
Ex: This is the only student who can do the problem. (động từ mang nghĩa chủ động)
This is the only student to do the problem.
-Động từ là HAVE
Ex: I have something that I must do now. (động từ mang nghĩa chủ động)
I have something to do now.
-Câu bắt đầu bằng: HERE (BE), THERE (BE)
Ex: There are six letters which have to be written today. (động từ mang nghĩa bị động)
There are six letters to be written today.
GHI NHỚ :
Trong phần TO INF này cần nhớ 2 điều sau:
- Nếu chủ từ 2 mệnh đề khác nhau thì thêm cụm FOR SB trước TO INF.
Ex: We have some picture books that children can read.
We have some picture books for children to read.
Tuy nhiên nếu chủ từ đó là đại từ có nghĩa chung chung như: we, you, everyone.... thì có thể không cần ghi ra.
Ex: Studying abroad is the wonderful thing that we must think about.
Studying abroad is the wonderful thing (for us ) to think about.
- Nếu trước relative pronoun có giới từ thì phải đem xuống cuối câu.
Ex: We have a peg on which we can hang our coat.
We have a peg to hang our coat on.
3) Dùng cụm danh từ (đồng cách danh từ )
Dùng khi mệnh đề quan hệ có dạng:
S + BE + DANH TỪ /CỤM DANH TỪ/CỤM GIỚI TỪ
Cách làm:
-bỏ who ,which và be
Ex: a. Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health.
 Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health.
 Football, a popular sport, is very good for health.
Ex: b. Do you like the book which is on the table?
Do you like the book on the table?

PHƯƠNG PHÁP LÀM BÀI LOẠI RÚT GỌN:

Bước 1 : - Tìm xem mệnh đề tính từ nằm chổ nào
Bước này dễ vì mệnh đề tính từ thường bắt đầu bằng WHO,WHICH,THAT...
Bước 2 :
Bước này chủ yếu là rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ thành cụm từ
1. Nhìn xem mệnh đề có công thức S + BE + CỤM DANH TỪ không ? Nếu có áp dụng công thức 3 .
2. Nếu không có công thức đó thì xem tiếp trứoc who which... có các dấu hiệu first ,only...v..v không ,nếu có
thì áp dụng công thức 2 (to inf. ) lưu ý thêm xem 2 chủ từ có khác nhau không ( để dùng for sb )
3. Nếu không có 2 trừong hợp trên mới xét xem câu đó chủ động hay bị động mà dùng V-NG hay P.P..
EXERCISE 2: Use reduced relative clauses in place of the relative clauses
1. The child is lonely, he would be happier if he had someone that he could play with.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
2. I’ve got a bottle of wine but I haven’t got anything that I could open it with.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
3. I don’t like him playing in the streets; I wish we had a garden that he could play in.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
4. The floor is dirty but I haven’t got a brush that I can sweep it with.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
5. My files are all over the place. I wish I had a box that I could keep them in.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
6. She said that she wasn’t going to buy any cards; she hadn’t anyone to whom she could send cards.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
7. You are the last person who saw her alive.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
8. He simple loves parties. He is always the first who comes and the last who goes.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
9. The Queen Elizabeth is the largest ship which had been built on the Clyde.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
10. He was the second man who was killed in this way.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
11. Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
12. Lady Astor was the first woman who took her seat in Parliament.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
13. Here are some accounts that you must check.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
14. People who listen to very loud music may suffer gradual hearing loss .
…………………………………………………………………………………………
15. He was the man who was saved in the fire .
…………………………………………………………………………………………
16. Anyone who doesn’t want to take part in the meeting must inform the board.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
17. The teacher who takes the responsibility for the class is Ms Lan.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
18. .She’s just bought a handbag which was made of crocodile skin.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
19. I met a man who had been working in this factory for a long time.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
20. The story which was told by my grandma was interesting.
…………………………………………………………………………………………

EXERCISE 3: CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER:

1. That’s my friend,_______________ comes from Japan.
A. which B. who C. whom D. where.
2. The plants which______________ in the living room need a lot of water.
A. are B. be C. is D. was
3. She’s the woman_______________ sister looks after the baby for us.
A. who B. which C. that’s D. whose
4. That’s the doctor for________________ Cliff works.
A. that B. which C. whom D. whose
5. Marie,______________ I met at the party, called me last night.
A. that B. whom C. which D. whose
6. I remember Alice,______________ rode the bus to school with.
A. I B. whom I C. which I D. who
7. I used to enjoy the summer, ______________ we had a big family picnic.
A. where B. when C. which D. that
8. Tell me about the city ______________ you grew up.
A. that B. where C. which D. ø
9. Anna found the book that ________________ wanted at the bookshop.
A. ø B. where C. she D. which
10. Please remember to take back to the library all the books ________ are due this week.
A. ø B. that C. when D. They
11. He likes the dress. Huong is wearing it
A. He likes the dress which Huong is wearing it
B. He likes the dress Huong is wearing it
C. He likes the dress who Huong is wearing
D. He likes the dress Huong is wearing
12. Most of the classmates couldn't come. He invited them to the birthday party
A. Most of the classmates he invited to the birthday party couldn't come.
B. Most of the classmates he was invited to the birthday party couldn't come.
C. Most of the classmates that he invited them to the birthday party couldn't come.
D. Most of the classmates which he invited to the birthday party couldn't come.
13. What was the name of the man? You met and talked to him this morning.
A. What was the name of the man who you met and talked to him this morning?
B. What was the name of the man you met and talked to this morning?
C. What was the name of the man you met and talked to whom this morning?
D. What was the name of the man whose you met and talked to this morning?
14. The church is over 500 years old. Our class visited it last summer.
A. The church which our class visited it last summer is over 500 years old.
B. The church that our class visited it last summer is over 500 years old.
C. The church which our class visited last summer is over 500 years old.
 D. The church our class visit last summer is over 500 years old.
15. The song says about the love of two young stdents. She is singing the song.
A. The song which she is singing it says about the love of two young stdents.
B. The song she is singing says about the love of two young stdents.
C. The song says about the love of two young stdents which she is singing.
D. The song says about the love of two young stdents that she is singing it.

Exercise 1: Chọn đáp án đúng để điền vào chỗ trống (chú ý: ký hiệu “x” có nghĩa là không cần mạo từ)
1. We are looking for _______ place to spend ________ night.
A. the/the B. a/the C. a/a D. the/a
2. Please turn off ________ lights when you leave ________ room.
A. the/the B. a/a C. the/a D. a/the
3. We are looking for people with ________experience.
A. the B. a C. an D. x
4. Would you pass me ________ salt, please?
A. a B. the C. an D. x
5. Can you show me ________way to ________station?
A. the/the B. a/a C. the/a D. a/the
6. She has read ________interesting book.
A. a B. an C. the D. x
7. You’ll get ________shock if you touch ________ live wire with that screwdriver.
A. an/the B. x/the C. a/a D. an/the
8. Mr. Smith is ________ old customer and ________ honest man.
A. An/the B. the/an C. an/an D. the/the
9. ________ youngest boy has just started going to ________ school.
A. a/x B. x/the C. an/x D. the/x
10. Do you go to ________ prison to visit him?
A. the B. a C. x D. an
11. ________eldest boy is at ________ college.
A. a/the B. the/x C. x/ a D. an/x
12. Are you going away next week? No, ________ week after next.
A. an B. a C. the D. x
13. Would you like to hear ________ story about ________ English scientist?
A. an/the B. the/the C. a/the D. a/ an
14. There’ll always be a conflict between ________ old and ________ young.
A. the/the B. an/a C. an/the D. the/a
15. There was ________ collision at ________ corner.
A. the/a B. an/the C. a/the D. the/the
16. My mother thinks that this is ________ expensive shop.
A. the B. an C. a D. x
17. Like many women, she loves ________ parties and ________gifts.
A. the/ a B. a/the C. a/a D. x/x
18. She works seven days ________ week.
A. a B. the C. an D. x
19. My mother goes to work in ________ morning.
A. a B. x C. the D. an
20. I am on night duty. When you go to ________ bed, I go to ________ work.
A. a/x B. a/the C. the/x D. x/x
Exercise 2: Câu chuyện sau được chia thành các câu nhỏ, hãy đọc và điền mạo từ thích hợp “a/an/ the hoặc
x (không cần mạo từ)” vào chỗ trống:
1. There was ________knock on ________door. I opened it and found ________small dark man in ________blue
overcoat and _______woolen cap.
2. He said he was ________employee of ________gas company and had come to read ________meter.
3. But I had ________suspicion that he wasn't speaking ________truth because ________meter readers usually
wear ________peaked caps.
4. However, I took him to ________ meter, which is in ________dark corner under ________ stairs.
5. I asked if he had ________ torch; he said he disliked torches and always read ________ meters by
________light of ________match.

6. I remarked that if there was ________leak in ________ gas pipe there might be ________ explosion while he
was reading ________meter.
7. He said, “As ________matter of ________fact, there was ________explosion in ________last house I visited;
and Mr. Smith, ________owner of ________house, was burnt in ________face.”
8. “Mr. Smith was holding ________lighted match at ________time of ________explosion.”
9. To prevent ________possible repetition of this accident, I lent him ________torch.
10. He switched on ________torch, read ________meter and wrote ________ reading down on ________back of
________envelope.
11. I said in ________surprise that ________meter readers usually put ________readings down in
________book.
12. He said that he had had ________book but that it had been burnt in ________fire in________ Mr. Smith's
house.
13. By this time I had come to ________conclusion that he wasn't ________genuine meter reader; and
________moment he left ________house I rang ________police.

Exercise 3: Điền mạo từ thích hợp “a/an/the hoặc x (không cần mạo từ)”” vào chỗ trống.
14. Are John and Mary ________cousins? ~
No, they aren't ________cousins; they are ________brother and ________sister.
15. _____fog was so thick that we couldn't see ______ side of _____road. We followed _____car in front of us
and hoped that we were going _____right way.
16. I can't remember _____exact date of ____storm, but I know it was on ___Sunday because everybody was at
____church. On ___Monday _____post didn't come because _____roads were blocked by _____fallen trees.
17. Peter thinks that this is quite ________ cheap restaurant.
18. A: There's ________murder here. ~
B: Where's ________body?~
A: There isn't ________body. ~
B: Then how do you know there's been _______murder?
19. Number ______hundred and two, - _____house next door to us, is for sale.
It's quite ______nice house with _____big rooms ______back windows look out on _____park.
20. I don't know what ______price ______owners are asking. But Dry and Rot are _____agents. You could give
them ______ring and make them ________offer.
21. ______postman's little boy says that he'd rather be _____dentist than ____doctor, because ____dentists don't
get called out at _______night.
22. Just as ______air hostess (there was only one on the plane) was handing me _____cup of ____coffee
____plane gave ____lunch and ___ coffee went all over _____person on ______other side of _____gangway.
23. There was ____collision between _____car and ____cyclist at _____ crossroads near ________my house
early in _____morning.
24. Professor Jones, ______man who discovered _____new drug that everyone is talking about, refused to give
________press conference.
25 Peter Piper, _____student in ______professor's college, asked him why he refused to talk to ______press.

II. Điền a/an hoặc the:

1. This morning I bought..….newspaper and …….magazine. …….newspaper is in my bag but I don’t know
where I put……..magazine.
2. I saw ……accident this morning. ……car crashed into …..tree. ………driver of ……car wasn’t hurt but …..car
was badly damaged.
3. There are two cars parked outside:……..blue one and …….grey one. ……..blue one belongs to my neighbors. I
don’t know who ….. owner of…..grey one is.
4. My friends live in…….old house in……small village. There is …….beautiful garden behind ……..house. I
would like to have……garden like this.
5. This house is very nice. Has it got …….garden?
6. It’s a beautiful day. Let’s sit in……..garden.
7. Can you recommend ……..good restaurant?
8. We had dinner in…….most expensive restaurant in town.
9. There isn’t ……….airport near where I live. …….nearest airport is 70 miles away.
10. “Are you going away next week?”
- “No, …..week after next”.
III. Chọn đáp án đúng:
1. I’m afraid of dogs/the dogs.
2. Can you pass the salt/salt, please?
3. Apples/the apples are good for you.
4. Look at apples/the apples on that tree! They are very big.
5. Women/the women live longer than men/the men.
6. I don’t drink tea/the tea. I don’t like it.
7. We had a very nice meal. Vegetables/ the vegetables were especially good.
8. Life/the life is strange sometimes. Some very strange things happen.
9. I like skiing/the skiing. But I’m not good at it.
10. Who are people/the people in this photograph?
11. What makes people/the people violent? What causes aggression/the aggression?
12. All books/all the books on the top shelf belong to me.
13. First world war/ the first world war lasted from 1914 until 1918.
14. One of our biggest problems is unemployment/the unemployment.

Exercise 1: Chọn mạo từ đúng trong mỗi câu bên dưới:

1) Does she bring ____ (a, an, the) umbrella? 6) He will come back in ____ (a, an, the) hour.
2) Are you looking for_____ (a, an, the) job? 7) Have you been to ____ (a, an, the) Mekong River?
3) I checked _____ (a, an, the) email twice. 8) I would like to talk to one of ___ (a, an, the) leaders.
4) Could I have _____ (a, an, the) cup of coffee please? 9) What ___ (a, an, the) beautiful lake!
5)I was born into ____ (a, an, the) rich family. 10) The airplane landed on ____ (a, an, the) airport.
Exercise 2: Chọn đáp án đúng để điền vào chỗ trống
1. They are looking for __ place to spend __ night. A. a B. the C. an D. x
A. the/the B. a/the C. a/a D. the/a 5. Could you show me ____way to ___airport?
2. Please turn off ___ fan when you come ____ room. A. the/the B. a/a C. the/a D. a/the
A. the/the B. a/a C. the/a D. a/the 6. He has watch _____amazing film.
3. They are looking for some groups of people with A. a B. an C. the D. x
___experience. 7. We’ll get ___shock if he touches ___ live animal.
A. the B. a C. an D. x A. an/the B. x/the C. a/a D. an/the
4. Would you pass me ___ sugar, please?

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

*) Định nghĩa: + là 1 mệnh đề (S + V)

+ làm thành phần trạng ngữ
 các loại
1. Chỉ thời gian: không được chia ở thì tương lai
+ when, while, as: khi / trong khi
+ whenever
+ before, after
+ as soon as, just as: ngay (sau khi)
 + since
+ till / until
+ as long as
2. Chỉ địa điểm: where, wherever
3. Chỉ cách thức: as, as if
4. Chỉ mục đích: so that, in order that
5. Chỉ điều kiện: If, unless, in case, as long as, provided…
6. Chỉ nguyên nhân: because, since, as, seeing that
7. Chỉ sự tương phản / nhượng bộ: although, though, even though, while, meanwhile, whereas
8. Chỉ kết quả : so…that / such…that
9. Chỉ sự so sánh
The comparative… The more I get to know him, the more I like him.

*) RÚT GỌN MÊNH ĐỀ TRẠNG NGỮ

1. MĐTN chỉ mục đích
so that / in order that  to + V0
in order to + V0 / in order not to + V0
so as to + V0
for + cụm danh từ
2. MĐTN chỉ nguyên nhân
Because / as / since / for / for fear that  because of + NP
thanks to
due to
nếu chủ ngữ của MĐTN và chủ ngữ của MĐ chính là 1, a dùng hiện tại phận từ (V-ing) để rút gọn MĐTN
3. MĐTN chỉ tương phản / nhượng bộ
Although / even though / though / much as  In spite of
Despite
nếu chủ ngữ của MĐTN và chủ ngữ của MĐ chính là 1, ta dùng hiện tại phận từ (V-ing) để rút gọn MĐTN.
(quy tắc này cũng đúng với MĐTN chỉ thời gian)
Lưu ý: In spite of / Despite the fact that + clause (MĐ danh từ)

(after, before, since, while, when; once, until, when, whenever; although, even though, where, wherever, as)

Đảo ngữ của MĐTN chỉ sự nhượng bộ

adj / adv + as / though + S +V, clause

No matter + who / whom / what / which / how / where / when

= Whatever / whoever / whomever / … + clause
- Sau no matter how có thể là adj / adv
- Sau no matter what / which có thể là danh từ
- Sau no matter who / what có thể là động từ

4. MĐTN chỉ điều kiện

if  without / but for (nếu không có / nếu không vì)

5. MĐTN chỉ kết quả

so + adj / adv + that clause  too + adj / adv (for sbd) + to V0
such + np + that clause  adj / adv + enough (for sbd)+to V0

NOUN CLAUSES

*) Định nghĩa: + là 1 mệnh đề (S + V)

+ làm thành phần chủ ngữ / tân ngữ / bổ ngữ (sau be)
+ khi làm chủ ngữ, động từ chính chia số ít
  Các loại MĐDT:
- MĐ DT cấu tạo từ câu trần thuật: bắt đầu bằng that. (nếu nó làm bổ ngữ / tân ngữ ta có thể bỏ that
VD: He passed the exam
We were happy that he passed the exam.
That he passed the exam made us happy.
*) MDDT cấu tạo từ câu kể có thể bắt đầu bằng all (everything that): I’ve told you all I know.

- MĐ DT cấu tạo từ câu hỏi Yes/No: ________ whether / if

VD: Did he pass the exam?
They asked us if / whether he passed the exam.
Whether he passed the exam made us worried.
- MĐ DT cấu tạo từ câu hỏi wh-:___________wh-

VD: How did he pass the exam?

They wanted to know how he passed the exam.
They were interested in how he passed the exam.
How he passed the exam was still a question.
The question is how he passed the exam.

EXERCISES

I. Identify the subject, the main verb, and the object or complement in each sentence below.
1. What he told me was really unbelievable.
2. This is what you need.
3. The wonderful thing about children is that they all get along so well.
4. I don’t think that he will come.
5. That he will come surprises us.
6. I must decide which type of food to eat to lose weight.
7. I really respected what he said.
8. I wonder whether I can borrow your motorbike.
9. Whether she will go on holiday or not depends on what the result of the exam is.
10. I cannot remember who she is.
11. The fact that tiger bones are still used in traditional Chinese medicine is the main problem.
12. I’m not sure which starter is the best at this restaurant.
13. Can you ask the salesperson if the taxes are included in the price he quoted us for the car?
14. There used to be a park in what is now the new shopping center, and I would go jogging there every
morning.
15. I don’t care whose son you are, but you have to meet the principle.

II. Fill in each of the blanks with a suitable word.

1. Last Sunday it was _______wet _______ we couldn’t go to the movie.
2. Dad was watching football ________ Mom was sleeping.
3. The boy was _______ because he had done a good job.
4. Some people are tall, _______others are short.
5. It was _______ a hot day that I went to an air-conditioned movie.
6. He tried to study hard_______ he could pass the entrance examination.
7. I first met him ________ when we entered high school.
8. I’ve known him ________ we entered high school.
9. Life wouldn’t continue on earth _________ there were no sun.
10. It was still hot in the room _______ I had turned on the air conditioner.
III. Reduce the following clauses or make the phrases clauses.
Clauses of time (while, as, when, as soon as, by the time, until/ till, before, after, since, once…)
1. Jack saw a skunk while he was walking home. (WHILE)
___________________________________________________________
2. Jack stopped when he spotted it. (WHEN)
___________________________________________________________
3. Jack waited a short time before he continued. (BEFORE)
___________________________________________________________
4. Jack still smelt the skunk after passing that area. (AFTER)
___________________________________________________________
5. Jack has been taking a new way home since seeing a skunk there. (SINCE)
___________________________________________________________

Clauses of purposes (so that, in order that)

1. She is studying hard so that she can pass the exam. (SO AS TO)
___________________________________________________________
2. She wore sunglasses in order that she wouldn’t be recognized. (IN ORDER NOT TO)
___________________________________________________________
3. He climbed the tree to get the kite. (SO THAT)
___________________________________________________________
4. He came into the room quietly so as not to waken the baby. (SO THAT)
___________________________________________________________
5. We revise the lesson carefully in order that we could do the test better. (WITH A VIEW TO + V-ing)
___________________________________________________________

Clauses of reasons (because, as, since, for, now that)

1. We couldn’t go picnic for the weather was bad. (BECAUSE OF)
___________________________________________________________
2. Seals can keep themselves warm as they have a thick layer of blubber under their fur.
___________________________________________________________ (THANKS TO)
3. She was unable to warn her mother that she would be late because the telephone was broken.
___________________________________________________________ (DUE TO)
4. Mary Smith decided to give up her job since she had to take care of her children. (BECAUSE OF)
___________________________________________________________
5. In order to stay open, the charity shop needs at least four helpers. (IN ORDER THAT)
___________________________________________________________
6. He had to retire early on account of his bad health. (SINCE)
___________________________________________________________
7. I could finish the project owing to his help. (BECAUSE)
___________________________________________________________
8. Now that we have labour-saving devices, housework is no longer a burden. (THANKS TO)
___________________________________________________________

Clauses of results (so…that, such…that, so, therefore)

1. He was so inexperienced that he couldn’t do the job. (TOO…TO)
___________________________________________________________
2. The ladder is too short to reach the window. (SO…THAT)
___________________________________________________________
3. Ba is so young that he can’t stay home alone. (TOO…TO)
___________________________________________________________
4. I’m too busy to talk to you. (SO…THAT)
___________________________________________________________
5. He is so strong that he can carry that suitcase. (SO)
 ___________________________________________________________
6. Minh is not tall enough to be a good basketball player. (SO)
___________________________________________________________
7. The children didn’t wake up early so they missed the firework display. (…ENOUGH TO)
___________________________________________________________
8. I am very anxious; therefore, I cannot wait for you any longer. (SO…THAT)
___________________________________________________________
9. The ice is quite thick .We can walk on it. (…ENOUGH TO)
_____________________________________________________________
10. The food was very hot .We couldn’t eat it. (TOO…TO)
___________________________________________________________

IV. Choose the best answer

1. Betty moved from the dormitory _______ the noise.
A. because B. because of C. cause D. caused from
2. We moved to the front row _______ we could hear and see better.
A. so B. such C. so that D. such that
3. _______ the history of the United States is not long, it is interesting.
A. Although B. Despite C. Because D. Due to
4. He could not play in the game _______ his foot injury.
A. because B. due to the fact that C. because of D. for
5. _______extremely bad weather in the mountains, we’re no longer considering our skiing trip.
A. Due to B. Despite C. Because D. Although
6. _______ he likes chocolate, he tries not to eat it.
A. As B .Though C. Since D. Despite
7. He is a very intelligent boy, _______he is very lazy
A. but B. and C. or D. so
8. _______I moved house, I haven’t had much contact with those friends
A. Though B. Since C. Because of D. So that
9. Last night we came to the show late _______the traffic was terrible.
A. although B. despite C. and D. because
10. _______there is a lot of noise in the city, I prefer living there.
A. despite B. in spite of C. because of D. though

V. Reduce the following adverb clauses

1. Before we went on holiday, we prepared everything carefully
____________________________________________________________
2. Before it is baked, the cake should be carefully prepared
____________________________________________________________
3. The ointment can be applied where it is needed.
____________________________________________________________
4. You should negotiate a lot before you buy a new car.
____________________________________________________________
5. When they are frightened, tortoises often hide inside their shells.
____________________________________________________________
6. Once they are purchased, the swimsuits cannot be returned.
____________________________________________________________
7. Although she was wearing a sweater, she still felt cold.
____________________________________________________________
8. When they build nests during spring nesting season, Canadian geese are fiercely terrestrial.
____________________________________________________________
 9. Students must not speak Vietnamese when they are in an English lesson.
During_______________________________________________________
10. Soon after I had given him the money, he gave it to the old man.
Soon after____________________________________________________________

VI. Rewrite the following sentences, beginning as shown

1. My house is near the beach. I rarely go swimming.
=> Although ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. My brother is working in Ha Noi. He comes home on every public holiday.
=> Although.............................................................................................................................................................................................................
3. I couldn’t sleep. I was tired.
=> Although.............................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. Henry’s friend is a millionaire. He hates spending money.
=> Although………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Because he has a very important job, he is particularly well-paid.
=> Because of ......................................................................................................................................................................................................
6. Although I had never seen her before, I recognized her from a photograph.
=> Despite ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................
7. We’re not very good friends although we’ve known each other a long time.
=> Despite ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................
8. Because Minh was ill, he couldn’t go to the meeting.
=> Due to .................................................................................................................................................................................................................
9. Before he left on his trip, he gave his plan to his wife.
=> Before .................................................................................................................................................................................................................
10. Although I was very tired, I didn’t sleep.
=> No matter how ..............................................................................................................................................................................................
11. Although the salary was low, he accepted the job.
=> Despite ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................
12. In spite of the bad weather, they went out for dinner.
=> Although ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
13. In spite of his age, he still leads an active life.
=> Even though ..................................................................................................................................................................................................
14. In spite of his hard work, Ba failed his exam.
=> Hard ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................
15. When he was told about the news, he became disappointed
=> When ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................
16. Though she was surprised at the results, she was pleased with what she had done.
=> Though………………………………………………………………………………………….
17. The family stopped to visit many relatives while they were driving across the country
=> While………………………………………………………………………………………….
18. The application will at least be reviewed if it is submitted by the fifteenth of the month.
=> If submitted………………………………………………………………………………………
19. The medicine will not be effective unless taken as directed.
=> If it………………………………………………………………………………………….
20. Though made in Japan, the bike is not very expensive.
=> Although it………………………………………………………………………………………
VII. Choose the best answer
1. Because they fly, bats are often mistaken for birds: ______, bats are mammals, not birds.
A. because B. although C. in case D. however
2. it's usually quite simple to cross the border between the USA and Canada ______ these two countries have
friendly relation.
A. because B. and C. yet D. regardless
3. ______ I had known how much I would disappoint him, I wouldn't have done it.
A. Even if B. Unless C. If D. When
4. She described her new house ______ it were a palace.
A. even if B. in case C. as if D. because
5. We wouldn't finish our assignment ______ we stayed up all night.
A. provided B. as long as C. in case D. even if
6. A lot of people bought shares in the company ______ the newspaper predicted it would be successful.
A. unless B. because C. in case D. only if
7. She hasn't had much time to socialise ______ she took a part-time job besides her school studies.
A. when B. even if C. since D. unless
8. Please don't forget to take the cage in______ it gets dark because little Tweety may be frightened.
A. if B. when C. in case D. until
9. ______ they offer me a high salary, I'll give up the job.
A. Unless B. If C. Providing D. As long as
10. ______ you plan to be walking after darker not, it is a good idea to take a torch along when you are hiking in
rough terrain.
A. Provided B. In case C. Even if D. Whether
11. Your advertisement might look more attractive ______ it were printed in colour.
A. even if B. if C. until D. in case
12. I'll allow you to go to the part ______ you come home before it gets dark.
A. even if B. in case C. as long as D. unless
13. Eggs are generally good for your health, ______, of course, you exaggerate and eat an excessive amount of
them.
A. in case B. unless C. as though D. otherwise
14. Deep sea diving should always be carried out in pairs. In this way, another source of oxygen is available
______ one system fails.
A. in case B. as if C. otherwise D. only if
15. Although she was in financially difficulty and behind with her studies, she danced that evening ______ she
didn't have a care in the world.
A. while B. if C. as though D. even if
16. ______ he finds a job soon, he will have to sell his car.
A. Only if B. As if C. Providing D. Unless
17. Simon crept into the house very quickly ______ his parents would not notice how late he was.
A. for fear that B. in order that C. in case D. if
18. So many people were killed in the fire ______ the stadium didn't have enough emergency exits.
A. in case B. so long as C. because D. unless
19. ______ so many of the team members were ill, it's not surprising that we lost the match.
A. In contrast B. Due to C. Nonetheless D. Since
20. You must always have a good breakfast every morning ______ late you are.
A. however B. no matter C. even if D. whatever
21. I may never be able to come back to Turkey ______ I want to see as much as possible while I am here.
A. although B. so C. because D. unless
22. ______ Manchester Union football team will be promoted depends on the last match of the season.
A. That B. Who C. Where D. Whether
23. I'm sorry Sir, but I don't know ______ floor the maternity ward is on.
A. how B. which C. when D. where
24. I don't think I might agree ______ you have said.
A. that which you B. with that what C. with that D. with what
 25. My brother is really scared of large dogs and panics ______ he sees one.
A. however B. whichever C. whenever D. whatever
26. Can you please tell me to ______ I should apply in order to get this document signed?
A. whom B. what C. when D. how
27. I don't really remember ______ youths there were in the boat, but it was crowded.
A. which B. how many C. what D. where
28. I've looked through the menu, but I can't decide ______ to order.
A. whom B. where C. when D. what
29. It may seem interesting, but a large part of ______ on this subject is nonsense.
A. that I have found B. that what I could find
C. what I have found D. that which I could find
30. I can't recollect ______ day she started working here.
A. when B. where C. which D. that
31. Are you implying ______ area is unsafe/
A. that B. where C. what D. when
32. ______ he had been on a strict diet contributes to his collapse.
A. However B. What C. Who D. The fact that
33. Why don't you ask Auntie Doris? I'm sure she'll know ______ to make an apple pie.
A. what B. which C. why D. how
34. Look at that ugly building! ______ designed it has no taste at all.
A. Whoever B. Whenever C. Wherever D. Whatever
35. _______ begin their existence as ice crystals over most of the earth seems likely
A. Raindrops B. If raindrops C. What if raindrops D. That raindrops
36. Scientists cannot agree on _______related to other orders of insects.
A. that fleas are B. how fleas are C. how are fleas D. fleas that are
37. ______ added to a liquid, antifreeze lowers the freezing temperature of that liquid.
A. That B. As is C. It is D. When
38. It was in 1875_______ joined the staff of the astronomical observatory at Harvard University.
A. that Anna Winlock B. Anna Winlock, who C. as Anna Winlock D. Anna Winlock then
39. _______ through a prism, a beam of white light breaks into all the colors of the rainbow.
A. When shines B. It shines C. It is shone D. When shone
40. I couldn’t believe ______ hot chili powder Margaret had put in her curry. I could hardly eat it.
A. how far B. how long C. how much D. how often

VIII. Choose the underlined part that needs correcting

1. Despite cats cannot see in complete darkness, their eyes are much more sensitive to light than human’s eyes.
A B C D
2. Snakes birds were not given their name because they eat snakes, but because of their long, slender necks
resemble snakes. A B C D
3. Because of cheese is essentially a concentrated form of milk, it contains the same nutrients as milk.
A B C D
4. In spite of their frightening appearance, the squid is shy and completely harmless.
A B C D
5. Even although he is best remembered as a writer, Walt Whitman was also a newspaper publisher,
A B C D
teacher, and farmer.
6. In the sixteenth century, it was thought that a compass needle pointed north because some mysterious
A B C D
influence of the stars.
7. During lava cools exceptionally fast, it forms a natural glass called obsidian.
 A B C D
8. Since its acute sense of smell, the blood-hound is often used in tracking.
A B C D
9. Although Adlai Stevenson was never elected president, he was one of the preeminent American
A B
politics of the mid-twentieth century.
C D
10. Exactly when was the wheel invented is not known.
A B C D
11. Although geologists have a clearly understanding of why earthquakes occur, they cannot reliably
A B C
predict when they will take place.
D
12. Art critics do not all agree on what are the qualities that make a painting great.
A B C D
13. A test pilot tries out new kinds of aircraft to determine if are they safe.
A B C D
14. Ipine Bernards are too good at following the scent of humans, even in snow, that they are used by ski patrols
as rescue dogs. A B C
D
15. Desiring to leave their own marks of identity inside the White House, most presidents' wives
A
redecorate at least some portion of its rooms as soon as arrival there.
B C D