CAPSTONE Mid Review Report

AIR QUALITY MONITORING USING

Team
1. Mentor(s): Dr. Ravi Kumar & Dr. Hardeep Singh
2. Students Name and Roll Number:
1. Piyush Sharma (102006053)
2. Lakshya Pandey (102006055)
3. Ankur Anand (102006056)
4. Kanav Nandra (102006062)
5. Anchit Sood (102006063)
3. Team No.: 46
 Introduction
• Project Overview
(4-5 bullets only )

1.Research and Development: Conduct an in-depth study of autonomous flight algorithms, sensor fusion techniques, computer vision, and
flight control systems suitable for drone applications.
2.Drone Design and Integration: Select or design drones with appropriate hardware specifications and integrate the required sensors, flight
controllers, and communication systems.
3.Flight Control Algorithm Development: Develop flight control algorithms that enable the drones to perform essential flight operations, such
as takeoff, landing, altitude control, and waypoint navigation.
4.Computer Vision and Obstacle Avoidance: Implement computer vision algorithms for obstacle detection and avoidance, allowing the drones
to autonomously navigate complex environments.
5.Sensor Fusion and Localization: Integrate data from multiple sensors using sensor fusion techniques.
• Need Analysis and Scope
(4-5 bullets only )

1. Flexibility and Mobility: Autonomous drones can navigate through different locations, including remote or inaccessible areas, providing flexibility
in monitoring air quality.
2. Real-Time Data: Autonomous drones can collect data in real-time, allowing for prompt analysis and immediate response to changes in air
quality.
3. High Spatial Resolution: Drones can collect data at a higher spatial resolution compared to traditional methods.
4. Remote Monitoring: Drones equipped with air quality sensors can monitor areas that are difficult for humans to access, such as industrial sites,
construction zones, or disaster-stricken areas.
5. Cost-Efficiency: Compared to fixed monitoring stations, deploying drones can be a cost-effective solution.
 Literature Survey
• Objectives (2-3 bullets only )

● To fly the drone without any manual input(autonomously), so that it follows a certain trajectory.
● Setting the trajectory of path to be elliptical and drone should be able to detect any obstacles in between and respond
accordingly to redirect its course.H=
● The path mentioned above should be elliptical, and multiple drones are to be made to follow the trajectory concentric ellipse
for better analysis of the surroundings

• Literature Analysis :
(Provide 2 to 3 bullets about what is your understanding of the article/paper)

● Low-cost sensors (LCS) are being increasingly commercialized to monitor outdoor air pollution, providing improved spatial
coverage in cities and remote areas.
● The reliability of low-cost sensors is often questionable due to factors like atmospheric conditions, pollutant concentrations,
and the specific measurement site.
● Various techniques are employed for air pollution monitoring, including Ultraviolet-Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy
(UV-DOAS) and Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF), which offer chemical identification and detailed contaminant distribution
information, respectively.
● Fiber Optic Chemical Sensors (FOCS) use light delivered through fibers to detect environmental changes, while Fourier
Transform Infrared (OP-FTIR) spectroscopy is a versatile technique capable of detecting multiple chemicals simultaneously with
high sensitivity.
● LIDAR, based on radar technology but using light instead of radio waves, is another method used for collecting air pollution
data.
 Literature Survey
• Research Gaps :
(List out the challenges you fore see in the literature/research gap– 2 to 3 bullets only)

● Sensor Integration and Calibration: Investigate the challenges and techniques for integrating multiple sensors on UAV platforms, ensuring their accuracy,
calibration, and compatibility with each other. Explore methods to account for cross-sensor interference and provide reliable and precise measurements.
● Real-Time Data Synchronization: Address the challenges of synchronizing sensor data with GPS data in real-time. Develop methods to ensure accurate
time-stamping and geolocation of the collected data, considering the potential delays and uncertainties associated with UAV-based monitoring systems.
● Safety and Navigation: Study the safety considerations and navigation challenges specific to UAVs deployed for air quality monitoring. Explore strategies to
ensure safe and efficient flight operations in urban environments with obstacles such as tall buildings, trees, power lines, and no-fly zones.
● Data Fusion and Analysis: Investigate techniques for integrating data from multiple UAVs, ground-based sensors, and other relevant sources to improve the
spatial and temporal resolution of air quality measurements. Develop advanced data fusion and analysis algorithms to derive meaningful insights and
patterns from the collected data.

• Research Findings for Existing Literature :

● Swarm Intelligence: Research in this area has focused on developing algorithms and communication protocols that allow drones to work together in a
decentralized manner. It enables tasks such as collective mapping, surveillance, and search and rescue operations. It involves the coordination and collaboration of
multiple autonomous drones to achieve a common goal.
● Navigation and Control: One crucial aspect of autonomous drones is their ability to navigate and control their flight in a dynamic environment. Researchers are
developing advanced algorithms and sensor fusion techniques to enable drones to perceive and interpret their surroundings accurately. This involves incorporating
technologies such as computer vision, LiDAR, GPS, and inertial measurement units (IMUs) to achieve precise and reliable navigation and control.
 Proposed Approach
• Concept Diagram :
( Clear detailed schematic / block diagram / flow chart depicting the proposed concept / solution )
 Prospective Learning of the Project
● Sensor Integration: Drones rely on various sensors, such as cameras, lidar, radar, and GPS, to perceive their surroundings.
Working on this project will help you understand the integration and fusion of sensor data to create a comprehensive view
of the drone's environment.
● Regulation and Compliance: Autonomous drones operate within a regulatory framework. As part of the project, we will
navigate the legal and compliance aspects, such as understanding airspace restrictions, licensing requirements, and
privacy considerations related to autonomous drone operations.
● Iterative Development and Testing: Developing autonomous drones often involves an iterative process, where we
continuously improve and refine the system. We will gain experience in testing, debugging, and troubleshooting the
drone's behavior and performance to enhance its autonomy and reliability.
● Autonomous Navigation: Developing autonomous drones requires creating algorithms and systems for navigation. We will
learn about sensor integration, path planning, obstacle avoidance, and mapping techniques to enable drones to navigate
autonomously in various environments.
● Real-Time Decision-Making: Autonomous drones need to make real-time decisions based on their sensor inputs and
mission objectives. We will explore decision-making algorithms, including reactive and deliberative approaches, and gain
experience in implementing algorithms that enable drones to make intelligent decisions on the fly.
IEEE Standards to be used
● IEEE 1936.1-2021 : framework for support of drone applications.
● IEEE 1930.1-2022 : IEEE recommended networking for software defined networking
based Middlewire for control and management of Wireless networks.
● IEEE 2700-2017 : A common framework for sensor performance specification
terminology, units, conditions, and limits is provided. Specifically, the accelerometer,
magnetometer, gyrometer/ gyroscope, accelerometer/magnetometer/gyroscope
combination sensors, barometer/pressure sensors, hygrometer/humidity sensors,
temperature sensors, light sensors (ambient and RGB), and proximity sensors are
discussed.

UG Courses referred
1. Control Systems
2. Deep Learning
3. Artificial Intelligence
4. Applied Physics
 Outcomes of the Project
Simulation results, graphs, GUI, etc.