5/26/24, 2:49 PM Test Generator

A GIFT FROM SOMNATH SIR

PHYSICS
LIGHT
Class : X

Roll No. : Time -

Date : MM - 267

1. An object is placed at a distance of 0.25 m in front of a plane mirror. The distance between the 1
object and image will be
(a) 0.25 m (b) 1.0 m
(c) 0.5 m (d) 0.125 m

Ans : (c) Distance between object and image = 0.25 + 0.25 = 0.5 m

2. The angle of incidence for a ray of light having zero reflection angle is 1
(a) 0 (b) 30°
(c) 45° (d) 90°

Ans : (a) For reflecting surface ∠i = ∠r

3. For a real object, which of the following can produce a real image? 1
(a) Plane mirror (b) Concave mirror
(c) Concave lens (d) Convex mirror

Ans : (b) Only concave mirror can produces a real image for the any position of object between
its focus and infinity.

4. Which of the following mirror is used by a dentist to examine a small cavity? 1

(a) Convex mirror
(b) Plane mirror
(c) Concave mirror
(d) Combination of convex and concave mirror

Ans : (c) Concave mirror forms erect and enlarged image when held close to the cavity.

5. An object at a distance of 30 cm from a concave mirror gets its image at the same point. The 1
focal length of the mirror is
(a) – 30 cm (b) 30 cm
(c) – 15 cm (d) +15 cm

Ans : (c) When object is placed at 2F, the image formed by concave mirror is also at 2F. So 2F
= –30 or F = –15 cm.

6. An object at a distance of +15 cm is slowly moved towards the pole of a convex mirror. The 1
image will get
(a) shortened and real
(b) enlarged and real
(c) enlarge and virtual
(d) diminished and virtual

Ans : (d) Convex mirror always formed virtual and diminished image.

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7. A concave mirror of radius 30 cm is placed in water. It’s focal length in air and water differ by 1
(a) 15 (b) 20
(c) 30 (d) 0

Ans : (d) The focal length of spherical mirror does not depends on the surrounding medium.

8. A concave mirror of focal length 20 cm forms an image having twice the size of object. For the 1
virtual position of object, the position of object will be at
(a) 25 cm (b) 40 cm
(c) 10 cm (d) At infinity

Ans : (c) For virtual image,

9. The image formed by concave mirror is real, inverted and of the same size as that of the object. 1
The position of object should be
(a) at the focus
(b) at the centre of curvature
(c) between focus and centre of curvature
(d) beyond centre of curvature

Ans : (c) When object lies at C of a concave mirror, image is also formed at ‘C’ and having
same size real and inverted.

10. The nature of the image formed by concave mirror when the object is placed between the focus 1
(F) and centre of curvature (C) of the mirror observed by us is
(a) real, inverted and diminished
(b) virtual, erect and smaller in size
(c) real, inverted and enlarged
(d) virtual, upright and enlarged

Ans : (c) When object lies between C and F, the real, inverted and enlarged image is formed
beyond C.

11. The nature of image formed by a convex mirror when the object distance from the mirror is less 1
than the distance between pole and focal point (F) of the mirror would be
(a) real, inverted and diminished in size
(b) real, inverted and enlarged in size
(c) virtual, upright and diminished in size
(d) virtual, upright and enlarged in size

Ans : (c) Convex mirror always forms a virtual, erect diminished image irrespective of the
position of object in front of it.

12. If a man’s face is 25 cm in front of concave shaving mirror producing erect image 1.5 times the 1
size of face, focal length of the mirror would be
(a) 75 cm (b) 25 cm
(c) 15 cm (d) 60 cm

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Ans : (a) In concave shaving mirror, virtual erect and large size image, behind the mirror is
obtained, using

Hence, focal length of concave mirror is 75 cm.

13. As light travels from a rarer to a denser medium it will have 1

(a) increased velocity
(b) decreased velocity
(c) decreased wavelength
(d) both (b) and (c)

Ans : (d) When light ray travel from rarer to denser medium, its velocity and wavelength both
decrease as v = vλ.

14. The angle of incidence i and refraction r are equal in a transparent slab when the value of i is 1
(a) 0°
(b) 45°
(c) 90°
(d) depend on the material of the slab

Ans : (a) When the incident ray falls normally on the glass slab, it will refracted without
deviation, i.e. along the normal in the glass slab. So, ∠i = ∠r = 0

15. The refractive index of transparent medium is greater than one because 1
(a) Speed of light in vacuum < speed of light in tansparent medium
(b) Speed of light in vacuum > speed of light in tansparent medium
(c) Speed flight in vacuum = speed of light in tansparent medium
(d) Frequency of light wave changes when it moves from rarer to denser medium

Ans :

16. The refractive index of water is 1.33. The speed of light in water will be 1
(a) 1.33 × 108 m/s (b) 3 × 108 m/s
(c) 2.26 × 108 m/s (d) 2.66 × 108 m/s

Ans :

17. You are given three media A, B and C of refractive index 1.33, 1.65 and 1.46. The medium in 1
which the light will travel fastest is
(a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) equal in all three media

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Ans :

So, the light will travel faster in a medium having lower refractive index.

18. Light from the Sun falling on a convex lens will converge at a point called 1
(a) centre of curvature
(b) focus
(c) radius of curvature
(d) optical centre

Ans : (b) The parallel ray coming from the sun, after refraction through the convex lens
converge at its focus.

19. Large number of thin stripes of black paint are made on the surface of a convex lens of focal 1
length 20 cm to catch the image of a white horse. The image will be
(a) a zebra of black stripes
(b) a horse of black stripes
(c) a horse of less brightness
(d) a zebra of less brightness

Ans : (c) Complete image of the white horse is formed but of less intensity, the light falling on
the curved portion will not react at the image position.

20. A divergent lens will produce 1

(a) always real image
(b) always virtual image
(c) both real and virtual image
(d) none of these

Ans : (b) Diverging (concave) lens will always forms a virtual, erect and diminished image.

21. When object moves closer to convex lens, the image formed by it shift 1
(a) away from the lens
(b) towards the lens
(c) first towards and then away from the lens
(d) first away and then towards the lens

Ans : (a) As object moves from infinity towards optical centre of the convex lens image is
shifted away from its focal point and towards infinity.

22. A magnified real image is formed by a convex lens when the object is at 1
(a) F
(b) between F and 2F
(c) 2F
(d) only (a) and (b) both

Ans : (d) When object is at 2F, real inverted and same size image is formed by convex lens.
So, according to question option (a) and (b) both are correct.

23. The distance between the potical centre and point of convergence is called focal length in which 1
of the following cases?

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Ans : (c) Parallel rays after refiracting meet at the focus of a convex lens.

24. A 10 mm long awl pin is placed vertically in front of a concave mirror. A 5 mm long image of the 1
awl pin is formed at 30 cm in front of the mirror. The focal length of this mirror is
(a) – 30 cm (b) – 20 cm
(c) – 40 cm (d) – 60 cm

Ans : b) Given ho = +10 mm = + 0.1 cm

h2 = – 5 mm = –0.5 cm
for real image, v = – 30 cm

25. Figure shows a ray of light as it travels from medium A to medium B. Refractive index of the 1
medium B relative to medium A is

Ans : (a) Here, ∠i = 60°, ∠r = 45°

Using Snell’s law of refraction, refractive index of medium B with respect to medium A.

26. A light ray enters from medium A to medium B as shown in figure. The refractive index of 1
medium B relative to A will be

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(a) greater than unity

(b) less than unity
(c) equal to unity
(d) zero

Ans : (b) In medium B, light ray bends away from the normal. It indicates that medium B is
optically rarer than medium A. Hence speed of light in medium B is more than that in
medium A. Now, refractive index

27. Beams of light are incident through the holes A and B and emerge out of box through the holes C 1
and D respectively as shown in the figure. Which of the following could be inside the box?

(a) A rectangular glass slab

(b) A convex lens
(c) A concave lens
(d) A prism

Ans : (a) Figure shows that emergent ray are parallel to the incedent ray and shifted side ward
slightly. This can be done by the rectangular glass slab only.

28. A beam of light is incident through the holes on side A and emerges out of the hole on the other 1
face of the box as shown in the figure. Which of the following could be inside the box?
(a) Concave lens
(b) Rectangular glass slab
(c) Prism
(d) Convex lens

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Ans : (d) From figure, it is clear that parallel rays converge at a point and emerges from face B.
So convex lens would be possible inside the box.

29. Which of the following statements is/are true? 1

(a) A convex lens has 4 dioptre power having a focal length 0.25 m
(b) A convex lens has –4 dioptre power having a focal length 0.25 m
(c) A concave lens has 4 dioptre power having a focal length 0.25 m
(d) A concave lens has – 4 dioptre having a focal 0.25 m

Ans : (a) Positive sign with power and focal length indicates that the given lens is convex.

30. Magnification produced by a rear view mirror fitted in vehicles 1

(a) is less than one
(b) is more than one
(c) is equal to one
(d) can be more than or less than one depending upon the position of the object in front of it.

Ans : (a) Convex mirror is used as rear view mirror and alway forms virtual, erect and
diminished inage. So magnification produced by a rear view mirror is less than one.

31. A full length image of a distant tall building can definitely be seen by using 1
(a) a concave mirror
(b) a convex mirror
(c) a plane mirror
(d) both concave as well as plane mirror

Ans : (b) Convex mirror has a wide field of view as it forms virtual, erect and diminished image.
Hence, fall length of image of distance tall building can definitely be seen by using it.

32. In torches, search lights and headlights of vehicles the bulb is placed 1
(a) between the pole and the focus of the reflector
(b) very near to the focus of the reflector
(c) between the focus and centre of curvature of the reflector
(d) at the centre of curvature of the

Ans : (b) When source of light is placed verg near to the focus of the reflector which are
concave in shape, the reflected light becomes parallel to the principal axis.

33. The laws of reflection hold good for 1

(a) plane mirror only
(b) concave mirror only
(c) convex mirror only
(d) all mirrors irrespective of their shape

Ans : (d) The laws of reflection hold good for light reflected from any smooth surface
irrespective of their shapes.

34. The path of a ray of light coming from air passing through a rectangular glass slab traced by four 1
students are shown as A, B, C and D in figure. Which one of them is correct?

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(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D

Ans : (b) When a light ray is incident oblikely on one face of rectangular glass slab, the
emergent ray will be parallel to the incident ray and shifted sideward slightly.

35. In which of the following, the image of an object placed at infinity will be highly diminished and 1
point sized?
(a) Concave mirror only
(b) Convex mirror only
(c) Convex lens only
(d) Concave mirror, convex mirror, concave lens and convex lens.

Ans : (d) The incident ray coming from the object placed at infinity will be parallel to the
principal axis. When the parallel beam of light incident on a mirror or lens, irrespective of
their nature, after reflection/refraction, will pass or appear to pass through their principal
focus. Hence highly diminished and point size image will be formed at their focus.

36. The questions given below consist of an assertion and the reason. Use the following key to 1
choose the appropriate answer.
(a) Both the Assertion and the Reason are correct and the Reason is the correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(b) The Assertion and the Reason are correct but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but the Reason is false.
(d) The statement of the Assertion is false but the Reason is true.

Assertion: Incident light is reflected in only one direction from a smooth surface.
Reason: Since the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection are same, a beam of parallel rays
of light falling on a smooth surface is reflected as a beam of parallel light rays in one direction only.

Ans : (a) Both the Assertion and the Reason are correct and the Reason is the correct
explanation of the Assertion.

37. The questions given below consist of an assertion and the reason. Use the following key to 1
choose the appropriate answer.
(a) Both the Assertion and the Reason are correct and the Reason is the correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(b) The Assertion and the Reason are correct but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but the Reason is false.
(d) The statement of the Assertion is false but the Reason is true.

Assertion: The word AMBULANCE on the hospital vans is written in the form of its mirror as
AMBULANCE .

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Reason: The image formed in a plane mirror is same size of the oblect.

Ans : (b) The Assertion and the Reason are correct but the Reason is not the correct
explanation of the Assertion.

38. The questions given below consist of an assertion and the reason. Use the following key to 1
choose the appropriate answer.
(a) Both the Assertion and the Reason are correct and the Reason is the correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(b) The Assertion and the Reason are correct but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but the Reason is false.
(d) The statement of the Assertion is false but the Reason is true.

Assertion: Cannot see the distant object clearly.

Reason: The far point of an eye suffering from myopia is less than infinity.

Ans : (b) The Assertion and the Reason are correct but the Reason is not the correct
explanation of the Assertion.

39. The questions given below consist of an assertion and the reason. Use the following key to 1
choose the appropriate answer.
(a) Both the Assertion and the Reason are correct and the Reason is the correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(b) The Assertion and the Reason are correct but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but the Reason is false.
(d) The statement of the Assertion is false but the Reason is true.

Assertion: Pupil is black in colour.

Reason: Pupil is black in colour as no light is reflected in it.

Ans : (a) Both the Assertion and the Reason are correct and the Reason is the correct
explanation of the Assertion.

40. The questions given below consist of an assertion and the reason. Use the following key to 1
choose the appropriate answer.
(a) Both the Assertion and the Reason are correct and the Reason is the correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(b) The Assertion and the Reason are correct but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but the Reason is false.
(d) The statement of the Assertion is false but the Reason is true.

Assertion: The rainbow is a man made spectrum of sunlight in the sky.

Reason: The rainbow is formed in the sky when the sun is shining and it is raining at the same time.

Ans : (a) The statement of the Assertion is false but the Reason is true.

41. ________________ mirror is used as a security mirror in shops and on roads at sharp bends 1
and concealed entrances.

Ans : Convex

42. The refractive index of a transparent medium is the ratio of the speed of light in _____________ 1
to that in the _____________.

Ans : vacuum, medium

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43. If the magnification has a minus sign, then the image is _____________ and _____________. 1

Ans : real, inverted

44. The focal length of a lens is the distance between _____________ and _____________ of the 1
lens.

Ans : optical centre, principal focus

45. The focal length of a concave lens is considered to be _____________. 1

Ans : negative

46. In order to calculate the power of a lens, we need its focal length in _____________. 1

Ans : metres

47. Angle of refraction cannot exceed 90°. [True/False] 1

Ans : True

48. 1
When incident angle i satisfies n = the refracted light will pass along the surface.
[True/False]

Ans : True

49. A person standing in front of a mirror finds his image larger than himself. This shows that mirror 1
is convex in nature. [True/False]

Ans : False
Convex mirror always forms a diminished image so it is false statement

i.e., the object distance from the mirror is numerically equal to (m – 1)f.

50. Lateral displacement increases with the thickness of the given slab. [True/False] 1

Ans : True

51. Lateral displacement is directly proportional to thickness of the glass slab. [True/False] 1

Ans : True

52. Nature of image formed by mirror gives an ideal about nature of mirror. [True/False] 1

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Ans : True

53. A convex lens (ng = 3/2) when placed in water (nw = 4/3) has increased focal length [True/False] 1

Ans : True

54. A convex and a concave lens of equal focal length behaves as a regular glass slab receiving 1
light normally. [True/False]

Ans : False

55. Concave lens and convex mirror diverge the rays which fall parallel to the principal axis. 1
[True/False]

Ans : True

56. The power of a concave lens is positive. 1

[True/False]

Ans : False

57. Match Column I with Column II. 1

Column I Column II
(i) Ray through centre of (A) Reflected parallel to
curvature principal axis
(ii) Ray through focus (B) Converge at focus
(iii) Rays from infinite
(C) Emerge through focus
distance
(iv) Refracted rays to infinity (D) Retracing in mirrors

Ans : (i) → (D), (ii) → (A), (iii) → (B), (iv) → (C)

(i) → (D): For this ray ∠i = ∠r = 0
(ii) → (A): The ray of light passing through the focus will emerge parallel to the principal
axis after reflection.
(iii) → (B): When object is at infinity, the image is formed at the focus of a concave mirror.
(iv) → (C): A ray from the object parallel to principal axis will pars through the principal
focus after refraction in a convex lens.

58. If angle of incidence is 0°, what is the angle of reflection? 1

Ans : 0°

59. The angle between incident ray and reflected ray is 60°. What is the angle of incidence? 1

Ans : Since

60. What is the magnification of the images formed by plane mirrors and why? 1

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Ans : The magnification of the images formed by plane mirrors is 1 as the size of the image is
equal to the size of object.

61. Explain why a ray of light passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror, gets 1
reflected along the same path.

Ans : The ray passing through the centre of curvature incident to the mirror along its normal,
so ∠i = ∠r = 0. Therefore, the ray retraces its path.

62. Redraw the diagram given below in your answer book and show the direction of the light ray 1
after reflection from the mirror.

Ans :

63. A concave mirror forms a sharp image of a distant tree. What name is given to the distance 1
between the concave mirror and screen on which sharp image is formed?

Ans : Focal length.

64. In what condition, the image formed by a concave mirror is virtual? 1

Ans : When the object is placed between the focus and the pole of a concave mirror, a virtual
image is obtained.

65. Specified the size of image formed by a concave mirror when m > 1. 1

Ans : The image is enlarged.

66. Name the mirror that can be used to check theft in shops. 1

Ans : Convex mirror.

67. What is the position of the object placed on the side of reflecting surface of a concave mirror of 1
focal length 15 cm if the image is formed at the distance of 30 cm from the mirror?

Ans : 30 cm

68. Which mirror, concave or convex always converges the light rays? 1

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Ans : Concave mirror.

69. When light undergoes refraction at the surface of two media, what happens to the speed of light? 1

Ans : When light enters obliquely from a rarer medium into a denser medium, the speed of
light decreases. Also,when light gets into the rarer medium from the denser medium, the
speed of light increases.

70. Can absolute refractive index of any material be less than one? 1

Ans : No, the velocity of light in the medium is always less than the velocity of light in vacuum.

71. Why does a ray of light bend when it travels from one medium into another? 1

Ans : Due to change in velocity of light rays in the medium and to reduce the time taken to
travel the same.

72. If a light ray IM is incident on the surface AB as shown, identify the correct emergent ray. 1

Ans : QN as it has to be parallel to OS.

73. Does the value of speed of light change with medium? 1

Ans : Yes, in denser medium, it becomes less than that in free space.

74. The following table gives the values of refractive indices of a few media. 1

S.No. Medium Refractive Index

1. Water 1.33
2. Crown glass 1.52
3. Rock salt 1.54
4. Ruby 1.71
5. Diamond 2.42

Use this table to give an example of a medium pair so that light speeds up when it goes from one
of these media to another.

Ans : When a ray of light passes from an optically denser (higher refractive index) to a rarer
medium (lower refractive index), its speed increases. For example, crown glass to water.

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75. The speed of light in a transparent medium is 0.6 times that of its speed in vacuum. What is the 1
refractive index of the medium?

Ans :

76. Redraw the given diagram and show the path of the refracted ray. 1

Ans :

77. Redraw the diagram given below in your answer book and show the direction of the light ray 1
after refraction from the lens.

Ans :

78. An object is held at the principal focus of a concave lens of focal length f. Where the image will 1
form?

Ans : Between the optical centre (O) and its focus (F).

79. A girl was playing with a thin beam of light from her laser torch by directing it from different 1
directions on a convex lens held vertically. She was surprised to see that in a particular direction the
beam of light continues to move along the same direction after passing through the lens. State the
reason for this observation.

Ans : A ray of light passing through the optical centre of the convex lens will continue to move
along the same direction after refracting through the lens.

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80. Is it possible to form a real image using a real object with a concave lens? 1

Ans : No, it is not possible because the concave lens always forms a virtual image.

81. Draw the following diagram in which a ray of light is incident on a concave/convex mirror on your 3
answer sheet. Show the path of this ray, after reflection, in each case.

Ans :

82. The image of an object formed by a mirror is real, inverted and is of magnification –1. If the 3
image is at a distance of 40 cm from the mirror, where is the object placed? Where would the image
be if the object is moved 20 cm towards the mirror? State reason and also draw ray diagram for the
new position of the object to justify your answer.

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Ans : Given: Magnification of spherical mirror = –1, Image distance, v = –40 cm

Magnification, m =

u=
Therefore, the object is placed at a distance of 40 cm in front of the spherical mirror.
Case I: when u = – 40 cm and v = – 40 cm,
Using mirror formula, we get

Hence the focal length of the mirror is 20 cm, and the negative focal length shows that it
is a concave mirror.
The new position of the object when it moves 20 cm towards the concave mirror, u′ = –
(40 – 20) = –20 cm.
Case II: u' = –20 cm, f = – 20 cm, v′ = ?
From mirror formula,

Thus, the image is formed at infinity.

Hence when the object is moved 20 cm towards the mirror, a real, inverted and highly
enlarged
image is formed at infinity.

83. A spherical mirror produces an image of magnification –1 on a screen placed at a distance of 50 3

cm from the mirror.
(a) Write the type of mirror.
(b) Find the distance of the image from the object.
(c) What is the focal length of the mirror?
(d) Draw the ray diagram to show the image formation in this case.

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Ans : (a) As magnification is negative, the image formed is real. Hence, it is a concave mirror.
(b)
u = v = – 50 cm
Distance of the image from the object = |u| + |v| = 100 cm
(c) Using mirror formula,

f = –25 cm

(d)

84. A student wants to project the image of a candle flame on a screen 80 cm in front of a mirror by 3
keeping the candle flame at a distance of 20 cm from its pole.
(i) Which type of mirror should the student use?
(ii) Find the magnification of the image produced.
(iii) Find the distance between the object and its image.
(iv) Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation in this case and mark the distance between
the object and its image.

Ans : (i) Concave mirror

(ii) Magnification,
(iii) Distance between the object and its image = 80 – 20 = 60 cm.
(iv) The focal length of the concave mirror is given by

f = – 16 cm, R = 2f = – 32 cm
Since u = – 20 cm, it implies that the object lies between F and C.

85. A student wants to obtain an erect image of an object using a concave mirror of 12 cm focal 3
length. What should be the range of distance of the object from the mirror? State the nature and
size of the image he is likely to observe. Draw a ray diagram to justify your answer.

Ans : If a student wants to obtain an erect image of an object using a concave mirror of 12 cm
focal length, he should keep the object between the pole and the focus of the mirror,
therefore, a virtual, erect and enlarged image will be formed behind the mirror.

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86. For the given data showing the focal lengths of three concave mirrors A, B and C, and the 3
respective distances of different objects from these mirrors.

Object distance Focal length

S.No.
(cm) (cm)

A 45 20

B 30 15

C 20 30

Answer the following questions:

(i) In the given position of object from the mirrors, which mirror will form a diminished image of the
object. Draw a ray diagram for image formation by this mirror.
(ii) Which mirror can be conveniently used as a make-up mirror? Draw a ray diagram to illustrate
this function.

Ans : (i) Concave mirror A will form the diminished image of the object as the object is placed
beyond the centre of curvature (> 2f ) of the mirror.

(ii) Concave mirror 'C' can be used as a make-up mirror as the object distance is less
than the focal length of concave mirror, i.e. when the object is placed between the focus
'F' and the pole 'P' of the concave mirror, a virtual, erect and enlarged image is formed.

87. Name the type of mirror used (i) by dentists and (ii) shaving mirrors. Give two reasons why such 3
mirrors are used in each case.

Ans : (i) Dentists use a concave mirror because it converges the light and when the object lies
between its pole and principal focus, it forms a virtual, erect and enlarged image behind
it. Hence they use the concave mirror so that they could see the cavity or plaque clearly,
which is inside the teeth.
(ii) When the object lies between the pole and the principal focus of a concave mirror, it
forms a virtual, erect and enlarged image behind it. So, the concave mirror can be used
as a shaving mirror to see a larger image of the face.

88. Draw a ray diagram to show the path of the reflected ray in each of the following cases. A ray of 3
light incident on a convex mirror.
(a) strikes at its pole making an angle from the principal axis.
(b) is directed towards its principal focus.
(c) is parallel to its principal axis.

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Ans :

89. If the image formed by mirror for all positions of the object placed in front of it is always virtual 3
and diminished, state the type of the mirror. Draw a ray diagram in support of your answer. Where
are such mirrors commonly used and why?

Ans : Convex Mirror

A convex mirror is commonly used as a rear-view mirror in vehicles because it always

produces a virtual and erect image whose size is smaller than the object. Therefore, it
enables the driver to see a wide field of view of the traffic behind the vehicle in a small
mirror.

90. A 4.5 cm needle is placed 12 cm away from a convex mirror of focal length 15 cm. Give the 3
location of the image and magnification. Describe what happens as the needle is moved farther
from the mirror?

Ans : Given: ho = + 4.5 cm, u = – 12 cm, f = + 15 cm

From mirror equation,

Also, magnification, m =

A virtual and diminished image is formed by a convex mirror at a distance of 6.7 cm

behind the mirror and the size of image is reduced to 2.5 cm.
As the needle is moved farther from the mirror, the image moves towards the focus and
will gradually reduce in size further.

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91. (a) “The refractive index of diamond is 2.42”. What is the meaning of this statement? 3
(b) Name a liquid whose mass density is less than that of water but it is optically denser than water.

Ans : (a) This means that the ratio of speed of light in air and the speed of light in diamond is
equal to 2.42.
(b) Kerosene

92. What is understood by lateral displacement of light? Illustrate it with the help of a diagram. List 3
any two factors on which the lateral displacement of a particular substance depends.

Ans : Lateral displacement is the perpendicular distance between the incident ray produced
and emergent ray. The lateral displacement in the given diagram is BL.
The lateral displacement depends on the thickness of the slab, the incident angle and
the refractive index of the material.

93. (a) Draw a ray diagram to show the path of a light ray passes from one medium to another if the 3
two media are optically exactly the same.
(b) Absolute refractive indices of medium ‘A’ and medium ‘B’ are ‘na’ and ‘nb’ respectively. What is
the refractive index of medium ‘B’ with respect to medium ‘A’.
(c) How does the velocity of light vary with change in the optical density of the media?

Ans : (a) Since two media are optically exactly the same, no bending of the light rays occur
when they pass from one medium to another as their refractive indices are equal.
(b) Refractive index of medium 'B' with respect to 'A' is

(c) Refractive index of the medium nm is given by

nm =

or v=
It is obvious from the above relation, that the speed of light decreases with the increase
in optical density, i.e. refractive indices of the media.

94. A coin is kept at the bottom of an empty bucket. A student standing near to it cannot see the coin. 3
Another student pours some water into the bucket without disturbing the coin. Now, the first student
is able to see the coin from the same position. Explain how it become possible to see the coin now?
Draw a ray diagram to illustrate it.

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Ans : When the coin is under water, then due to refraction of light, a virtual image of the coin is
formed which is slightly above its actual position nearer to the water surface as shown in
the figure. Thus, the coin becomes visible again on pouring some water into the bucket.

95. (a) Differentiate between reflection and refraction. 3

(b) A lemon kept in water in a glass tumbler appears to be bigger than its actual size, when viewed
from the sides. Explain why it so appears.

Ans : (a) Difference between reflection and refraction

Reflection Refraction

1. It is the phenomenon of
1. When a ray of light enters from
change in the path of light rays
one medium into another obliquely,
in a particular direction into the
the direction of propagation of the
same medium again is called
light in the second medium changes.
reflection.
This is called the refraction of light.
2. The reflecting surfaces of all
2. The refracting surfaces obey the
types, obey the laws of
laws of refraction.
reflection.

(b) As the ray of light comes into air from the different points on the surface of a lemon
kept in water in a glass tumbler, it bends away from the normal, i.e. there is a change in
the direction of propagation of light due to refraction. So, the ray of light appears to come
from a point different from that of the actual point. Therefore, the lemon in water appears
to be bigger than its actual size, when viewed from the sides of the glass tumbler.

96. A ray of light is incident on the interface separating diamond and water. Given that refractive 3
indices of diamond and water with respect to air are 2.42 and 1.33 respectively, complete the
diagram by showing a refracted ray and mark the angles of incidence and refraction.

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Ans : Since the refractive index of diamond is more than that of water, so it is optically denser.
Hence the light ray moves from a denser medium to a rarer medium and it will bend
away from the normal in water as shown below.

97. State the laws of refraction of light. If the speed of light in vacuum is 3 × 108 m/s, find the 3
absolute refractive index of a medium in which light travels with a speed of 1.4 × 108 m/s.

Ans : Laws of refraction of light

(i) The incident ray, the normal at the point of incidence and the refracted ray, all lie in the
same
plane for the two given transparent media.
(ii) The ratio of sine of angle of incidence, i.e. sin i to the sine of angle of refraction, i.e.
sin r is
always constant, for the light of a given colour and for the given pair of media.
Mathematically,
The constant n21 is called the refractive index of the second medium with respect to the
first medium.
Absolute refractive index of the medium is given by

nm =

i.e. nm =
Given: c = 3 × 108 m/s, v = 1.4 × 108 m/s
nm =

98. An object of height 6 cm is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a concave lens of focal 3
length 5 cm. Use lens formula to determine the position, size and nature of the image if the
distance of the object from the lens is 10 cm.

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Ans : Given: ho = 6 cm, f = –5 cm, u = –10 cm

Using lens formula,

or

Thus, the image is formed on the same side of the object at a distance of cm from
the optical centre of the lens. The negative sign indicates that the image is virtual.
Using the formula, m=

The positive sign indicates that the image is erect.

99. If the image formed by a lens for all positions of the object placed in front of it is always virtual, 3
erect and diminished, state the type of the lens. Draw a ray diagram in support of your answer. If
the numerical value of focal length of such a lens is 20 cm, find its power in new cartesian sign
conventions.

Ans : Concave lens.

(i) When an object is placed at infinity.
(ii) When an object is placed between F1 and 2F1.

Thus, from the above figures, it is clear that whatever be the position of the object in front
of a concave lens, the image formed is always virtual, erect and diminished.
The power of the given lens is calculated as

P = – 5D

100.An object of height 5 cm is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a concave lens of focal 3
length 10 cm. If the distance of the object from the optical centre of the lens is 20 cm, determine the
position, nature and size of the image.

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Ans : Given: ho = + 5 cm, f = –10 cm, u = – 20 cm, v = ?, hi = ?

Using lens formula, , we get

So, the image is formed on the same side of the object at a distance of 6.67 cm. The
negative sign indicates that the image is virtual.
Also |v| < |u|, so the image is diminished.

or

or
So, the image is virtual, erect, diminished and of size 1.66 cm.

101.Draw a ray diagram to show the path of the refracted ray in each of the following cases: A ray of 3
light incident on a concave lens is
(i) passing through its optical centre.
(ii) parallel to its principal axis.
(iii) directed towards its principal focus.

Ans :

102.The image of a candle flame placed at a distance of 30 cm from a spherical lens is formed on a 3
screen placed on the other side of the lens at a distance of 60 cm from the optical centre of the
lens. Identify the type of lens and calculate its focal length. If the height of the flame is 3 cm, find
the height of its image.

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Ans : Given: u = – 30 cm, v = + 60 cm, ho = + 3 cm

Using lens formula,

f = + 20 cm
The positive sign of the focal length indicates that the given lens is convex in nature
whose focal length is 20 cm.
Again, m=

or hi =
So, the height of image is 6 cm. The negative sign indicates that the image is formed
below the principal axis and is real and inverted.

103.A 6 cm tall object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a convex lens of focal length 15 3
cm. The distance of the object from the lens is 10 cm. Find the position, size and nature of the
image formed, using the lens formula.

Ans : Given: ho = +6 cm, f = +15 cm, u = – 10 cm

Using lens formula,

v = – 30 cm
Thus, the image is formed on the same side of the object at a distance of 30 cm from the
optical centre of the lens.
The negative sign indicates that the image is virtual.
m=

So, the image is three times larger than the size of the object, i.e. 18 cm.
The positive sign indicates that the image is erect.

104.A convex lens has a focal length of 10 cm. At what distance from the lens should the object be 3
placed so that it forms a real and inverted image 20 cm away from the lens? What would be the
size of the image formed if the object is 2 cm high? With the help of a ray diagram show the
formation of the image by the lens in this case.

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Ans : Given: f = + 10 cm, v = + 20 cm as image is real and inverted.

Height of the object = 2 cm (Say +ve)
Using lens formula, , we get

u = – 20 cm (= 2f)
Hence the object is placed at 2F1, the image is also formed at 2F2 on the other side of
the lens. So, the image will be of the same size as the object as |u| = |v| and therefore,
the height of the image will be 2 cm.

105.An object placed on a metre scale at 8 cm mark was focussed on a white screen placed at 92 3
cm mark, using a converging lens placed on the scale at 50 cm mark.
(i) Find the focal length of converging lens.
(ii) Find the position of the image formed if the object is shifted towards the lens at a position of
29.0 cm.
(iii) State the nature of the image formed if the object is further shifted towards the lens.

Ans : (i) u = – (50 – 8) = – 42 cm, v = 92 – 50 = 42 cm

Focal length of converging lens (convex lens) is given by
(lens formula)

f = 21 cm
(ii) Now, the object is shifted towards the lens at a position of 29.0 cm. Therefore, new
object distance, u′ = – (50 – 29) = – 21 cm.
Again lens formula,

or v′ =
So, the image will be formed at infinity.
(iii) If the object is further shifted towards the lens, the object is now within the focus of a
convex lens so the nature of image formed is
• virtual and erect, and
• enlarged or magnified, i.e. larger than the size of the object.

106.An object 2 cm high is placed at a distance of 64 cm from a white screen. On placing a convex 3
lens at a distance of 32 cm from the object it is found that a distinct image of the object is formed on
the screen. What is the focal length of the convex lens and size of the image formed on the screen
? Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image in this position of the object with respect
to the lens.

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Ans : Since the object-screen distance is double of the object-lens separation, the object is at
a distance of 2f from the lens and the image should be of the same size of the object and
formed at 2F2 on the screen.

So, 2f = 32 f = 16 cm
Height of image = Height of object = 2 cm

107.(a) Two lenses have powers of (i) + 2D and (ii) – 4D. What is the nature and focal length of each 3
lens?
(b) An object is kept at a distance of 100 cm from each of the above lenses. Calculate the (i) image
distance and (ii) magnification in each of the two cases.

Ans : (a) (i) Given: P = + 2D

It is a convex lens of focal length
f=
(ii) Given: P = – 4D
It is a concave lens of focal length
f=
(b) For a convex lens,
Using lens formula,

v = 100 cm (Real image)

and m=
Therefore, the image is inverted and of the same size as the object.
For a concave lens,
Using lens formula,

v = – 20 cm (Virtual image)

Therefore, the image is diminished.

108.An object is kept at a distance of 18 cm, 20 cm, 22 cm and 30 cm respectively from a lens of 3
power +5D.
(i) In which case or cases would you get a magnified image?
(ii) Which of the magnified image can be got on a screen?

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Ans : Power of lens = + 5 D

(i) We would get a magnified image only when the object is kept at a distance of 18 cm,
20 cm and 22 cm respectively.
(ii) The object at the positions of 20 cm and 22 cm will produce a magnified image on a
screen.
Reason:
(i) A magnified virtual image is formed by a convex lens when the object lies between the
focus and the optical centre of the lens.
(ii) A magnified real image is formed by a convex lens when the object is at F or between
F and 2F.

109.(a) What is the focal length of the lens used in sunglasses? 3

(b) The following figures show the path of light rays through three lenses marked L1, L2 and L3 and
their focal points F1, F2 and F3 respectively. Identify the nature of lenses.

Ans : (a) Since power is zero so the focal length is infinity.

(b) (i) L1 – Convex lens (ii) L2 – Concave lens (iii) L3 – Convex lens

110.(a) Define the following terms in the context of spherical mirrors: 5

(i) Pole (ii) Centre of curvature (iii) Principal axis (iv) Principal focus
(b) Draw ray diagrams to show the principal focus of a (i) concave mirror (ii) convex mirror
(c) Consider the following diagram in which M is a mirror and P is an object and Q is its magnified

image formed by the mirror.

State the type of the mirror M and one characteristic property of the image Q.

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Ans : (a) Pole: The central point of the reflecting spherical surface is called the pole (P). It lies
on the surface of the mirror.
Centre of Curvature: The centre of the hollow sphere of which the spherical mirror is a
part, is called the centre of curvature (C).
Principal Axis: The straight line joining the pole and the centre of curvature is called the
principal axis.
Principal Focus: The point ‘F’ on the principal axis, where the incident light rays parallel
to the principal axis actually meet (converge) (in case of a concave mirror) or appear to
diverge or come from (in case of a convex mirror) after reflection, is called its principal
focus (F).
For a concave mirror, the focus lies on the same side of the reflecting surface, whereas
in case of a convex mirror, it lies on the opposite side of the reflecting surface.

(b)

(c) The given mirror M is a concave spherical mirror. When the object lies between the
pole and the focus of the concave mirror, an erect, virtual and enlarged image is formed.
So one characteristic property of the image Q formed in the given figure is that it is
virtual.

111.(a) To construct a ray diagram, we use two light rays which are so chosen that it is easy to know 5
their directions after reflection from the mirror. List these two rays and state the path of these rays
after reflection. Use these rays to locate the image of an object placed between centre of curvature
and focus of a concave mirror.
(b) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image of an object placed between the pole and
principal focus of a concave mirror. How will the nature and size of the image formed change, if the
mirror is replaced by converging lens of same focal length?

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Ans : (a) Rays which are chosen to construct a ray diagram for reflection are:
(i) A ray parallel to the principal axis and
(ii) A ray passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror or appears to pass
through the centre of curvature of a convex mirror.
Path of these light rays after reflection:
(i) It will pass through the principal focus of a concave mirror or appear to diverge in case
of a convex mirror.
(ii) It gets reflected back along the same path.

(b) When an object is placed between the pole and the principal focus of a concave
mirror, a virtual, erect and enlarged image is formed behind the concave mirror as shown
in the adjoining figure.
If the concave mirror is replaced by a converging lens of the same focal length, a virtual,
erect and enlarged image is formed on the same side of object for the same position of
object, i.e. between the principal focus and the optical centre of the lens.

112.List the new Cartesian sign convention for reflection of light by spherical mirrors. Draw a 5
diagram and apply these conventions for calculating the focal length and nature of a spherical
mirror which forms a 1/3 times magnified virtual image of an object placed 18 cm in front of it.

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Ans : New Cartesian sign convention for reflection of light by spherical mirrors:
(i) The object is always placed to the left of the mirror.
(ii) All the distances parallel to the principal axis are always measured from the pole of
the spherical mirror.
(iii) All the distances measured along the direction of incident light, i.e. along +ve x-axis,
the corresponding quantities are considered to be positive.
(iv) All the distances measured opposite to the direction of incident light, i.e. along –ve x-
axis, the corresponding quantities are taken as negative.
(v) The distances measured in upward direction, i.e. perpendicular to and above the
principal axis along +ve y-axis, are taken as positive.
(vi) The distances measured in the downward direction, along –ve y-axis, i.e.
perpendicular to and below the principal axis, are taken as negative.
According to question, for a virtual image
m=

But, m =

Using mirror formula

f = + 9 cm

So, the focal length of the given spherical mirror is 9 cm. The Positive sign shows the
given mirror is convex in nature.

113.It is desired to obtain an erect image of an object, using concave mirror of focal length of 12 cm. 5
(i) What should be the range of distance of an object placed in front of the mirror?
(ii) Will the image be smaller or larger than the object? Draw ray diagram to show the formation of
image in this case.
(iii) Where will the image of this object be, if it is placed 24 cm in front of the mirror? Draw ray
diagram for this situation also to justify your answer.
Show the positions of pole, principal focus and the centre of curvature in the above ray diagrams.

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Ans : (i) To obtain an erect image of an object, using concave mirror of focal length of 12 cm,
the object should be placed at a distance less than its focal length, i.e. 12 cm.
(ii) The obtained image will be larger than the object. The formation of image in this case,
is as shown in the adjoining figure.

(iii) If the object is placed at C( = 24 cm), in front of the concave mirror of focal length of
12 cm, then a real, inverted and same size image as that of the object is formed at C.
This situation is as shown in the adjoining figure.

114.Suppose you have three concave mirrors A, B and C of focal lengths 10 cm, 15 cm and 20 cm. 5
For each concave mirror you perform the experiment of image formation for three values of object
distances of 10 cm, 20 cm and 30 cm. Giving reason answer the following:
(a) For the three object distances, identify the mirror/mirrors which will form an image of
magnification –1.
(b) Out of the three mirrors identify the mirror which would be preferred to be used for shaving
purposes/make-up.
(c) For the mirror B draw ray diagram for image formation for object distances 10 cm and 20 cm.

Ans : (a) A real, inverted and same size image as that of the object formed by the concave
mirror will form an image of magnification –1. It is possible only when the object is placed
at C(R = 2f).
Hence for the object distances of 20 cm and 30 cm, the concave mirrors ‘A’ and ‘B’ will
form the real, inverted and same size image as that of the object. Therefore, the concave
mirrors ‘A’ and ‘B’ will form an image of magnification –1.
(b) The concave mirror ‘C’ of focal length 20 cm will be preferred to be used for shaving
purposes/ make-up. This is because when we bring our face within its focal length, it
forms a virtual, erect and enlarged image of our face.
(c) Ray diagram for image formation by mirror B

115.A student has focussed the image of a candle flame on a white screen using a concave mirror. 5
The situation is as given below:
Length of the flame = 1.5 cm
Focal length of the mirror = 12 cm
Distance of flame from the mirror = 18 cm
If the flame is perpendicular to the principal axis of the mirror, then calculate the following:
(a) Distance of the image from the mirror
(b) Length of the image.
If the distance between the mirror and the flame is reduced to 10 cm, then what would be observed
on the screen? Draw ray diagram to justify your answer for this situation.
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Ans : Given: ho = + 1.5 cm, f = – 12 cm, u = – 18 cm

(a) For a concave mirror, using mirror formula
, we get

or

or v = –36 cm
So, the distance of the image from the mirror is 36 cm, the negative sign indicates that
the image is formed on the same side of the object.
(b) Using the formula m =

or hi =
So, the length of the image is 3.0 cm.
If the distance between the mirror and the flame is reduced to 10 cm, no image is formed
on the screen as the object lies between the focus and the pole of the mirror. So, a
virtual image behind the mirror is obtained as shown in the adjoining figure.

116.(a) State the laws of refraction of light. Explain the term absolute refractive index of a medium 5
and write an expression to relate it with the speed of light in vacuum.
(b) The absolute refractive indices of two media ‘A’ and ‘B’ are 2.0 and 1.5 respectively. If the speed
of light in medium ‘B’ is 2 × 108 m/s, calculate the speed of light in:
(i) vaccum, (ii) medium ‘A’.

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Ans : (a) Laws of refraction of light

(i) The incident ray, the normal at the point of incidence and the refracted ray, all lie in the
same plane for the two given transparent media.
(ii) The ratio of sine of angle of incidence, i.e. sin i to the sine of angle of refraction, i.e.
sin r is always constant, for the light of a given colour and for the given pair of media.
Mathematically,

The constant n21 is called the refractive index of the second medium with respect to the
first medium.
Absolute refractive index of the medium is given by

(b) Given: nA = 2.0, nB = 1.5

From the above relation,
(i) nB = , where c = speed of light in vacuum.
and vB = speed of light in medium ‘B’ = 2 × 108 m/s
1.5 =
or c = 1.5 × 2 × 108 = 3 × 108 ms–1
So, the speed of light in vacuum is 3 × 108 ms–1.
(ii) Again, nA = where nA = absolute refractive index of medium A
vA = speed of light in medium A.

2.0 =

or vA =

So, the speed of light in medium ‘A’ is 1.5 × 108 ms–1.

117.(a) Explain the following terms related to spherical lenses: 5

(i) Optical centre (ii) Centres of curvature
(iii) Principal axis (iv) Aperture
(v) Principal focus (vi) Focal length
(b) A converging lens has focal length of 12 cm. Calculate at what distance should the object be
placed from the lens so that it forms an image at 48 cm on the other side of the lens.

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Ans : (a) (i) Optical centre: The centre point of a lens is known as its optical centre. It always
lies inside the lens. A light beam passing through the optical centre emerges out without
any deviation after refraction.
(ii) Centres of curvature: It is defined as the centre of the spheres of which the lens is
orginally a part of it because the spherical lens consists of two spherical surfaces, the
lens has two centres of curvature.
(iii) Principal axis: The line joining the centre of curvature and the optical centre is called
the principal axis.
(iv) Aperture: This is the length of the lens through which refraction takes place.
(v) Principal focus: A light ray parallel to the principal axis of the lens meets at a point on
the principal axis after refraction through it. This point is called the principal focus.
(vi) Focal length: The distance of the principal focus from the optical centre of the
spherical lens is called the focal length (f) of the lens.
(b) Focal length of the converging lens, f = + 12 cm
Image distance, v = + 48 cm (+ ve sign is taken because of sign convention)
Using lens formula,

So, the distance of the object from the lens is 16 cm.

118.List the sign conventions that are followed in case of refraction of light through spherical lenses. 5
Draw a diagram and apply these conventions in determining the nature and focal length of a
spherical lens which forms three times magnified real image of an object placed 16 cm from the
lens.

Ans : Sign conventions for refraction of light through spherical lenses.

(i) The object is always placed to the left of the lens so that the incident light moves from
left to right.
(ii) All distances are to be measured from the optical centre of the lens.
(iii) The distances measured in the direction of incident light along +ve x-axis, will be
taken as positive, while those measured to the left of the origin along –ve x-axis, will be
taken as negative.
(iv) All measurements of heights above the principal axis (along +ve y-axis) will be
considered as positive, while below it (along –ve y-axis) will be taken as negative.
According to question,
u = – 16 cm, m = – 3 (real image)
But m =
v = –3u = –3 × (– 16) = 48 cm
Using lens formula,

f = + 12 cm
So, the focal length of the given spherical lens is 12 cm. The positive sign of focal length
shows that the nature of spherical lens is convex.
Ray diagram:

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119.(a) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image by a convex lens when an object is 5
placed in front of the lens between its optical centre and principal focus.
(b) In the above ray diagram mark the object-distance (u) and the image-distance (v) with their
proper signs (+ve or –ve as per the new Cartesian sign convention) and state how these distances
are related to the focal length (f) of the convex lens in this case.
(c) Find power of a convex lens which forms a real, and inverted image of magnification –1 of an
object placed at a distance of 20 cm from its optical centre.

Ans : (a) The formation of image by a convex lens when an object is placed in front of the lens
between its optical centre and principal focus.
(b) According to the new cartesian sign convention, the object distance ‘u’ and image
distance ‘v’ both are negative as they are measured opposite to the direction of incident
ray.

The object distance (u), image- distance (v) and the focal length (f) of a convex lens is in
the above case are related as given below.

(c) Given: u = –20 cm, v = ?, m = –1

For a spherical lens, linear magnification is given by
m=

–1 =
Using lens formula,

f = 10 cm
Therefore, the power of the given convex lens is calculated as
P=

P = + 10 D

120.One-half of a convex lens of focal length 10 cm is covered with a black paper. Can such a lens 5
produce an image of a complete object placed at a distance of 30 cm from the lens? Draw a ray
diagram to justify your answer.

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A 4 cm tall object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a convex lens of focal length 20
cm. The distance of the object from the lens is 15 cm. Find the nature, position and size of the
image.

Ans : Yes, a complete image of an object will be formed but of less intensity, the light falling on
the covered portion will not reach at the image position.

For a convex lens, ho = + 4 cm, f = + 20 cm, u = –15 cm

Using lens formula,

or v = – 60 cm
Thus, the image is formed on the same side of the object at a distance of 60 cm from the
optical centre of the lens. The negative sign indicates that image is virtual.
m=

So, the image is four times larger than the size of the object, i.e. 16 cm. The positive sign
indicates that the image is erect.

121.“A convex lens can form a magnified erect as well as magnified inverted image of an object 5
placed in front of it”. Draw ray diagram to justify this statement stating the position of the object with
respect to the lens in each case.
An object of height 4 cm is placed at a distance of 20 cm from a concave lens of focal length 10 cm.
Use lens formula to determine the position of the image formed.

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Ans : A convex lens of focal length ‘f ’ can form

(a) a magnified and erect image only when the object is placed between its focus ‘F’ and
optical centre ‘O’ of the lens.

(b) a magnified and inverted image when an object is placed in the following positions:
(i) Between F1 and 2F1

(ii) At focus ‘F1’.

Therefore, for the given positions of the object with respect to convex lens, the given
statement is justified.
For concave lens
Given: ho = + 4 cm, u = – 20 cm, f = – 10 cm, v = ?
Using lens formula,

So, the image is formed on the same side of the object at 6.67 cm from the optical centre
of a concave lens.

122.A student wants to project the image of a candle flame on the walls of school laboratory by 5
using a lens.
(a) Which type of lens should he use and why?
(b) At what distance in terms of focal length ‘f ’ of the lens should he place the candle flame so as to
get (i) a magnified, and (ii) a diminished image respectively on the wall?
(c) Draw ray diagram to show the formation of the image in each case.

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Ans : (a) He should use a convex lens as it forms a real image.

(b) He should place the candle flame between F1 and 2F1 (the focus and the centre of
curvature of the lens) to get the magnified image on the wall, while the diminished image
is obtained when the object is located at a distance greater than 2f.
(c) (i) Ray diagram for a magnified image

(ii) Ray diagram for a diminished image

123.(a) Define optical centre of a spherical lens. 5

(b) A divergent lens has a focal length of 20 cm. At what distance should an object of height 4 cm
from the optical centre of the lens be placed so that its image is formed 10 cm away from the lens.
Find the size of the image also.
(c) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image in above situation.

Ans : (a) Optical centre: The central point ‘O’ on the principal axis of the lens, through which an
incident ray of light passes (refracted) without suffering any deviation, is called optical
centre of the lens.
(b) Given: f = – 20 cm, ho = 4 cm, v = – 10 cm
Using lens formula,

u = – 20 cm

m=

Therefore, a diminished virtual image is formed and its size is 2 cm.

(c)

AB = Object height = +4cm

A′B′ = Image height = +2cm

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124.At what distance from a concave lens of focal length 20 cm, a 6 cm tall object be placed so as 5
to
obtain its image at 15 cm from the lens? Also calculate the size of the image formed. Draw a ray
diagram to justify your answer for the above situation and label it.

Ans : Given: f = –20 cm, ho = 6 cm, v = –15 cm

Using lens formula,

u = – 60 cm

Using the formula, m =

Therefore, a diminished image is formed and its size is 1.5 cm.

125.(a) If the image formed by a lens is diminished in size and erect, for all positions of the object, 5
what type of lens is it?
(b) Name the point on the lens through which a ray of light passes undeviated.
(c) An object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a convex lens of focal length 20 cm.
The distance of the object from the lens is 30 cm. Find (i) the position (ii) the magnification and (iii)
the nature of the image formed.

Ans : (a) Concave lens.

(b) Optical centre.
(c) Given: u = – 30 cm, f = +20 cm
(i) Using lens formula,

The image is formed at a distance of 60 cm from the lens on the right side.

(ii) m=
So, the image is inverted and double the size of the object.
(iii) The image is real as v > 0, inverted and enlarged.

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126.(a) Under what condition will a glass lens placed in a transparent liquid become invisible? 5
(b) Describe and illustrate with a diagram, how we should arrange two converging lenses so that a
parallel beam of light entering one lens emerges as a parallel beam after passing through the
second lens.
(c) An object is placed at a distance of 3 cm from a concave lens of focal length 12 cm. Find the (i)
position and (ii) nature of the image formed.

Ans : (a) When the refractive index of a glass lens becomes equal to the refractive index of a
transparent liquid, the glass lens will become invisible.
(b) A parallel beam converges at focus of the first lens and emerges parallel as it is at the
focus of second lens.

(c) Given: f = –12 cm, u = –3 cm

(i) Using mirror formula,

v=
(ii) v < 0, so the image is virtual.
|v| < |u|, so the image is diminished.

m=

Since m > 0 but |m| < 1, so the image is erect and diminished.

127.(a) Why is the magnification produced by a concave lens always less than 1? 5
(b) You are provided with two lenses of focal lengths 10 cm and 20 cm. Which of the two lenses
would you suggest to obtain greater convergence of refracted light? Justify your choice.
(c) An image 2/3rd the size of object is formed by a convex lens at a distance of 12 cm from it. Find
the focal length of the lens.

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Ans : (a) Since the image formed by a concave lens is always smaller than the object. So, the
magnification (m) produced by the concave lens is always less than 1.
(b) A convex lens of short focal length has more converging power as it bends the light
rays through large angle after refraction as compared to a convex lens having large focal
length
Therefore, the convex lens of focal length 10 cm will have greater convergence of
refracted light as compared to the convex lens of focal length 20 cm.
(c) For convex lens,
Linear magnification,

The size of image indicates that the image is real and inverted.

So,

128.(a) A concave lens is called a diverging lens. Explain this property with the help of diagram. 5
(b) For a concave mirror draw a ray diagram to show the reflected ray when the ray of light incident
obliquely on the pole of mirror.
(c) What is the difference between virtual images produced by concave, plane and convex mirrors?

Ans : (a) A beam of light from an object at infinity, parallel to the principal axis, falls on a
concave lens. After refraction through it, the light appears to come from a fixed point on
the same side of an object as shown, i.e. the concave lens spreads out parallel beam of
light. Due to this property, the concave lens is called a diverging lens.

(b)

(c) Difference between virtual image produced by

(i) Concave mirror: magnified (ii) Plane mirror: same size
(iii) Convex mirror: diminished

129.What is meant by power of a lens? Define its S.I. unit. 5

You have two lenses A and B of focal lengths +10 cm and –10 cm respectively. State the nature and
power of each lens.
Which of the two lenses will form a virtual and magnified image of an object placed 8 cm from the
lens? Draw a ray diagram to justify your answer.

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Ans : Power of a Lens: The ability of a lens, to converge or diverge the ray of light after
refraction, is called power (P) of the lens. It is defined as the reciprocal of the focal
length, i.e. P = .

The SI unit of power of a lens is ‘dioptre’. A lens of focal length 100 cm has a power of 1
dioptre, i.e. 1 dioptre = 1m–1.
Given: fA = + 10 cm, fB = – 10 cm
So the nature of lens A is convex and lens B is concave.
Power of lens A,

Power of lens B,

Convex lens will form a virtual and magnified image of an object placed 8 cm from the
lens, because the object distance is less than that of the focal length of convex lens.

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