CHEMISTRY QUESTION BANK CHAPTER 1 –

SOLUTIONS
1. (a) State Henry’s law.
(b) Gas (A) is more soluble in water than gas (B) at the same temperature. Which
one of the two gases will have the higher value of KH (Henry’s constant) and why?
Ans: (a) The partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase (p) is proportional to the
mole fraction of the gas (x) in the solution (b) Gas (B) will have the higher value
of KH since low solubility.
2. (a) What happens when a pressure greater than the osmotic pressure is applied on
the solution side separated from the solvent by a semipermeable membrane? (b)
Why does a solution containing a non-volatile solute have a higher boiling point
than a pure solvent?
Ans: (a) Reverse osmosis occurs (b) Because the nonvolatile solute lowers the
vapor pressure of the solvent. Thus, increasing the boiling point.
3. (a) The elevation of the boiling point of 1M KCl solution is nearly double that of 1M
sugar solution. Give reason.
(b) A 10% solution (by mass) of sucrose in water has a freezing point of 269.15 K.
Calculate the freezing point of 10% glucose in water, if the freezing point of pure
water is 273.15 K. [Given: Molar mass of sucrose=342 g mol-1 and molar mass of
glucose =180 g mol-1
Ans: (a) KCl dissociates into K + and Cl – , i.e, i = 2. Whereas, sugar doesn’t
dissociate to give ions. Since elevation in boiling point is directly proportional to
“i” value. OR the elevation in the boiling point is a colligative property, depends
on no. of ions.
(b) For sucrose Mass, w2 = 10g, Mass of water = 90g Molar mass of sucrose
=342g mol-1 Molar mass of glucose =180 g mol-1
Δ Tf = Tf (pure solvent) - Tf (solution)
= 273.15 -269.15 = 4K
m = (w2 x 1000)/ M2 x w1
= 10 x 1000/ 90 x 342 = 0.325
Kf. =Δ Tf /m = 4 / 0.325 = 12.31
For glucose Δ Tf = Kf.m
 = 12.31 x 10 x 1000 /90 x 180= 7.6
Δ Tf = Tf (pure solvent) - Tf (solution) Tf (solution)= 273.15 -7.6 = 265.55 K
4. (a) On mixing liquid X and liquid Y, the volume of the resulting solution decreases.
What type of deviation from Raoult’s law is shown by the resulting solution? What
change in temperature would you observe after mixing liquids X and Y? What type
of azeotropic mixture will be formed by such a solution? (b) A 0.01m aqueous
solution of AlCl3 freezes at -0.068◦C. Calculate the percentage of dissociation. [
Given: Kf for water = 1.86 K Kg mol-1 ]
Ans: (a) Negative deviation from Raoult's law. There is an elevation of boiling
point occurs i. e., the temperature of the solution increase. ΔH = −ve. So, it is an
exothermic reaction. Maximum boiling azeotrope
(b) Freezing point, Tf = -0.068◦C Kf for water = 1.86K Kg mol-1

5. When completely ionised, van’t Hoff factor values for KCl and Na2SO4 respectively
are: (A) 1 and 2 (B) 2 and 3 (C) 2 and 2 (D) 2 and 4
6. Assertion (A): Phenol and Aniline mixture shows negative deviation from Raoult’s
law. Reason (R): In Phenol and Aniline mixture, A – A or B – B type intermolecular
interactions are stronger than A – B type interactions.
Ans: (C) A is true but R is false.
7. a) Pure ethanol cannot be prepared by fractional distillation of ethanol – water
mixture. Comment. b) What are isotonic solutions? Give an example.
Ans: a) Ethanol-water forms an azeotropic mixture. b) b) Two solutions having
same osmotic pressure at a given temperature are c) called isotonic solutions. d)
Eg: - Fluid inside the blood cell and 0.9% (mass/ volume) sodium chloride e)
solution.
8. a) State Henry’s law. Write its one application. b) What is the effect of pressure on
the solubility of solid in liquid? Give reason.
Ans: a) At a constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly b)
proportional to the pressure of the gas. Any one application. c) b) No effect
Both solids and liquids are highly incompressible.
9. Calculate the boiling point of a solution which is prepared by dissolving 4 g of
MgSO4 (Molar mass = 120 g mol -1 ) in 100 g of water, assuming MgSO4
undergoes complete dissociation. (Kb for water = 0·52 K kg mol-1 )
Ans:

10. Addition of 1 mol of NaCl to 1 litre of water, the boiling point of water increases,
while the addition of 1 mol of methyl alcohol to one litre of water decreases its
boiling point. Give reason.
Ans: NaCl is a non-volatile solute, therefore, addition of NaCl to water lowers the
vapour pressure of water- boiling point of water increases. • Methyl alcohol is
more volatile than water- increases the total vapour pressure over the solution
and thus decrease in boiling point of water.
11. (a) On mixing liquid X and Y, the volume of the resulting solution decreases. What
type of deviation from Raoult’s law is shown by the resulting solution? What
change in temperature would you observe after mixing liquids X and Y?
(b) 18 g of glucose, C6H12O6 is dissolved in 1kg of water in a saucepan. At what
temperature will this solution boil? (Kb for water = 0.52 K Kg mol-1 )
(c) Why do RBC (Red blood cells) shrink when placed in saline water?

Ans: a) Negative deviation from Raoult’s law-There is an increase of boiling point

occurs i.e., the temperature of the solution increases.

c)As concentration of saline solution is higher than the concentration inside the cell,
water will move out of the cytoplasm and cell will shrink.
 12. Give reasons for the following: (i) At higher altitudes, people suffer from a disease
called anoxia.

(ii) Measurement of the osmotic pressure method is preferred for the determination of
molar masses of macromolecules such as proteins and polymers.

(iii) Calculate the freezing point of a solution when 3g of CaCl2 (M= 111gmol-1 ) was
dissolved in 100g of water, assuming CaCl2 undergoes complete ionisation. (Kf for
water = 1.86 K kg mol-1 )

Ans: i) At high altitude, partial pressure of oxygen is less than that of ground level.
This leads to low concentrations of oxygen in blood and tissue of people living at
high altitudes. The low blood oxygen causes climbers to become weak and unable to
think clearly known as anoxia.

ii) Useful for biomolecules as they are generally not stable at higher temperatures
and polymers have poor stability. [Molarity of the solution is used instead of
molality/Pressure is measured around the room temperature/Its magnitude is quite
large even for very dilute solutions.]

iii) i = 3 (since dissociation)

13. From the below options, choose the correct example for gaseous solutions.
(a) Oxygen dissolved in water (b) Camphor in nitrogen gas
(c) Carbon dioxide dissolved in water (d) Hydrogen in palladium

14. Assertion (A): Molecular mass of benzoic acid when determined by colligative
properties is found high.

Reason (R): Dimerization of benzoic acid takes place.

Ans: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

15.What are colligative properties? Write the colligative property which is used to find the
molecular mass of macromolecules.

Ans: Properties that depend on the number of solute particles irrespective of their
nature relative to the total number of particles present in the solution. Osmotic Pressure
16. (a) A 5% solution of Na2SO4.10H2O (MW = 322) is isotonic with a 2% solution of
non-electrolytic, non-volatile substance X. Find out the molecular weight of X. (b) Draw
graphically a solution that shows the negative deviation from Raoult’s law.

Ans:

16. (b) Draw graphically a solution that shows the negative deviation from Raoult’s law.

Ans:

17. An azeotropic mixture of two liquids has a boiling point higher than either of the two
liquids when it (a) shows large negative deviation from Raoults law.

(b) shows no deviation from Raoults law

(c) shows large positive deviation from Raoults law.

(d) obeys Raoult’s law

18. Which of the following pairs will not form an ideal solution?

(a) Benzene and Toluene (b) Nitric acid and Water

(c) Hexane and Heptane (d) Ethyl chloride and Ethyl bromide

19. Assertion (A): The cell placed in a hypertonic solution will swell. Reason (R) :
Hypertonic solutions are those in which the salt concentration is more than 0.9%.

Ans: (d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true

20. (a) What is the effect of pressure on solubility of solids in liquids?

(b) What type of deviation from Raoults law is shown by a mixture of ethanol and
acetone. Give reason

(c) Vapour pressure of pure water at 298 K is 23.8 mm Hg. 50 g of urea (NH2CONH2 ) is
dissolved in 850 g of water. Calculate the vapour pressure of water for this solution. (At
mass of N=14 u, O=16 u, H=1u)

Ans: (a) No effect (b) Positive deviation In pure ethanol, molecules are hydrogen
bonded. On adding acetone, its molecules get in between the host molecules and break
some of the hydrogen bonds between them. Due to weakening of interactions, the
solution shows positive deviation from Raoult’s Law.

21. (a) Ethylene glycol water mixture is used in car radiators in cold countries. Give
reason. (b) Explain the phenomenon that is depicted in the picture below. Write an
application of this phenomenon.
(c) What will be the concentration of sucrose solution which develops an osmotic
pressure of 2 atm at 27°C? ( R= 0.0821 atm L K-1mol-1 )

Ans: (a) To lower the freezing point of water.

(b) The direction of osmosis can be reversed if a pressure larger than the osmotic
pressure is applied to the solution side. The pure solvent flows out of the solution
through the semi permeable membrane. This phenomenon is called reverse osmosis.
Desalination of sea water. (c) π = CRT 2 atm = C × 0.082 atm L K-1mol-1 × 300 K C =
0.081 mol L-1

22. Nitrogen gas is soluble in water. At temperature 293 K, the value of KH is

76.48 kbar. How would the solubility of nitrogen vary (increase, decrease or
remain the same) at a temperature above 293 K if the value of KH rises to
88.8 kbar

Ans: Solubility of gas is inversely proportional to the value of Henry's

constant KH. On increasing temperature nitrogen gas becomes less soluble
because its KH value increases.

23. Chloroform (b.p. 61.2oC) and acetone (b.p. 56oC ) are mixed to form an
azeotrope. The mole fraction of acetone in this mixture is 0.339. Predict
whether the boiling point of the azeotrope formed will be (i) 60oC (ii)64.5 oC
or (iii)54 oC. Defend your answer with reason.

Ans: (ii)64.5 oC Chloroform and acetone mixture show negative deviation

from Raoult’s law therefore, they form maximum boiling azeotrope at a
specific composition. The boiling point of the mixture so obtained will be
higher than the individual components.

24. a. A soda bottle will go flat (loose its fizz) faster in Srinagar than in Delhi.
Is this statement correct? Why or why not?

b. How does sugar help in increasing the shelf life of the product?

Ans: (a) At higher altitudes i.e. in Srinagar the atmospheric pressure is

lower. The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial
pressure of the gas over the solution, therefore, the carbon dioxide
dissolved in water will be lesser at Srinagar making the soda go flat faster.
(b)Preservation of fruits by adding sugar/salt protects against bacterial
action. Through osmosis, a bacterium on canned fruit loses water, shrivels
and dies

25. a. An experiment was carried out in the laboratory, to study depression in

freezing point. 1M aqueous solution of Al(NO3 )3 and 1 M aqueous solution
of glucose were taken. From the given figure identify solution 1 and solution
2. Give a plausible reason for your answer.

Ans: a. Depression in the freezing point is a colligative property. In dilute

solutions the depression of freezing point (ΔTf) is directly proportional to
the molal concentration of the solute in a solution. From the graph it is
interpreted that Solution 2 shows more depression in freezing point 1 M
Al(NO3)3 has higher i value (i=3) than 1 M glucose (i=1) 1 M Al(NO3)3 will
have higher depression , hence solution 2 is Al(NO3)3 solution and solution
1 is glucose solution.

b. The osmotic pressure of a solution of cane sugar was found to be 2.46

atm at 300 K. If the solution was diluted five times, calculate the osmotic
pressure at the same temperature. How can the osmotic pressure of the
given cane sugar solution be decreased without changing its volume? Give a
reason for your answer.

ANS:
26. a. While giving intravenous injections to the patients, the doctors take
utmost care of the concentration of the solution used.Why is it necessary to
check the concentration of the solution?

b. A solution of phenol was obtained by dissolving 2X 10-2 kg of phenol in 1

kg of benzene. Experimentally it was found to be 73 % associated. Calculate
the depression in the freezing point recorded.

ANS: a. While giving intravenous injection to the patients, utmost care of

concentration of the solution is to be taken.The solution must have same
concentration as that of blood cells.If the solution becomes more
concentrated than the concentration of the blood it will lead to the
shrinking of blood cells and fluid will start flowing out because of
endosmosis. If concentration is less concentrated than the concentration
of the blood it will lead to swelling of blood cells will take place. Both
situations are life-threatening.

b. α = 1-i/ 1-1/n ( degree of association)

73/100 = 1-i/ 1-0.5

0.73 = 1-i / 0.5

0.73 x 0.5 = 1-i

0.365 = 1-i

Van’t Hoff factor I= 1-0.365 = 0.635

27. A 5% solution of Na2SO4.10H 2O (MW = 3 22) is isotonic with 2%

solution of non- electrolytic, nonvolatile substance X. Find out the molecular
weight of X.

ANS:

28. (a) What is the effect of temperature on the solubility of glucose in

water?

(b) Ibrahim collected a 10mL each of fresh water and ocean water. He
observed that one sample labeled “P” froze at 0 oC while the other “Q” at
-1.3oC. Ibrahim forgot which of the two, “P” or “Q” was ocean water. Help him
identify which container contains ocean water, giving rationalization for your
answer.
(c) Calculate Van't Hoff factor for an aqueous solution of K3 [Fe(CN)6] if the
degree of dissociation (α) is 0.852. What will be boiling point of this solution
if its concentration is 1 molal? (Kb=0.52 K kg/mol)

ANS: (a) Addition of glucose to water is an endothermic reaction. According

to Le Chat elier’s principle, on increase in temperature, solubility will
increase.

(b) Q is ocean water, due to the presence of salts it freezes at lower

temperature (depression in freezing point)

(c) K3 [Fe(CN) 6] gives 4 ions in aqueous solution

29. (a) What type of deviation from Roult’s Law is expected when phenol and
aniline are mixed with each other? What change in the net volume of the
mixture is expected? Graphically represent the deviation.

(b) The vapour pressure of pure water at a certain temperature is 23.80 mm

Hg. If 1 mole of a nonvolatile non- electrolytic solute is dissolved in 100g
water, Calculate the resultant vapour pressure of the solution.

ANS: (a) Negative Deviation is expected when phenol and aniline are mixed
with each other. The net volume of the mixture will decrease, ΔV<0 due to
stronger intermolecular interactions.
30. Answer the following questions: a. State Henry’s law and explain why are
the tanks used by scuba divers filled with air diluted with helium (11.7%
helium, 56.2% nitrogen and 32.1% oxygen)?

b. Assume that argon exerts a partial pressure of 6 bar. Calculate the

solubility of argon gas in water. (Given Henry’s law constant for argon
dissolved in water, KH = 40kbar)

ANS: a. Henry’s law: the partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase (p) is
proportional to the mole fraction of the gas (x) in the solution. The pressure
underwater is high, so the solubility of gases in blood increases. When the
diver comes to surface the pressure decreases so does the solubility
causing bubbles of nitrogen in blood, to avoid this situation and maintain the
same partial pressure of nitrogen underwater too, the dilution is done.

31. Henna is investigating the melting point of different salt solutions. She
makes a salt solution using 10 mL of water with a known mass of NaCl salt.
She puts the salt solution into a freezer and leaves it to freeze. She takes the
frozen salt solution out of the freezer and measures the temperature when
the frozen salt solution melts. She repeats each experiment.

Assuming the melting point of pure water as 0oC, answer the following
questions: a. One temperature in the second set of results does not fit the
pattern. Which temperature is that? Justify your answer.

b. Why did Henna collect two sets of results?

c. In place of NaCl, if Henna had used glucose, what would have been the
melting point of the solution with 0.6 g glucose in it?

OR What is the predicted melting point if 1.2 g of salt is added to 10 mL of

water? Justify your answer.

ANS: The melting point of ice is the freezing point of water. We can use the
depression in freezing point property in this case. a. 3rd reading for 0.5 g
there has to be an increase in depression of freezing point and therefore
decrease in freezing point so also decrease in melting point when amount of
salt is increased but the trend is not followed on this case.

b. two sets of reading help to avoid error in data collection and give more
objective data.

c.

 The molal elevation constant depends upon:

(a) nature of the solute.
(b) nature of the solvent.
(c) vapour pressure of the solution.
(d) enthalpy change.
 Which of the following is caused by the addition of a non-volatile
solute to a solvent?
(a) Reduction in the equilibrium of vapor pressure of the solution
(b) Increase in melting point of the solution
 (c) Decrease in the boiling point of the solution
(d) Osmosis of solute in the solution
 Mole fraction of glycerine C3H5(OH) 3 (Molar massof glycerol = 92g/mol) in a solution
containing 36 g of waterand 46 g of glycerine is:
(a) 0.46
(b) 0.40
(c) 0.20
(d) 0.36
 Assertion : When NaCl isadded to water adepression in freezing point is
observed.
Reason : The lowering of vapour pressure of a solution causes
depression in the freezing point.

ANS: Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is
the correct explanation for assertion.

32. Assertion: Nitric acid and water form a maximum boiling azeotrope.

Reason: Azeotropes are binary mixtures having the same composition in the liquid and
vapour phases.

ANS: Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is
not the correct explanation for assertion.

33. Given below is the sketch of a plant for carrying out a process

Name the process occurring in the above plant.

ANS: Reverse osmosis

 a process by which a solvent passes through a porous membrane in the
direction opposite to that for natural osmosis when subjected to
a hydrostatic pressure greater than the osmotic pressure.
34.
The vapour pressure of a solvent A is 0.80 atm. When a nonvolatile
solute B is added is added to this solvent, vapour pressure decreases
to 0.60atm. what is the mole fraction of B in the solution?

P0A – Ps / P0A = XB = 0.8 – 0.6 / 0.8

0.2 / 0.8 = 0.25

35. The osmotic pressure of 1M urea is π. What will be the osmotic

pressure for 0.1 M NaCl?

a) π
b) 2 π
c) 0.1 π
d) 0.2 π van’t Hoff factor I = 2 0.1 x 2 x π = 0.2 π

36.
Assertion: 0.1M KCl and 0.1M K2SO4 solutions cause the same
osmotic pressure in solution
Reason: Osmotic pressure depends on the number of solute particles
present in solution
ANS: (d)A is false but R is true

37. 500mL of an aqueous solution of a protein contain 1.26g. The

osmotic pressure of this solution at 300K is found to be 2.57x10-3
bar. What is the molar mass of the protein (R= 0.083Lbar mol-1K-1)

ANS: Πv = wRT/M

M = wRT /Π v

= 1.26 x0.083 x300 / 2.57x10-3 x 0.5

= 31.37 x 1000 / 1.285 = 24,412.4 g

38. A 0.1 molal aqueous solution of a weak acid HX is 30% ionized. If
Kf of water is 1.86 K kg/m, what is the freezing point of the solution?

ANS:

ΔTf=i× Kf× m=1.3× 1.86× 0.1=0.2418

Tf=0− 0.2418= − 0.2418oC

39. An aqueous solution freezes at -0.186 0C (Kf = 1.860C/m, Kb = 0.512 0

C/m) What is the elevation in boiling point?

ANS: m = ΔTf / Kf = ΔTb / Kb
ΔTf = T0f – Tf
= 0 – ( - 0.186) = 0.1860C

0.186 / 1.86 = ΔTb / 0.512

1/10 = ΔTb / 0.512

ΔTb = 0.512 x 0.1= 0.0512 0 C

40. a) Anhydrous CaCl2 or NaCl is used to clear snow from roads. Why?
ANS: Nonvolatile solute decrease the freezing point of water. Hence it
prevents water from getting frozen.

b) Aquatic organisms prefer to stay in deep waters during summer. Reason

out.
ANS: As temperature is low in the deep waters , solubility of oxygen in water
will be high .

c) How does addition of saltto meat increase its shelf life?

a) ANS: By addition of salt , water from meat moves out due to osmosis
and hence prevent the growth of bacteria .
d) Arrange the following equi molal solutions in increasing order of freezing
point: Ethanol, Barium phosphate, Sodium sulphate, Potassium chloride and
Lithium phosphate

ANS:As the value I increases Freezing point increases

Ethanol , Potassium chloride , Sodium sulphate , Lithium phosphate , Barium

phosphate

e)An azeotrope mixture of two liquids will have B.P less than either of them.
Will the mixture be warm or cold? Justify
ANS: Minimum boiling azeotropic mixture, so the mixture will be cold.

f)If the amount of a nonelectrolyte is doubled but the amount of solvent is

quadrupled, what is the elevation in boiling point of the
ANS: Boiling point of the solution is halved .

41. The system that forms maximum boiling azeotrope is

(a)Carbon disulphide and acetone

(b)Benzene and toluene
(c)Ethanol and acetone
 (d)Chloroform and acetone

42. Assertion (A): When NaCl is added to water a depression in freezing

point is
observed.

Reason (R): The lowering of vapour pressure of a solution causes

depression in the freezing point

ANS:

(a)Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

43. 1 molal aqueous solution ofan electrolyte A2B3 is 60% ionized. Calculate the boiling
point of solution ( Kb for H2O = 0.52 Kkgmol-1 )

ANS:

44. 11.1 grams of calcium chloride is dissolved in water to make 600ml

solution at 270 C. Calculate the osmotic pressure of the solution assuming
solute is completely ionized. (Ca= 40, Cl=35.5 and R=0.0821latmK-1mol-1)

ANS:
(a) 45. Equimolar solution of sodiumchloride and glucose are not isotonic. Why?

(b) If distilled water and rainwater taken in a vessel and are separated by a semi
permeable membrane, in which direction will the solvent move? Why?

(c) If the elevation in boiling point of 0.1m ureasolutionis 0.2 0C, what will be the elevation
in boiling point of 0.1msodiumbicarbonate solution?

(d) A 2% by mass of magnesium sulphate solution is isotonic with 5% by massof a

solution containing an unknown non- electrolyte. Find the molecularmass of the
unknown solute.
[ Atomic masses: Mg = 24, S=32, O=16]

ANS: a) Sodium chloride is an electrolyte with i=2 while glucose is an non

electrolyte with i=1

b)Since rainwater contain more amount of solutes and distilled water has less
amount of salt, solvent will move from distilled water to rain water . This
phenomenon is called osmosis.
c)
urea
ΔTb = iKb × m
0.2 =1x Kbx0.1
Sodium bicarbonate
ΔTb = 2x 2x 0.1
= 0.40 K
d)
 π1 = π2
i1n1RT / V =i2 n2RT / V
2x 2/120 = 1 x 5 / MB
Mb = 150 g/mol

46. If the depression in freezing point of 0.1m sodium phosphate solution is

0.4 0C, what will be the depression in freezing point of 0.1m sucrose solution
(C12 H22 O11)?
ANS: Sodium phosphate
ΔTf = ikfm
0.4 = 4x kf x0.1
Sucrose
ΔTf = ikfm
= 1 x 1x 0.1
= 0.1 K