!

= g]kfnsf] kof{j/0fn] ko{6gnfO{ s;/L ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 < ;dLIff ug'{xf];\ M

…kof{ko{6gsf ;Defjgf / cfofdÚ kof{j/0f;DaGwL Pp6f pTs[i6 j:t'k/s lgaGw xf] . of] lgaGw lgaGwsf/
tLy{axfb'/ >]i7åf/f /rgf ul/Psf] xf] . pgn] o; lgaGwdf ;du| k[YjLe/df b]lvPsf] ko{fj/0fnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/
g]kfnsf] kof{j/0fnfO{ j:t'k/s Pjd\ oyfy{jfbL tl/sfn] ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ . o; lgaGwdf pgn] ljZj
kl/j]znfO{ ljZn]if0f ub}{ g]kfnsf] ko{fj/0fLo cj:yf / ko{6gsf] ;DefjgfnfO{ Hofb} ;'Gb/ tl/sfn] ljZn]if0f
u/]sf 5g\ .
g]kfn ljljw ef}uf]lns kl/j]zn] kl/lrt ;'Gb/ d'n's xf] . ljZj dfglrqdf x]g{] xf] eg] g]kfn ;"Id ljGb'df /x]sf]
:jtGq /fi6« xf] t/ oxfFsf] ljljwtfdo kl/j]z, cg]s hfthflt, leGgleGg ;+:s[lt cflbn] o;nfO{ 5'§} lrgf/L
lbPsf] 5 . ljz]iftM tLg k|sf/sf ef}uf]lns kl/j]z /x]sf] g]kfndf ljljwtfdo ko{fj/0fLo cj:yfn] cfˆgf] 5'6\6}
df}lns :j¿k l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . o; lsl;dsf ;Dkbfn] ;b}j ko{6sx¿sf] dg lht]sf] x'G5 . ko{fj/0fnfO{ z'4
/fVg] / ltgsf] ;+/If0f ug{] sfddf ko{fko{6gsf] k|d'v e"ldsf x'G5 .
g]kfn ko{6sx¿sf nflu cfsif{0fsf] s]G› ePsfn] ko{6g Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{]x¿n] o;sf] :jR5tf, Jojl:yt
/xg;xg / cltzok"0f{ Jojxf/df ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg' jf~5gLo b]lvG5 . ko{fj/0fsf] :jR5tf / ko{6sx¿sf]
cfjZostf cg';f/sf] plrt Joj:yf pgLx¿nfO{ nf]Eofpg] cfwf/ x'g\ . xfd|f] h:tf] d'n'sdf t pgLx¿nfO{
;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyf, rfF+bLh:t} 6Nsg] ljleGg lxdfn, t/fO{sf ;'Gb/ kmf‘6, ljleGg kl/b[Zon] el/Psf xl/of
kxf8, ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf, jf:t'snf, sfi7snf tyf d"lt{snfsf cg'kd gd'gf nufot ljleGg gbL,
tfn, emg{f, cflb cfsif{0fsf s]G› aGg k'u]sf 5g\ . hnljxf/, k}bn ofqf, ;"of]{bosf] b[Zo cflb To:tf ;Dkbfx¿
x'g\ h;sf] dfWodaf6 ko{6snfO{ nf]EofpFb} pgLx¿sf] dg tfGg / lhTg ;lsG5 .
ctM dflg;sf] uGtJo k[YjLaf6 k[YjL g} ePsf]n] dflg;, k|s[lt / jftfj/0flar cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw 5 eGbf
s'g} cTo'lQm x'g] 5}g . To;sf/0f g]kfnh:tf] e":ju{df ko{6gnfO{ ;xof]u k'Ug], ko{6snfO{ plrt cfgGb k|bfg
ug{] ljljwtfdo ko{fj/0fLo cj:yf ePsf]n] g]kfnsf] kof{fj/0fn] ko{6gnfO{ dxŒjk"0f{ k'¥ofPsf] 5 .
@= ;Tolgi7f / ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] :yfkgfdf of]udfofn] lbPsf] of]ubfgsf] rrf{ ug{'xf]:f\ M
…of]udfofÚ /fli6«o JolStTjsf] hLjgL xf] . o; hLjgLdf ;Tolgi7f / ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] :yfkgfdf of]udfofn]
lbPsf] of]ubfgsf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . dg{ h;n] hfGb5, afFRg klg p;}n] hfg]sf] x'G5 hLjg / d[To' :jfefljs
k|lqmof x'g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub{} hLjg k|lqmofdf cufl8 a9]sL lgeL{s gf/L x'g\ of]udfof Gof}kfg] . ultzLn
gf/L k|ltefsL ¿kdf lrlgPsL of]udfofsf] hGd lj=;+= !(@$ df ef]hk'/ lhNnfsf] g]kfn 8fF8fdf ePsf] xf] .
;fg} pd]/df ljjfx eP/ ;fg} pd]/df ljwjf aGg k'u]sL of]udfofsf] hLjg ;fFRr} g} Gofok"0f{ / ;dtfd"ns
;dfh :yfkgfdf g} ;dlk{t ePsf] kfOG5 .
g]kfnL ;dfhdf k|]/0ffbfoL JolQmTjsf ¿kdf lrgf/L /fVg] of]udfofn] cf/gdf ttfP/ lkl6Psf] kmnfdn] h:t}
k|tf8gf ;x]/ hLjg lgd{f0f u/]sL lyOg\ . ;fg}b]lv lt/:s[t hLjgsf] l;sf/ ag]sL of]udfofn] cf}krfl/s cWoog
gu/] klg ;dfhdf ljBdfg s'/Llt, dlxnf, lje]b, hftLo c;dfgtf / ?l9jfbsf lj?4 rsf]{ cfjfh p7fOg\ .
;dfhdf h/f] uf8]/ a;]sf] hftLo 5'jf5'tnfO{ dfgj;Eotfsf] snª\s] dfGb} of]udfofn] o;nfO{ ck/fwsf] ;+1f
lbP/ wfld{s, ;fdflhs k|zf;lgs, cfly{s / /fhgLlts If]qdf b]lvg] ljs[lt lj;ª\ultsf lj?4 v'n]/ lj/f]w
ul/g\ . ;fdflhs lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'Fbf cfo{ ;dfhx¿sf ;'wf/ r]tgf / ;fw';Gtsf ;ª\utn] pgdf
Ifdtfd"ns r]tgf clej[l4 x'Fb} uof], h;sf] kmn:j¿k ;fdflhs ljs[lt, lj;ª\ult / lje]btfaf6 pGd'lQmsf]
efjgf cem} bl/nf] / b[9 x'Fb} uof] .
st{Jo g} wd{ xf] eGb} dfgjlxtnfO{ ;jf]{kl/ 7fGg] of]udfof wd{nfO{ /fi6«n] dfgjtfsf] sf]0faf6 x]g{'k5{ eGg]
wf/0ff /flVyg\ . ;tLk|yf, bf;k|yf, ;fx'dxfhgsf] 7uLk|yf cflbaf6 ;dfhg] d'lQm kfpg'k5{, Goflos kl/kf6Lsf]
:yfkgf x'g'k5{ eGb} pgL cfˆgf cg'ofoLx¿df klg ;Tolgi7 / ;dtfd"ns ljrf/sf] :yfkgfdf hf]8 lblGyg\ .
tTsfnLg ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / Gofok|0ffnLsf lj?4 ljleGg tl/sfn] lj›f]xsf] :j/ 3Gsfpg] of]udfof ;fdflhs
¿kfGt/0faf6 dfgj hLjg ;fy{s / ultzLn x'G5 eGg] ;dGjojfbL b[li6sf]0f /flVyg\ .
o;/L cfˆgf] hLjgdf ljljw sl7gfO cfP klg :jR5 ;dfh lgdf{0f / ;dfh lxtsf nflu tTsfnLg ;fdGtL
;dfh / ;f]rsf cufl8 gem's]sL of]udfof k|]/0ffbfoL dlxnf ag]/ lrlgPsL l5g\ . 5'jf5't/lxt, zf]if0f/lxt /
e|i6frf//lxt cyf{t\ ;du|df lje]b/lxt ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f / vf]hLdf nfu]sL of]udfofn] ;Tolgi7, Gofok"0f{ /
;dtfd"ns ;dfh lgdf{0fdf lbPsf] of]ubfg ;fFRr} g} clj:d/0fLo 5 .
#= …Tof] km]l/ kms{nf<Ú syfn] syfsL kfq ;fgLsf] s:tf] dgf]lj1fg k|:t't u/]sf] 5 < ;dLIff ug'{xf];\ M
syfsf/ ejfgL leIf' -lj=;+=!(^^–@)#*_ g]kfnL ;flxTosf rlr{t ;flxTosf/ x'g\ . lxGbL ;flxTo cWoog u/]/
g]kfnL ;flxTosf If]qdf syf, sljtf / pkGof; ljwfdf snd rnfpg] leIf' ax'd'vL k|ltef ePsf JolQm lyP .
pgL ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfåf/f ;'? ul/Psf] dgf]j}1flgs syfwf/f ckgfO{ cnu lbzf lbg] / JolQm cGtd{g -
leqL dg_sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ :jR5GbtfjfbL dgf]j}1flgs syfsf/ x'g\ . pg}åf/f n]lvPsf] …Tof] km]l/ kms{nf<Ú syf
;fgLsf] rl/qdf s]lG›t ljlzi6 dgf]j}1flgs syf xf] . o; syfdf syfsf/n] ;fgLsf] dgdf o'js ofqLk|lt
pAh]sf] Psf]xf]/f] k|]dsf] efjgfn] p;nfO{ s;/L ;tfPsf] 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ /fd|/L ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ .
k|:t't syfdf yf]/} kfqx¿sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . rl/qk|wfg syf ePsfn] syfsf] ljifo d'Vo kfq ;fgLdf s]lG›t
/x]sf] 5 . ;fgLsf] dfgl;stfdf pld|Psf] k|0fo -k|]d_ sf] h/fnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ p;sf] hLjgsf] cf/f]xcj/f]xnfO{
o;n] uDeL/ 9Ën] k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . Psftkm{ dfq df}nfPsf] k|]dsf] efjgf emfª\lub} uPkl5 csf]{tkm{ hfgsf/L
g} geP klg o'js ofqLnfO{ cfˆgf] kljq k|]d ;dk{0f u/L ;fgLn] cfˆgf] hLjg :jfxf kf/]sL 5] . o;af6 of}g
rfxgfn] dflg;sf] hLjg s;/L Psf]xf]/f] aG5 / cg'kof]uL ¿kd} lat]/ hfG5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 . sf]dn
ÅbosL ;fgLn] hlt;'s} kljq k|]dsf] k|:t'lt b]vfP klg cGTodf c;kmntf xft nfu]sf] dgl:yltnfO{ syfn]
k|:t't u/]sf] 5 .
o;/L ;fgLsf] dfgl;stfdf /x]sf] k'gld{ngsf] rfxgfnfO{ / cf/f]xcj/f]xnfO{ b]vfP/ syfn] p;sf] 56k6Lo'St
dgl:yltsf] lrq0f u/]sf] 5 . ckl/lrt ofqLk|ltsf] Tofu / cGtå{GånfO{ b]vfpFb} syfn] gf/Ldgsf] ;+j]bgfnfO{
k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . ctM ;fgLsf] dgl:ylt ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] x'Fbf dgf]j}1flgs ¿kdf p;sf ljrf/, efjgf, OR5f,
rfxgf, o'jssf] k|ltdfdf pTkGg ePsf dfgl;s 56k6L, ldngsf] tLj| rfxgf, ofqL o'js kmls{of] ls eGg]
zªsfn' dgf]bzf h:tf cGtd{gsf s];|fs];|f s]nfP/ o'js -ofqL_ k|ltsf] k|]df]T;u{ -k|]dsf] alnbfg_sf] efjgfnfO{
dgf]j}1flgs tl/sfn] k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L o; syfn] syfsL kfq ;fgLsf] o'js ofqLk|ltsf] PstkmL{ k|]dnfO{
lrq0f u/]sf] 5 / To; lsl;dsf] k|]ddf clNemg] ;fgLsf] dgsf] afgLn] p;sf hLjgsf ;a} v';Lx¿ n'6]sf] 5
eGg] s'/fnfO{ b]vfPsf] 5 . pm hLjgdf ToxL ckl/lrt o'js ofqLsf] ;Demgfdf nfdf] ;do;Dd x/fPsL 5] .
syfn] ;fgLsf] o:t} hl6n dgf]j}1flgs cj:yfnfO{ k|:t't u/]sf] 5 .
$= …nf} cfof] tfhf va/Ú n3'gf6sdf JoSt d'Vo ;Gb]zdfly k|sfz kfg{'xf];\ .
…nf} cfof] tfhf va/Ú Pp6f ;'k|l;4 n3'gf6s xf] . of] gf6s ;fdflhs ;dtfsf kIfdf snd rnfpg] k|ultzLn
gf6ssf/ ;'/]G› gsdL{n] /rgf u/]sf x'g\ . of] Pp6f ;Gb]zd"ns gf6s xf] . ;'/]Gb| gsdL{n] g]kfnL ;flxTosf
gf6s, uLt, uhn Pjd\ rnlrqh:tf ljleGg ljwfdf snd rnfPsf 5g\ . sf7df8f}Fdf hlGdP/ lqe'jg
ljZjljBfnoaf6 :gftsf]Q/ tx;Ddsf] cf}krfl/s cWoog u/]sf gsdLn] /]l8of] g]kfn, g]kfn 6]lnlehgdf
sfof{g'ej lnPsf 5g\ .
;flxTosf If]qdf k|ultzLn k|ultjfbL ;f}Gbo{ lrGtgs]lG›t ljrf/ k|:t't ug]{ gsdL{ ;dtfd"ns ;dfh lgdf{0fsf
kIfdf snd rnfpg] ;|i6f x'g\ . pgn] cfˆgf gf6s s[ltx¿df ;fdflhs oyfy{sf] lrq0f ug{'sf ;fy} ;dfhdf
ljBdfg juL{o, n}ª\lus, hftLo, If]qLo Pjd\ wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts If]qsf lje]b / To;n] lgdf{0f u/]sf
hl6ntfnfO{ cToGt dfld{s ¿kn] b]vfpg] sfd u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] cfˆgf s[ltdf jt{dfg ;dfhsf o'jfo'jltdf
b]lvFb} uPsf ljljw ;d:of, cleefjssf u}/lhDd]jf/Lkg cflbnfO{ klg pNn]vgLo ¿kdf ptf/]sf 5g\ .
…nf} cfof] tfhf va/Ú n3'gf6sdf g]kfnL ;dfhdf afXo ko{6sx¿;Fu lelqPsf ljleGg ljs[ltx¿dWo] ltg}
ko{6ssf] l;sf] ub}{ gjhjfgx¿ nfu'cf}ifw / b'Jo{;gsf] l;sf/ aGb} u/]sf] jt{dfgsf] lttf] ;TonfO{ gf6\oj:t'sf
¿kdf ptfl/Psf] 5 . o'jfx¿df b]lvPsf o:tf k|sf/sf ljs[ltsf] cGTo ug{ / pgLx¿nfO{ ;hu, ;r]t /
b'Jo{;gd'Qm agfO{ ;xL dfu{df lxF8fpgsf nflu JolSt, kl/jf/, ;dfh / /fi6«n] rf;f] / lrGtgsf ;fy ;zSt
¿kdf o'jf;r]tgfsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{'kg]{ s'/f Psflt/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 eg] csf{lt/ jt{dfg ;dfhdf
dflg;x¿ cfˆgf] 3/kl/jf/ / ;GtfgeGbf klg JolQmut ¿kdf kb–k|lti7f / wg;DklQ cfh{gdf a9L s]lG›t
ePsfn] cfˆg} ;Gtfgsf af/]df a]va/ ag]sf] / To;}sf sf/0f ;fdflhs ljs[ltx¿ a9]sf] oyfy{nfO{ klg b]vfOPsf]
5 . o;sf dfWodaf6 gf6ssf/n] cfkm\gfx¿sf] eljios} nflu eg] cfkm"nfO{ ljleGg sfo{df Jo:t u/fpFb} cfPsf
cleefjsx¿n] cfkm\gf] cleefjsLo st{Jo Pjd\ bfloTjaf]w ug{ ;Sg'kg]{ ;Gb]z k|jfx ul/Psf] 5 . o;df
;fdflhs ljs[lt / lj;Ëltsf ;fy} unt /fhgLlts k|j[lQ, cleefjsLo bfloTjdf /x]sf] u}/lhDd]jf/Lkg,
kqsfl/tfsf sdLsdhf]/Lk|lt cfnf]rgf k|s6 ub}{ ;dfh ;'wf/sf] rfxgf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
o;/L o; gf6sn] kqsfl/tf :jR5 / tfhf x'g'kg]{, /fhgLlt b]zsf] ljsf; / ;d[l4sf kIfdf x'g'kg]{, ;Qf, zlQm
/ kx'Frsf nflu x/]s s'/fdf /fhgLlt ug]{ / gf/f, h'n';, aGb, x8\tfnh:tf lqmofsnfk ug]{ /fhgLlts ;+:sf/sf]
cGTo x'g'kg]{h:tf dfGotfnfO{ cufl8 ;f/]sf] 5 . b'Jo{;gd'Qm ;dfhsf] rfxgf, :jR5, tfhf / hfu/0fsf] k|tLs
kqsfl/tf, c;n /fhgLlts ;+:sf/sf] ljsf;, st{Jok/fo0f Pjd\ lhDd]jf/ cleefjsLo e"ldsfsf] lgdf{0f /
;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] rfxgf g} o; gf6ssf dfWodaf6 gf6ssf/n] k|:t't ug{ vf]h]sf] ;Gb]z Pjd\ d"n efj;Fu
;DalGwt eP/ cfPsf 5g\ .
%= g]kfnsf] hn;|f]tn] ;d[l4sf] cfwf/ s;/L tof/ kf5{ < ;dLIff ug'{xf];\ M
…hn;|f]t / pmhf{Ú Pp6f pTs[i6 jSt[tf xf] . of] jSt[tf sIff P3f/sf] g]kfnL kf7\ok':tsdf /x]sf] 5 . o;
jSt[tfdf g]kfnsf] hn;|f]t / To;af6 pTkGg x'g] pmhf{sf ljifodf k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 . hn;|f]t g]kfnsf]
df}lns kl/ro xf] . hn;|f]tsf b[li6n] g]kfn Pl;ofdf k|yd / ljZjsf] bf];|f] wgL d'n's dflgG5 . ljZjdf a|flhn
klxnf] hn;|f]tsf] wgL b]zdf kb{5 . g]kfndf hn;Dkbfsf] clwstd pkof]u u/]/ ljZj pHofnf] kfg]{ k|of;
eO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf rf/}lt/ lah'nLsf] pkof]u ug{sf nflu hn;|f]tsf] ct'ngLo e"ldsf x'G5 .
hn klg Ps k|sf/sf] pmhf{ pTkfbs ;|f]t ePsfn] lah'nLsf] pTkfbgdf o;sf] ;zQm k|efj /xg uPsf] xf] .
jiff{, vf]nfgfnf, tfn, kf]v/L, gbL, ;d'› cflb kfgLsf ;|f]t x'g\ . hnk|jfxn] sltko b]znfO{ pHofnf] dfq lbPsf
5}gg\ cfly{s ;|f]t klg h'6fPsf 5g\ . kfgL ljB't\sf] pTkfbg, cy{tGqsf] hf]ufj6 / cfocfh{g ug]{ d'Vo ;|f]t
xf] . hn;Dkbfn] j}slNks pmhf{sf ¿kdf lah'nL pTkfbg ug]{ sfo{df cy{k"0f{ ;xof]u k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 . ljB't\
ef}lts hut\sf] ckf/ zlQm xf] . k|To]s /fi6«sf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf; ug{, hghLjgnfO{ ;/n / ;xh agfpg tyf
ljsf;sf gofF ;Defjgfsf 9f]sfx¿ vf]Ng ljB't\ t/Ën] g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5 . cGwsf/df n's]sf
ufpFx¿nfO{ lemnLldnL agfpg hn;Dkbfn] ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;S5 . kfgLsf] ;DaGw hLjg;Fu ufFl;Psfn] dfG5]sf]
pTyfgsf] nflu, ;EotfnfO{ ;';+:s[t agfpgsf nflu / ;fwg ;|f]tsf] clwstd k|of]u ug{sf nflu kfgL / lah'nL
dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5g\ . ;]tf] sf]Onfsf ¿kdf kl/lrt lah'nL ljZjsf nflu Hofb} cy{k"0f{ pknlAw / dxfg\ k|flKt
xf] .
g]kfndf nueu ^))) gbLgfnf cl:tTjdf /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf Ps ;j]{If0fcg';f/ *#))) d]3fjf6 ljB't\
pTkfbg ug{;Sg] Ifdtf /x]sf] cg'kfg ul/Psf] 5 . cg'dflgt Ifdtfcg';f/sf] lah'nL pTkfbg ug{;Sg] xf] eg]
g]kfn ;d[l4sf] dflyNnf] >]0fLdf k'Ug ;S5 . g]kfnsf] ckf/ hndf ePsf] hnljB't\ pTkfbg u/]/ ljb]zaf6
cfoft ul/g] k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ cyf{t\ pmhf{ dflysf] k/lge{/tfnfO{ cGTo ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfndf hnljB't\sf] hlt
k|r'/ ;Defjgf x'Fbfx'Fb} klg t/n /fhgLlt g;'lw|P;Dd gofF ult lng ;Sg] ;Defjgfx¿ sd 5g\ . g]kfndf
gbLgfnf dfq aUb}gg\ g]kfnsf] /fhgLlt klg TolQs} cl:y/ t/n ePsfn] ck]Iffs[t¿kdf lah'nL pTkfbg ug{
;lsPsf] 5}g . xfdLn] sNkgf u/]sf] b]z / ef]lu/x]sf] b]z oyfy{df leGg ePsfn] g]kfnsf] hn;Dkbf cfkm}F
cGof]ndf kl//x]sf] 5 . hnljB't\;DaGwL u'?of]hgfsf] cefj ljB'tLs/0f ug]{ k|of; cfsfz] v]tLeGbf a9L
dxŒjsf] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g t/ of]hgfa4 9ª\un] cl3 a9\g] xf] eg] g]kfn s]xL jif{leq} hn;Dkbfsf] e/k"/ pkof]u
u/L pmhf{ ;ª\s6d'St b]z x'g ;S5 . s]xL bzsd} g]kfnn] pRrtf k|fKt ub}{ lah'nL lgof{t ug]{ b]z eGg ;Sg]
cfˆgL ;kgfnfO{ ;fsf/ agfpg ;S5 .
o;/L g]kfnn] hnljB't\nfO{ cf}Bf]lus k|lti7f k|bfg u/]/ lah'nL lgof{t u/L b]zsf] sfofkn6 ug{ ug{;S5 .
ul/aL lgjf/0f u/L Pp6f ;d[4zfnL b]zsf ¿kdf ;'kl/lrt x'g g]kfnn] pko'Qm hngLlt÷cyf{gLlt, cfly{s
j[l4, /fhg}lts l:y/tf, ;fdflhs hfu/0f, ljsf; sfo{df P]Soj4tf / /fi6«lxtdf ;dfj]zLkgsf] ljsf; ug'{k5{
. hn;Dkbf / ljB'tLs/0flar ce]b ;DaGw /x]sfn] g]kfn o;df ;a}n] ;r]t x'g'k5{ . s:t'/Ln] cfˆgf] gflesf]
;'uGw xf] eGg] yfxf gkfP/ ef}tfl/PemF} g]kfnn] cfˆgf] ckf/ hn;Dkbfsf] dxŒj ga'em]/ ef}Ftfl/g'xF'b}g . olt xf],
cfˆg} k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]/ g]kfn cfTdlge{/ x'g] cleofgdf nfUg'k5{ . g]kfnsf] hn;Dkbfn] g]kfnsf] efUo /
eljio n]Vg] 5 , g]kfnsf] cGwsf/ x6\g] 5, g]kfn / g]kfnL 1fg / dfgsf ;fy afFRg ;Sg] 5g\ . hn;Dkbf
xfd|f] k|f0f eP/ cfpg] 5 . vfln xfdLn] Pstfa4 eP/ Pp6f alnof] lgi7fsf ;fy dg, jrg / sd{n] b]zsf]
ljsf;sf nflu hn;DkbfnfO{ plrt pkof]u ug'{ cfhsf] ;dosf] dfu / cfjZostf ePsf] 5 .

^= lbuf] s[lif k4ltsf nflu s] s:tf s'/fdf Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ < ;dLIff ug'{xf];\ M
…s[lifzfnfdf Ps lbgÚ Pp6f pTs[i6 ;+jfb xf] . o; ;+jfbsf kfqx¿ 8f]Ndf u'?dfsf g]t[Tjdf s[lifzfnfdf uPsf
5g\ . To; s[lifzfnfdf s[ifs ab|L, ljBfyL{x¿ Dx]Gbf], /fde/f];, eutl;+x, xs{Wjhn] s[lif k4ltsf ljifodf
pkof]uL k|Zg / pQ/ u/]sf 5g\ . ;+jfbdf s[lifk|wfg b]z g]kfndf cfw'lgs pGgt s[lif k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;df s[ifs
/ /fi6«n] v]Ng'kg]{ e"ldsfnfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 .
g]kfndf lbuf] s[lif k4ltsf nflu s[lifd}qL jftfj/0f cfjZos x'G5 . o;sf nflu s[ifsn] ;Dk"0f{ pkfox¿
cjnDag ug'{kb{5 . o;f] ugf{n] dfq ;xh k':tfGt/0fsf] ljZj;gLo / :jLsfo{ dfGotfsf] ljsf; x'g;S5 .
s[lif;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ hLjg;Fu} hf]8]/ k|:t't ug{'k5{ . h}ljs v]tL k|0ffnLnfO{ d"n k|fyldstfdf /fvL s[lif s[ifssf]
jt{dfg Pjd\ eljio b'j} ;'/lIft /fVg'k5{ . ls;fgnfO{ k]G;g lbg] k|of]hgsf nflu ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]ifsf] bfo/f
ls;fgsf 3/ cfFug, v]tLaf/L / b}lgsL;Dd a9fpg'k5{ . s[lifsf ks]6 hf]gx¿nfO{ e/kbf]{ tl/sfn] cl3 a9fpg'k5{
. ls;fgn] pTkfbg u/]sf cuf{lgs s[lif pkhx¿nfO{ ;/sf/n] ;xsf/L dfkm{t\ vl/b ug]{ bL3{sfnLg /0fgLlt
lnO{ larf}lnofsf] rª\u'naf6 d'St u/fpg'k5{ . s[liflj1, s[lif j}1flgs, s[ifs / s[lifsd{lar ;xsfo{ ug]{ jftfj/0f
agfpg'k5{ . pko'St ahf/ k|aGwg tyf s[ifssf nufgLsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ lbuf] /0fgLlt x'g'k5{ . ;dfhdf
s[ifs x'g' eg]sf] k|lti7f / cfocfh{g o'St dflg; xf] eGg] efjgf ljsf; ug{'k5{ . l;+rfO, dn, lap, cf}iflw
cflbsf] ;xh kx'Fr x'g'k5{ . s[ifsx¿sf nflu 5'§} s[lif ladf sDkgLsf] :yfkgf u/L rf}la; 306fleq ls;fgn]
xflg gf]S;gL eP cg';f/sf] Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ .
;+;f/sf] k|f0f/Iffsf] d"n cfwf/ s[lif xf] eGg] s'/f ;j{q km}nfP/ kl7t / ckl7t b'j} ju{nfO{ s[lif Joj;fotkm{
cfslif{t ug{'k5{ . sfd gkfpg]n] dfq s[lif sd{ ug]{ xf] eGg] ?U0f dfgl;stfsf] cGTo ug{'k5{ . ;d[l4 :j/f]huf/
Pjd\ kof{j/0f /Iffsf nflu of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] s[lif k];f cjnDag ug{'k5{ . b'MvLsf] k];f gagfO{ ;d[l4sf]
cfwf/ agfpg'k5{ . ljljwtfo'St agfO{ OR5f, Ifdtf, e"uf]n, xfjfkfgL cflb cg';f/sf v]tL k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;
ug{'k5{ . /f;folgs dn / ljiffbLsf] pkof]u Pjd\ clt k|of]unfO{ lg?T;flxt u/L :jf:Yo / jftfj/0fd}qL s[lif
sd{nfO{ dxŒj lbg' ;fGble{s x'G5 . jghª\unsf] ;'/Iff u/L s[lifsf nflu cg's"n jftfj/0f tof/ ug{'k5{ . ;f/df
s[lifnfO{ cy{tGqsf] d]?b08, cfo:t/ a9fpg] ;fwg, k|lti7fsf] cfwf/ agfO{ o;sf] lbuf]kgnfO{ cIf'00f /fVg
;lsG5 . pko'{St s'/fx¿ JolSt, ;dfh / /fi6«n] 7f]; of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog u/]/ g]kfndf lbuf] s[lif k4ltsf]
ljsf; ug{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿ x'g\ .
&= ufpFsf] dfofÚ syfdf s:tf] ;dfhsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 < ;dLIff ug'{xf];\ M
…ufpFsf] dfofÚ syf O:dfnLåf/f /lrt ;fdflhs ;d:of k|wfg syf xf] . o; syfdf ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg g]kfnL
;dfhsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . Psflt/ ;fdGtL k|yfsf cjz]ifx¿ klg afSn} /x]sf / csf{lt/ lj›f]xsf :j/x¿
klg d'vl/t x'g yfn]sf k|z:t} pbfx/0fx¿ syfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ljutsf d"Nox¿ x|f; xF'b} uP klg
cfw'lgs kl/jt{gsf/L d"Nox¿ :yflkt geO;s]sf] kl/b[Zo syfdf k|s6 ePsf] 5 . s[i0fx¿ h:tf lzlIft
o'jfx¿ ufpF 5f]8]/ aflxl/Psf / kl/5g h:tf xnL uf]7fnfx¿ ufpFd} a;]/ ;ª\3if{ ul//x]sf 36gfx¿ syfdf
k|s6 ePsf 5g\ .
ufpFsf] dfof syfdf v]tLkftL / kz'kfng u/]/ hLjg lgjf{x ul//x]sf dflg;x¿sf] 7"nf] ;d"x pTkL8gdf k/]sf]
b]vfOPsf] 5 . pgLx¿ d'lQmsf] nflu cEof; ul//x]sf] s'/f klg syfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;dfhnfO{ k|lzlIft
ug{ 5f8]/ knfog ePsf lzlIft s[i0fx¿ cfbz{ 5fF6\b} ufpFdf a]nfavt l5/] klg pgLx¿sf] of]ubfg vf;} cy{k"0f{
5}g . wgL dflnsx¿n] ul/anfO{ n8fP/ zf;g ug]{ k|rng ufpFdf /x]sf] 5 . hLjgsf cy{x¿ vf]Hg ;dfhsf
dflg;x¿n] yfln;s]sf 5g\ . ufpFn] ;dfh klg s]xL xf] eGg] dfGotf ePsfx¿n] cl:tTjsf] n8fOF n8\g] k|oTg
ul//x]sf 5g\ . kl7tx¿ ufpF l5g{' k|sf/fGt/n] cfkm" ufpF glhs} 5' eGg] axfgf agfpg' dfq xf] .
ufpFsf] dfof syfsf] kfq kl/5gsf afa'cfdfnfO{ hfu[t u/fpg] sf]xL gx'g' / s[i0fsf afa'cfdfnfO{ s[i0fsf]
lzIffsf nflu x'6x'6L k|bfg ug]{ dflg;x¿ x'g'n] kl/5gnfO{ xnL uf]7fnf] agfof] eg] s[i0fnfO{ ;'lsnf] d'lsnf]
ljåfg\ agfof] . s[i0f ljBfno / kl/5g v]taf/Llt/ nfUg'sf] cy{ ;a}sf nflu lzIff eGg] cfbz{ cy{xLg aGg
k'u]sf] 5 . oyfl:yltjfb / kl/jt{gjfbsf] d"nwf/af6 bf}l8/x]sf] ;dfh syfdf k|s6 ePsf] 5 .
o;/L ufpFsf] dfof g]kfnL ;dfhsf] oyfy{ lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . o; syfdf qmLtbf; aGg] /x/ s;}nfO{ x'Fb}g t/
;dfhdf bf; agfpg] / lg/Gt/tf lbg] k|yf sfod} 5 eGg] s'/f b]vfOPsf] 5 . ;dfhdf o;nfO{ k':tfGt/0f ug]{
k|of;df ;dfhsf 7fn'x¿ Ps5q¿kdf nflu/x]sf 5g\ . ;dfh ;dfgfGt/ ultdf k/Dkl/t d"Nosf] lg/Gt/tf
/ gofF d"Nosf] :yfkgf ug]{ s'/fdf :ki6 wf/x¿df cl3 al9/x]sf] b]lvG5 . ljZjf;, cGwljZjf; / wf]vfw8Lx¿
;dfhdf 5l/Psf 5g\ . kl/jt{gsf] af6f]lt/ cl3 a9\g vf]lh/x]sf], hLjgd"No a'‰g yfn]sf] / d'lQmsf] hdsf]{
ul//x]sf] ;dfhsf] k|ltljDa syfdf ptfl/Psf] 5 .
*=…ufpFsf] dfofÚ syfsf cfwf/df s[i0f / kl/5g kfqsf] rl/qlrq0f ug{'xf];\ M
-c_ s[i0f
…ufpFsf] dfofÚ Pp6f ;fdflhs tyf dgf]j}1flgs syf xf] . s[i0f o; syfsf] Ps k|d'v kfq xf] . nueu b'O{
jif{kl5 ufpFlt/ kms]{sf] s[i0f cfkm}+df :ki6 wf/0ff gePsf] bf]wf/] rl/q xf] . cfFvf / dg;k6ndf ufpF g} ufpF
lyof] eg] klg p;n] ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu sfd ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5}g . pm ;fdGtx¿sf] k[i7kf]ifs eg]
rflxF xf]Og . ufpF;Fu hf]8]/ p;n] JolQm / ;dfhsf] cy{ vf]Hg] k|of; u/]sf] 5 . ;dfhnfO{ vl08t u/]/ zf;g
ug]{ ;fdGtL ;+:sf/k|lt p;sf] ;xdlt 5}g t/ lj›f]xsf] :j/ klg 5}g . 6f]nsf dflg;x¿n] afa'cfdfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg
lbPkl5 dfq s[i0fn] ljBfno hfg] cj;/ kfPsf] lyof] . lzIff / clzIffsf] b"/L a9\b} hfFbf s[i0f / kl/5gx¿sf]
;DaGw klg pT;fxk|b x'g ;s]g . s[i0fn] afnbf}Ft/Lx¿;Fu ;DaGw hf]8\g lgs} k|of; ug{'k/]sf] lyof] . s[i0f /
kl/5gsf s'/fx¿af6 b'j}n] s]xL sdL /x]sf] cfef; k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ . s[i0fnfO{ kl/5gn] ufpFsf] jf:tljstfdf
s]lG›t eO{ gf6s n]Vg nufpg] s'/fn] s[i0fk|lt ;dfhsf] cfzf a9L g} /x]sf]=:ki6 b]lvG5 . s[i0f ultzLn kfqsf
¿kdf syfdf b]vfk/]sf] 5 .
-cf_ kl/5g
…ufpFsf] dfofÚ Pp6f ;fdflhs tyf dgf]j}1flgs syf xf] . kl/5g o; syfsf] Pp6f j|mflGTfsf/L k'?if kfq xf]
. pm syfdf …dÚ kfqsf k|:t't ePsf] 5 . kl/5g / d kfq ufO{e}F;L r/fpg], vf]nfsf lsgf/df bf}8g], cf}/xf
vfg], lu/ v]Ng], skbL{ v]Ng] uy]{ . kl/5g :s'n hfg kfPg, xnL uf]7fnf] eP/ a:of] . rf}wkG„ jif{sf] lszf]/
cj:yfd} p;n] agL ug{ yfln;s]sf] lyof] . cgGt kl/5gx¿n] alnof kfv'/Lx¿ 7fn's} ;]jf ;Tsf/df latfpg
ljjz /x]sf] 36gfnfO{ syfdf p7fOPsf] 5 . p;n] cIf/;Fu v]Ng] cj;/ g} kfPg . dflnsx¿sf s[kfkfq ag]/
hLjg lgjf{x gu/L kl/jt{gsf] dfu{ ckgfpg] kl/5gsf] ;f]r /x]sf] 5 / pm hLjgsf] cy{ vf]Hg yfln/x]sf] 5 .
;dfhdf wf]v]afhx¿ klg 5g\ . ltgLx¿s} sf/0f kl/5gx¿sf lardf lsQfsf6 ePsf] 5 . kl/5gsf] a'emfOdf
;ª\3if{ lg/Gt/ rln/xg] s'/f xf] . kl7t dflg;x¿ kfvf nfUbf ;dfhdf dflnsx¿sf] Psnf}6L /hfO{ rN5 eGg]
kl/5gsf] b[li6sf]0f 5 . kl/5g s[i0fnfO{ gf6s n]vfP/ ;dfhsf] jf:tljstf phfu/ ug]{ / ;dfhdf kl/jt{g
Nofpg] ;f]rdf 5 . kl/5g bf; k|yfsf] lj/f]wL kl/jt{gcg'/fuL kfqsf ¿kdf o; syfdf b]vf k/]sf] 5 .
(= g]kfndf ljBdfg ;+:s[ltsf ;an / b'a{n kIfsf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ M
…;+:s[ltsf] gofF ofqfÚ ;'wf lqkf7Låf/f /lrt cfTdk/s lgaGw xf] . o; lgaGwdf Psn ;+:s[ltdf x'ls{PsL
lgaGwsf/sf] r]tgf:t/ p7];Fu} ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfsf] sfnqmlds af]w x'g yfn]sf] ljrf/kIfnfO{ JoSt ul/Psf]
5 . o; lgaGwdf ;+:s[lt / hLjg b'j} k|jfxzLn 5g\ elgPsf] 5 . o;af6 dflg;df 1fg, l;k, cg'ej, hLjgd"No
/ ljljwtfsf] cg'e"lt x'g] /x]5 eGg] lgaGwsf/sf] ljrf/ 5 . pgn] o; lgaGwdf g]kfndf ljBdfg ;+:s[ltsf
;an / b'a{n kIfsf] klg rrf{ u/]sL 5g\ .
g]kfnL ;+:s[ltsf ;an kIfx¿ w]/} 5g\ . tLdWo] ;femf efjgf g]kfnL ;+:s[ltsf] Ps k|d'v ;an kIf xf] . afFr
/ arfpsf] efjgf k|an ePsfn] g]kfnL ;+:s[ltdf efOrf/fsf] ;DaGw lgs} rrf{of]Uo 5 . ljljwtfdf Pstf
g]kfnsf] d"n ljz]iftf csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ ;an kIf xf] . g]kfnL ;+:s[ltdf ;a} kIf Ps} 7fpFdf cfpg ;Sg] / cf–
cfˆgf] JolQmTj ljsf; ug{ ;Sg] k|z:t} cfwf/x¿ 5g\ . tLh, b;}+, ltxf/, Ob, asl/b, pFwf}nL, pFef}nL, Nxf];f/,
a'4k"l0f{df, lqm;d;, uf}/f, df3L cflb g]kfnL kj{x¿n] ;+:s[ltsf] hu alnof] agfpg 6]jf k'¥ofPsf 5g\ .
g]kfnL ;+:s[ltdf hLjgd"No e]l6G5 . o;n] g]kfnL ;+:sf/sf] lg/Gt/ kl/isf/ ul//x]sf] 5 . hLjgsnf, hLjgz}nL
/ dgf]lj1fgsf] bfo/f Jofks agfpg Pjd\ dfgj ;Eotfdf gjLg cfofd yKg g]kfnL ;+:s[lt /fdaf0f b]lvPsf]
5 . ljljwtfo'Qm ;dfhnfO{ Ps} ;"qdf pGg] alnof] cfwf/ g]kfnL ;+:s[lt ag]sf] 5 . kl/lrt jf ckl/lrt ¿kd}
eP klg dflg; dflg; larsf] ;DaGwnfO{ hu}b]lv alnof] agfpg ;+:s[ltn] ;xof]uLsf] sfo{ u/]sf] 5 . dflg;sf
pbfQ r]tgf / efjgfx¿ b]ze/ km}lnPsf 5g\ . >dsf] d"No, dxŒj / OHht a9fpg /fli6«o ;+:s[ltn] pbfx/0fLo,
cg's/0fLo / k|z+;gLo e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 .
g]kfnL ;+:s[lt g]kfnLTjsf] ljz]iftfnfO{ yk ;'b[9 agfO{ /fli6«o PstfnfO{ dha't agfpg] cfwf/ / k"jf{wf/ b'j}
ag]sf] 5 . cltly b]jf] ejM, dft[b]jf] ejM, lkt[b]jf] ejM, cfrfo{ b]jf] ejM, wtL{dftf, k|s[ltb]jL cflb g]kfnL
;+:s[ltsf w/f]x/ x'g\ . k|s[lt k"hf, hLjhGt'sf] k"hf, j;'w}j s'6'Dasd\sf efjgf, lhpFbfsf] hGtL / dbf{sf]
dnfdL, æufF; 5f]8\g" t/ ;fy g5f]8\g'Æ eGg] dfGotf cflbn] ;+:s[ltnfO{ dfly p7fPsf 5g\ . ;fgfnfO{ dfof /
7"nfnfO{ cfb/ xfd|f] ;+:s[ltsf r}tGo x'g\ . gf/L k"hf ljZjs} nflu pbfx/0fLo sd{sf] ¿kdf g]kfnL ;+:s[lte/
5fPsf] 5 .
o;/L dfgj ;Eotfsf] cgf}7f] k|flKtsf ¿kdf g]kfnL ;+:s[ltsf] hu alnof] ¿kdf ljsl;t ePsf] 5 . ;+:s[ltdf
pHofnf kIfx¿ ;an¿kdf b]vf kl//x]sf 5g\ .
g]kfnL ;+:s[ltleq s]xL b'a{n kIfx¿ klg 5g\ . o;leq y'k|} ljsf/sf afl56fx¿ klg 5g\ . log} ljs[ltx¿
;+:s[ltsf b'a{n kIfx¿ x'g\ . /ª, ju{, j0f{, hflt, lnË, efiff, wd{, pTklQ cflbsf cfwf/df ul/g] e]befjn]
;+:s[ltsf] hu xNnfpg vf]h]sf 5g\ . ;Eo / c;Eo, ul/a / wgL, lzlIft / clzlIft, ;an / b'a{n, pr /
gLr cflb larsf] b"/L a9\b} hfFbf df}lns ;+:s[ltdfly k|xf/ x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . lnª\u, ju{, j0f{, e"uf]n, hflt, wd{,
efiffsf cfwf/df x'g] e]b ljs[lt x'g\ . gfssf] prfO, cfFvfsf] cfsf/df x'g] e]befj klg ;+:s[ltsf b'a{n kIfx¿
x'g\ . k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtdf dflg; Ps} eP klg dfG5]n] dG5]sf nflu hGdfPsf] leGgtf klg cfnf]Ro s'/f
g} xf] .
g]kfnL ;+:s[ltdf ;f+:s[lts ;To, Gofo / cg'zf;g pHofnf]tkm{ pGd'v x'g'k5{ . of] cFWof/f]tkm{ jf k|ltudgsf]
af6f]lt/ nDsFbf ;+:s[ltdf :vng cfpg' :jfefljs 5 . kl/jt{g / cfw'lgstfsf gfddf df}nfPsf lj;Ëlt /
laANofF6fx¿ z'e;ª\s]tx¿ xf]Ogg\ . ;+:s[ltdf b]lvg] ljrgnx¿n] sfg'gL, Jofjxfl/s, d"Nout, ;fdflhs cflb
kIfx¿sf] cjd"Nog ug]{ / ;f+:s[lts w/ftn;d]t sdhf]/ agfpg] vt/f /lx/xG5 .
o;/L a9\bf] c;dfgtf, k/:k/df x'g] lvrftfgL, >dsf] ;Ddfg ug]{ efjgfdf sdL, bnfnL k|yfsf] pbo,
ul/adf/f ;+:sf/, k/Dk/fdfly cGwfw'Gw ul/g] lgd{d e~hg, kfl/jfl/s ljv08g, ef}ltsjfb tkm{dfqsf] a9L
cfsif{0f, ef]ujfbL hLjgz}nL, cfzfnfUbf d"Nosf] x|f; cflb tŒjx¿n] Tofudo ;femf ;+:s[ltsf] 6'KkL sf6\g
yfn]sf 5g\ . b'a{n lrGtgsf] kl/0ffd :j¿k ;+:s[ltdfly s6' k|xf/ ePsf 5g\ . ;+:s[lt af}l/g' kg]{df To;sf]
k|lts"n la6'lng yfn]sf] 5 . ;+:s[ltnfO{ ehfP/ vfg] /fhg}lts rt'/]x¿ of] b]zsf snª\s x'g\ . log} v]bhgs
cj:yf g} g]kfnL ;+:s[ltsf b'a{n kIfx¿ x'g\ .