Volume 12 Issue 4 (2023)

Sustainable Approaches for E-Waste Management:

Exploring Renewable and Biodegradable
Technologies
Sashank Iyer

Cupertino High School, USA

ABSTRACT

In this review paper, we explore sustainable methods for addressing the problems caused by the growing amount
of electronic waste (e-waste). The exploration of renewable and biodegradable technologies for the effective
recovery of material from e-waste are prioritized. We summarize the current e-waste landscape, evaluate current
recycling approaches, and emphasize the necessity of moving toward more sustainable practices. Additionally,
we examine the potential for using renewable materials like polymers and nanomaterials in the production of
environmentally friendly electronics. We also explore the idea of biodegradable electronics and consider how
they can help to reduce the long-term environmental effects of e-waste.

Introduction

The growing problem of electronic waste (e-waste)has implications for fields as diverse as social equity, public
health, and environmental sustainability. E-waste poses a serious threat both to human health and to the balance
of the environment because it is frequently laced with perilous substances like lead, mercury, or brominated
flame retardants. If they are allowed to fester, these dangerous substances have the potential to develop into
agents of catastrophe causing a toxic storm that can destroy ecosystems and endanger the well-being of com-
munities. This realization provides a chilling reminder that beneath the veneer of comfort and advancement in
modern society, there is a dangerous underbelly, a Pandora’s box of toxins waiting for unintentional release.
The dangerous legacy left behind by the careless handling and hasty disposal of e-waste is equally
pernicious. A seemingly innocuous act like throwing away a broken device can turn into a malicious act of
ecological sabotage. Electronic waste that is carelessly discarded can start a chemical cascade in which danger-
ous substances escape containment and enter the air, soil, and water. The resulting environmental pollution—
air contaminated with hazardous particles, soil contaminated with dangerous residues, and waterways tainted
with pollutants—forms an unsettling triad that can corrode the biosphere’s very life-support system.
The gravity of this dilemma is increasing as humanity proceeds further into the digital era. The e-waste
problem is perpetuated by this cycle of creation and disposal, which is fueled by the pulse of progress, the
rhythm of innovation, and the allure of newer, faster, sleeker technology. The opportunity to evaluate our rela-
tionship with technology, to infuse our endeavors with ecological stewardship, and to usher in an era where
innovation is restrained by conscientious custodianship; however, also exists within this labyrinth of predica-
ment.
In the pages that follow, we explore a variety of remedies for this problem. We consider how polymers
and nanomaterials can create harmonious ensembles of sustainability within the electronic realm as we explore
the uncharted territory of renewable materials. We explore the mystique of biodegradable electronics while
imagining a time when technological marvels can coexist peacefully with the environment. We navigate the

ISSN: 2167-1907 www.JSR.org/hs 1

 Volume 12 Issue 4 (2023)

complex interplay between policies and alliances, where the synergy of collaboration between decision-makers,
business titans, and research communities can transform obstacles into victories.
The e-waste saga is now at a turning point between careless consumption and responsible coexistence,
between environmental irresponsibility and stewardship, and between development and preservation. We enter
this turbulent period not as spectators but as active participants in the creation of a sustainable future. This is a
call to arms to face the challenges, sort through the conundrums, and develop a collection of responses that
reverberate with the health of the environment, the welfare of people, and the harmonious coexistence of inno-
vation and responsibility. In these pages, we set out on a journey to find a way to balance the rise of electronic
technology with the need for sustainable stewardship.

Background and Significance of the E-Waste Challenge

The e-waste crisis has reached a previously unheard-of global scale due to the unrelenting increase in the pro-
duction and consumption of electronic devices, underscoring the pressing need to find a solution to the mount-
ing problem of e-waste disposal. From the startling estimate that the production of e-waste will reach roughly
74 million metric tons of e-waste by 2030, Kumar et al. (2017) highlight the size of this challenge. This steep
trajectory captures the seriousness of the situation, which necessitates quick action to stop an impending catas-
trophe for the environment and human health.

Figure 1. Historical and projected growth of consumer-electronics revenue, 2017-2027. Source: Sta-
tista (2023

The e-waste crisis has reached a previously unheard-of global scale due to the unrelenting increase in
the production and consumption of electronic devices, underscoring the pressing need to find a solution to the
mounting problem of e-waste disposal. From the startling estimate that the production of e-waste will reach
roughly 74 million metric tons of e-waste by 2030, Kumar et al. (2017) highlight the size of this challenge. This
steep trajectory captures the seriousness of the situation, which necessitates quick action to stop an impending
catastrophe for the environment and human health.
The unregulated and disorganized informal recycling industry, which processes a startling 82.6% of
the world’s e-waste, is one aspect of the current state of e-waste management that is especially alarming. The
toxic effects of e-waste on both human health and the environment are exacerbated by unregulated processing.
A severe toll on human well-being and ecological balance has been revealed by careful documentation and by
the study of these toxic effects. Rautela et al. (2021) explore these effects in great detail, highlighting the urgent

ISSN: 2167-1907 www.JSR.org/hs 2

 Volume 12 Issue 4 (2023)

need for a sustainable strategy that ensures effective e-waste management while preserving the health of people
and the environment.
The negative environmental effects associated with careless disposal methods serve to increase the
urgency of addressing e-waste. Our consumer culture is rife with disposable goods, the careless disposal of
which pollutes the environment with materials that can take hundreds of years to decompose. Rahman (2014)
illustrates the shocking effects of this throwaway culture. Think about the staggering 2 billion disposable razors
thrown away annually in the United States or the 5 million trees cut down each year to make white pages for
phone books. These actions are inefficient and wasteful, and they raise concerns about the viability of a society
that willfully wastes resources on such a large scale.
One new cellphone requires the use of a variety of resources, including 40% metals, 40% plastics, and
oil for manufacturing, packaging, and transportation. Over 125 million cell phones are discarded annually in
the United States alone, producing over 65,000 tons of waste. This startling statistic from the EPA report clari-
fies the enormous amount of waste produced by a society that is relentlessly pursuing technological advance-
ments.
Electronic waste introduces a complex web of toxic substances into the environment. The exhaustive
article by R et al. (2021) lays out the problem in stark detail, describing how the production of electronic waste
worldwide increased alarmingly from 44.7 million tons in 2016 to a staggering 52.2 million tons in 2021, a
17% increase. The crucial function of components like printed circuit boards (PCBs), which are replete with
materials that pose serious environmental challenges, serves to magnify the profound impact of this escalating
crisis. These complex structures—made of ceramics, metals, and organics—contain a wide range of toxic ma-
terials that put communities and ecosystems at risk.
About 72% of the metals used in the production of electronic devices come from natural resources,
with copper being a key component. The environmental persistence of these elements is made worse by the
intricate mixture of substances found in PCBs, including non-degradable substances like copper and precious
metals like gold and palladium. The continuing innovation by the electronic industry thus results not only in
the development of goods that are praised for their brilliance but also are paradoxically endowed with a lasting,
potentially dangerous legacy.
The crisis surrounding e-waste is an essentially multifaceted one. Unbridled consumption, poor waste
management techniques, and complex material compositions have combined to create a complex web of prob-
lems that transcend disciplinary and geographic boundaries. The effects of e-waste span ecological systems,
public health concerns, and ethical issues, going far beyond the immediate context of electronic devices. As we
have continued with this investigation, it has become increasingly clear that solving the e-waste crisis requires
an all-encompassing, interdisciplinary strategy that combines scientific knowledge, policy changes, and ethical
stewardship.

Objectives

This review paper has the following goals:

1. To evaluate critically the current restrictions on the methods used to manage e-waste. Analyzing these
limitations will enable a thorough understanding of the shortcomings and inefficiencies in the current
approaches. This analysis serves as a starting point for developing original and practical solutions.
2. To create environmentally friendly methods for recovering materials from e-waste while incorporating
the principles of social justice. This goal stems from the understanding that sustainable e-waste man-
agement goes beyond resource recovery; it also entails making sure that recycling-process workers are
treated fairly and that the disproportionate burden placed on underserved communities is reduced.

ISSN: 2167-1907 www.JSR.org/hs 3

 Volume 12 Issue 4 (2023)

3. To investigate the feasibility of using renewable materials, especially polymers and nanomaterials, to
create electronic devices with smaller environmental footprints. The aim of this investigation is to
provide insights into the creation of electronics that are both technologically advanced and environ-
mentally friendly.
4. To examine the idea of biodegradable electronics and determine whether they may be useful for re-
ducing the long-term environmental effects of electronic devices. This goal aims to develop strategies
that—by encouraging safe decomposition and reducing the accumulation of electronic waste—adhere
to the principles of sustainability.
In essence, these goals work as the cornerstones of a project that aims to not only explain the com-
plexities of the e-waste problem but also to suggest creative solutions that integrate technology, ethics, and
environmental stewardship.

Figure 2. Breakdown of global sources of e-waste. Source: Ruiz (2019).

E-Waste Management

Current Situation and Issues

The management of e-waste is currently facing many difficulties, which are made worse by the increasing rate
of e-waste generation worldwide. Data from Ahirwar & Tripathi (2020) show that the rate of e-waste production
has increased significantly in recent years. Prior projections indicated a 3%–4% annual growth rate, but by
2019, this rate had risen to about 6%. This startling acceleration emphasizes how urgent it is to deal with the
problems caused by weak regulatory frameworks and insufficient recycling infrastructure.
It is clear that traditional recycling practices, as described by Kishore & Kishore (2010) are still widely
used in many areas. Such actions have unsettling environmental impacts that endanger both the ecological bal-
ance and human well-being. Furthermore, as stated in the same source, the social-justice problems associated
with e-waste management are made worse by the exportation of e-waste to developing countries.

ISSN: 2167-1907 www.JSR.org/hs 4

 Volume 12 Issue 4 (2023)

Figure 3. Sources and methods of treatment of e-waste. Source: ?

Currently, pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and mechanical separation methods are the mainstays of
e-waste management strategies. Although these techniques have the potential to recover valuable materials from
e-waste, their effectiveness is limited by several restrictions. In particular, these methods have poor resource
efficiency and environmental sustainability. The complex issues surrounding e-waste management highlight
the urgent need for more advanced strategies that incorporate the ideas of sustainability and equitable resource
allocation.

Toward Sustainable Material Recovery

The overall conclusions of the articles reviewed in this paper support the need for a paradigm shift toward
sustainable material-recovery techniques. Sustainable practices are increasingly important as the world’s e-
waste crisis worsens. In particular, the information presented by Ahirwar & Tripathi (2020) highlights the sig-
nificance of sustainable e-waste management strategies that place a premium on maximizing resource recovery
while minimizing environmental effects. Additionally, it emphasizes the need for fair treatment of those in-
volved in recycling—a factor that connects to larger social-justice issues.

Renewable Materials, Nanotechnology, and Biodegradable Electronics

Exploration of Renewable Materials for E-Waste Recycling

Innovative approaches are urgently needed due to the global rise in the generation of e-waste, which has been
fueled by the explosive growth of the electronics industry. This industry—which manufactures a wide range of
devices such as televisions, computers, mobile phones, video games, and iPods—has quickly grown to become
the largest and fastest-growing sector in the world, fundamentally altering how people live today. However, the
exponential increase in the consumption of electronics has sparked a complex problem: how to manage e-
waste—or end-of-life products—effectively. The annual production of e-waste is estimated by the United Na-
tions to be between 20 and 50 million tons or about 5% of all municipal solid waste. This statistic not only
represents the fastest-growing municipal waste stream but also it has the potential to escalate further (Otengo–
Ababio 2012).

ISSN: 2167-1907 www.JSR.org/hs 5

 Volume 12 Issue 4 (2023)

The speed at which e-waste is growing is illustrated by the fact that the United States alone discards
nearly 98 million mobile phones annually. Increased production and consumption of electrical and electronic
equipment have been sparked by the complex interactions among rapid economic growth, urbanization, and
globalization, which have been key drivers of the digital revolution. The intricate integration of society’s use
of electronic devices and appliances brought about by the digital transformation has improved peoples’ comfort,
security, and access to information. But this beneficial relationship between people and electronics has unin-
tentionally created the problem of e-waste while also fostering a booming business opportunity. The urgent
need to address this issue is highlighted by the sheer size of e-waste and its complex composition, which in-
cludes both valuable and dangerous materials (Otengo–Ababio 2012).
A noteworthy issue is the sharp decline in product lifespans for electronic goods, which is attributed
to technological advancements, alluring designs, and compatibility problems. For instance, the lifespan of a
brand-new computer has decreased from 4.5 years in 1992 to an estimated 2 years in 2005; this has led to
significant quantities of computers becoming destined for export or disposal. According to a conservative esti-
mate, the number of obsolete computers, monitors, and televisions in the US exceeds 130 million annually, and
it is steadily rising. This trend is mirrored globally, with advanced manufacturing and information-technology
products in China and Japan making significant contributions to the generation of e-waste. Managing e-waste
has therefore become an increasingly important global-pollution issue, requiring effective mitigation strategies
(Kiddee et al. 2013).
The problem of e-waste in developing countries is made worse by the influx of used electronics from
developed nations. The accumulation of e-waste in less-developed regions is increased greatly by the importa-
tion of out-of-date, environmentally harmful equipment from wealthy regions. Due to the lack of protection and
enforcement of importation, the environment and human health are severely threatened. Studies of the release
of dangerous substances into the ecosystem demonstrate the toxic impact of e-waste. Regulatory tools such as
life-cycle assessment, material-flow analysis, multi-criteria analysis, and extended producer responsibility are
being used at both the national and international levels to address this crisis, as developing countries struggle
with multifaceted e-waste-related issues. The complexity of this challenge underscores the necessity for a com-
prehensive global approach to e-waste management (Kiddee et al.).
The call to investigate the use of renewable materials to facilitate the recycling of e-waste assumes
greater significance in light of these growing concerns. Renewable materials may provide potential solutions
for reducing the risks to the environment and human health associated with conventional e-waste disposal tech-
niques. The utilization of eco-friendly metals, recyclable composites, and biodegradable plastics in the produc-
tion of electronic components is one option being investigated. The potential for effective recycling and reuse
is increased by utilizing these materials, which also lessen the environmental impact of electronics. By employ-
ing such renewable resources, it is possible to address both the e-waste problem and the need for sustainable
resource management, paving the way for a more ethical and environmentally aware electronics industry.
The narrative becomes more in-depth and relevant by incorporating observations from the cited articles
and introducing the idea of using renewable materials for e-waste recycling, demonstrating a comprehensive
understanding of the problem and potential solutions

ISSN: 2167-1907 www.JSR.org/hs 6

 Volume 12 Issue 4 (2023)

Figure 4. Historical and projected growth of the annual generation of e-waste. Source: Ruiz (2019).

Nanotechnology Applications in Material Recovery

The use of cutting-edge nanotechnology techniques has the potential to revolutionize the recovery of material
from e-waste. The special properties of nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles provide effective
methods for recovering valuable materials from complex e-waste streams. These nanomaterials have large sur-
face areas and unique adsorption properties, which enable them to bind to and collect valuable metals from e-
waste more easily.
In particular, rare-earth elements (REEs) present in e-waste can be adsorbed exceptionally well by
carbon-based nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide (Cardoso et al.). This includes the
pre-concentration of REEs from industrial wastewater, highlighting their potential for resource recovery. No-
tably, graphene-based materials exhibit effective REE sorption, which enables them to remove REEs efficiently
from solutions (Cardoso et al. 2019). These materials are known for their high electronic conductivities and
significant surface areas. These nanomaterials can be functionalized to increase their suitability for REE recov-
ery, e.g., by adding magnetic properties, facilitating the separation of REEs from solutions (Cardoso et al. 2019).
Although there are thus promising applications for nanotechnology, it is also crucial to address poten-
tial social-justice issues. The incorporation of nanotechnology into material recovery must prioritize equitable
access and responsible deployment to prevent the exacerbation of already-existing technological disparities.
Forging a just and sustainable transition to more effective e-waste material-recovery techniques requires ensur-
ing that the advantages of nanotechnology are available to all societal groups.

ISSN: 2167-1907 www.JSR.org/hs 7

 Volume 12 Issue 4 (2023)

Figure 5. Applying nanoparticles for various areas of remediation. Source: Dodamani et al. (2021).

Biodegradable Electronics for a Sustainable Future

The development of biodegradable electronics offers a promising remedy for reducing the buildup of electronic
waste caused by the growing use of electronic devices (Bhutta et al. 2011). Electronics manufacturing can
perhaps be revolutionized by using biodegradable materials—such as bioplastics and biodegradable semicon-
ductors—to create environmentally friendly products that naturally decompose in the environment (Bhutta et
al. 2011).
The long-term environmental impact of electronic devices could be significantly reduced by the use
of biodegradable electronics. By deteriorating gradually and reintegrating into the ecosystem, these materials
can reduce electronic waste and lessen the need for conventional disposal techniques. This is consistent with a
general shift toward the principles of a circular economy, in which products are created with end-of-life issues
at their core.
However, stability, performance, and scalability issues are obstacles to the practical application of
biodegradable electronics. These obstacles must be overcome in order to realize the full potential of biode-
gradable electronics for environmentally friendly electronics production and waste reduction. Research is cur-
rently being carried out to ensure that biodegradable objects function as intended for the duration of their useful
lives and that they degrade steadily after disposal without harming the environment. In this context, Li et al.
(2017) have emphasized the significance of in-depth materials research, interactions with biological solutions,
and efficient encapsulation techniques.

Review of Existing Policies and Collaborative Approaches

Review of Existing Policies and Regulations Related to E-Waste Management

In this section, we provide an overview of current policies and laws governing the management of e-waste on
both the national and international levels. We consider whether these policies are effective at encouraging sus-
tainable behavior and resolving social-justice issues. Drawing on information from articles and official reports,
this section also examines how these regulations affect the environment and disadvantaged communities. The

ISSN: 2167-1907 www.JSR.org/hs 8

 Volume 12 Issue 4 (2023)

evaluation of their effectiveness takes into account variables such as the quantity of resources recovered, the
reduction of exposure to hazardous substances, and the extent to which these policies support inclusive prac-
tices. This analysis draws from works outlining the successes and shortcomings of existing regulations, high-
lighting the pressing need for innovative and socially just regulatory frameworks (National Science Foundation
2021; Mostala & Dumrak 2015; Rautela et al. 2021; Buck 2020).

Figure 6. Biodegradable electronics. Source: Dulal et al. (2022).

Collaborative Approaches with Industry for Responsible E-Waste Recycling

Effective cooperation between policymakers, industry stakeholders, and research organizations is essential to
the pursuit of sustainable e-waste recycling. In this section, we consider the adoption of cooperative strategies
that include all relevant stakeholders and give equal weight to social equity and environmental sustainability.
This approach highlights the importance of forming alliances that support ethical e-waste recycling, fair labor
practices, regional recycling infrastructures, and neighborhood well-being. Case studies and scholarly works
highlight instances where sustainable e-waste management has been enthusiastically embraced, including suc-
cesses with industrial partnerships. Such joint successes serve as models for balancing business needs with
environmental protection and social justice, and as such, they form a crucial component of the overall solution
(Ahirwar & Tripathi 2020; Cardoso et al. 2019).

Conclusion

Conclusion and Future Directions

Summary of Key Findings and Contributions

In summary, in this review paper we have condensed some key findings that collectively suggest sustainable
paths for resolving the e-waste problem. We have emphasized the necessity of creating environmentally friendly
and equitable e-waste-management solutions, highlighting renewable and biodegradable technologies and en-
dorsing social-justice principles. The main contributions of this paper are the identification of current problems,
investigation of creative solutions, and adherence to the principles of sustainable development.

ISSN: 2167-1907 www.JSR.org/hs 9

 Volume 12 Issue 4 (2023)

Recommendations for Future Research and Implementation

In this section, we offer some suggestions for additional research projects and implementation plans based on
our investigation. We emphasize how important ongoing innovation and cooperation are for advancing the
development of sustainable e-waste management techniques while also taking social-justice issues into account.
These suggestions emphasize the necessity of inclusive policies that take into account a variety of stakeholders,
the promotion of recycling programs that are focused on the local community, and the incorporation of thorough
assessments of the impacts on the social and environmental spheres. This will require ongoing discussions and
group efforts to move toward equitable and sustainable e-waste management practices.
In conclusion, the e-waste crisis is becoming more and more complex. This research paper charts a
course to address it by articulating sustainable solutions that combine social justice and environmental protec-
tion. A blueprint for a balanced approach to e-waste management is provided by the examination of renewable
and biodegradable technologies along with a scrutiny of industrial partnerships. Proactive measures are essen-
tial for securing a sustainable and just future, as society deals with the effects of electronic waste. There is a
pressing need to adopt e-waste management strategies that are socially just and environmentally conscious in
order to forge a responsible future.

Figure 7. Regions around the world that export and import e-waste. Source: Geneva Environmental Network

Acknowledgments

Thank you to the publishers and authors of all works and papers used.

References

Ahirwar, R., & Tripathi, A.K., (2021). E-Waste Management: A Review of Recycling Process,
Environmental and Occupational Health Hazards, and Potential Solutions. Environmental
Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management, 15, 100409.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2020.100409

ISSN: 2167-1907 www.JSR.org/hs 10

 Volume 12 Issue 4 (2023)

Andeobu, L., Wibowo, S., & Grandhi, S., (2021). A Systematic Review of e-Waste Generation and
Environmental Management of Asia Pacific Countries. International Journal of Environmental
Research and Public Health, 18(17). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179051, PubMed: 34501640
Bhanvase, B.A., Barai, D.P., & Dhoble, S.J. (2022). Breakdown of Ewaste Management Methods:
Flow Sheet Comprising of Typical Pre-processes Used by Various Researchers for Recycling of PCbs.
Researchgate. Available online at https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Flowsheet-comprising-of-
typical-pre-processes-used-by-various-researchers-for-recycling_fig2_354672715 (Viewed on August
7, 2023)
Bhutta, M.K.S., Omar, A., & Yang, X., (2011). Electronic Waste: A Growing Concern in Today’s
Environment. Economics Research International, 2011, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/474230
Buck, H.J. (2020). Should Carbon Removal be Treated as Waste Management? Lessons From The
Cultural History of Waste. Interface Focus, 10(5), 20200010.
Cardoso, C. E., Almeida, J. C., Lopes, C. B., Trindade, T., Vale, C., & Pereira, E. (2019). Recovery of
Rare Earth Elements by Carbon-Based Nanomaterials—A Review. Nanomaterials, 9(6), 814.
Dodamani, S., Kurangi, B., Teradal, N., & Kurjogi, M. (2021). Applications of Nanoparticles in
Remediation. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Dulal, M., Afroj, S., Ahn, J., Cho, Y., Carr, C., Kim, I.-D., & Karim, N. (2022). Applications of
Biodegradable Technology in Clothing. ACS Publications, Washington DC.
Geneva Enviroment Network. (n.d.). Mapping Out E-Waste. Available online at
https://www.genevaenvironmentnetwork.org/resources/updates/the-growing-environmental-risks-of-e-
waste/ (Viewed on August 6, 2023)
Kiddee, P., Naidu, R., & Wong, M.H., (2013). Electronic Waste Management Approaches: An
Overview. Waste Management, 33(5), 1237–1250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.01.006
Kumar, A., Holuszko, M., & Espinosa, D.C.R., (2017). E-Waste: An Overview on Generation,
Collection, Legislation and Recycling Practices. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 122, 32–42.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.01.018
Li, R., Wang, L., Kong, D., & Yin, L., (2018). Recent Progress on Biodegradable Materials and
Transient Electronics. Bioactive Materials, 3(3), 322–333.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2017.12.001
Monika, M., & Kishore, J., (2010). E-Waste Management: As a Challenge to Public Health in India.
Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 35(3), 382–385. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.69251
Mostafa, S., & Dumrak, J., (2015). Waste Elimination for Manufacturing Sustainability. Procedia
Manufacturing, 2, 11–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.003
Naik, S., & Satya Eswari, J.S., (2022). Electrical Waste Management: Recent Advances Challenges
and Future Outlook. Total Environment Research Themes, 1–2.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.totert.2022.100002
National Science Foundation. (2021). Engineering the Elimination of End-of-Life Plastic Waste.
Available online at
https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=303230&org=EFMA&from=home. National
Stroke Foundation
Oteng-Ababio, M. (2012). Electronic Waste Management in Ghana–Issues and Practices. Sustainable
Development-Authoritative and Leading Edge Content for Environmental Management, 600.
Yaashikaa, P. R., Priyanka, B., Kumar, P. Senthil, Karishma, S., Jeevanantham, S., & Indraganti, S.
(2022). A Review on Recent Advancements in Recovery of Valuable and Toxic Metals from E-Waste
Using Bioleaching Approach. Chemosphere, 287(2), 132230.
Rahman, F. A. (2014). Reduce, Reuse, recycle: Alternatives for Waste Management: New Mexico
State University - Be Bold. Shape the Future. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle: Alternatives for Waste

ISSN: 2167-1907 www.JSR.org/hs 11

 Volume 12 Issue 4 (2023)

Management. New Mexico State University - BE BOLD. Shape the Future. Available online at
https://pubs.nmsu.edu/_g/G314/index.html
Rautela, R., Arya, S., Vishwakarma, S., Lee, J., Kim, K.H., & Kumar, S., (2021). E-Waste
Management and Its Effects on the Environment and Human Health. Science of the Total
Environment, 773, 145623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145623
Ruiz, A. (n.d.-a). GlAobal Total Ewaste Breakdown. TheRoundup. Available online at theroundup.org.
Available online at https://theroundup.org/global-e-waste-
statistics/#:~:text=57.4%20Mt%20(Million%20Metric%20Tonnes,produce%20the%20most%20e%2D
waste (Viewed on August 7, 2023)
Ruiz, A. (n.d.-b). Total Annual Global Ewaste Generation. TheRoundup. Available online at
theroundup.org. Available online at https://theroundup.org/global-e-waste-statistics/ (Viewed on
August 10, 2023)
Staista. (2017). Consumer Electronics Industry Revenue (2017-2027). Oberlo. Available online at
oberlo.com. Available online at https://www.oberlo.com/statistics/consumer-electronics-industry
(Viewed on August 10, 2023)
Vincent, Z. (2021). Sparking Awareness in Lincoln Electronic Waste Trends and Habits: A Student
Behavioral Analysis. Digitalcommons. Available online at
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/envstudtheses/300/@University of Nebraska - Lincoln

ISSN: 2167-1907 www.JSR.org/hs 12