🌟 LINKING WORDS & PHRASES 🌟

TỪ NỐI – CỤM TỪ NỐI

1. Dùng để thêm thông tin (Adding Information)
 and: và
 also: cũng
 too: cũng
 as well as: cũng như
 in addition: thêm vào đó
 furthermore / moreover: hơn nữa
🔸 Ví dụ: She is smart and hardworking.
In addition, she can speak three languages.

2. Dùng để so sánh (Comparing)

 similarly: tương tự
 likewise: tương tự
 in the same way: theo cách tương tự
 just like: giống như
 equally: một cách ngang bằng
🔸 Ví dụ: Tom loves hiking. Similarly, his brother enjoys outdoor activities.

3. Dùng để đối lập (Contrasting)

 but: nhưng
 however: tuy nhiên
 although / though/in spite of/ despite: mặc dù
 whereas / while: trong khi
 on the other hand: mặt khác
 nevertheless / nonetheless: tuy vậy
🔸 Ví dụ: He is very talented. However, he doesn’t work hard.
Although it rained, we went hiking.

4. Dùng để đưa ra nguyên nhân – kết quả (Cause & Effect)

 because / since / as: bởi vì
 so / therefore / thus: vì vậy
 as a result / consequently: kết quả là
 due to / because of + danh từ: do
🔸 Ví dụ: It was raining, so we stayed inside.
Due to the traffic, we arrived late.

5. Dùng để đưa ra ví dụ (Giving Examples)

 for example / for instance: ví dụ
 such as: chẳng hạn như
 like: như
 namely: cụ thể là
🔸 Ví dụ: I love tropical fruits, such as mangoes and pineapples.

6. Dùng để tổng kết hoặc kết luận (Summarizing / Concluding)

 in conclusion: kết luận
 to sum up / to summarize: tóm lại
 overall: nhìn chung
 in short / in brief: nói ngắn gọn
🔸 Ví dụ: To summarize, the trip was exciting and unforgettable.
 📝 BÀI TẬP: DÙNG LINKING WORDS ĐỂ NỐI HAI CÂU THÀNH MỘT CÂU HOÀN CHỈNH
👉 Hãy nối 2 câu sau bằng một từ/cụm từ nối phù hợp (ví dụ: although, because, so, and, however, despite, for
example,...)
1. It was raining. We stayed indoors.
__________________________________________________________________
2. She didn’t study. She failed the test.
__________________________________________________________________
3. He was hungry. He skipped lunch.
__________________________________________________________________
4. I got up late. I missed the bus.
__________________________________________________________________
5. She was tired. She went to bed early.
__________________________________________________________________
6. He’s rich. He’s not happy.
__________________________________________________________________
7. I was ill. I went to work.
__________________________________________________________________
8. The food was delicious. The service was terrible.
__________________________________________________________________
9. She practiced a lot. She didn’t win.
__________________________________________________________________
10. They live far away. They visit us often.
__________________________________________________________________
11. I like reading. I like writing.
__________________________________________________________________
12. The hotel is cheap. It’s clean.
__________________________________________________________________
13. He can play the guitar. He can play the piano.
__________________________________________________________________
14. She speaks French. She also speaks German.
__________________________________________________________________
15. Tom is smart. Tom is hardworking.
__________________________________________________________________
16. I enjoy outdoor sports. I like hiking.
__________________________________________________________________
17. There are many fruits I like. I like mango and watermelon.
__________________________________________________________________
18. Some countries are very modern. Japan is one of them.
__________________________________________________________________
19. We have different types of transport. For example, buses and trains.
__________________________________________________________________
20. He enjoys playing sports. He likes football.
__________________________________________________________________
 CÁCH BIẾN ĐỔI ALTHOUGH/ THOUGH => DESPITE/ IN SPITE OF

I. Nguyên tắc chung cần nhớ:

Although/Though + mệnh đề (S + V + …)
 Despite/In spite of + cụm từ (danh từ hoặc V-ing)

II. Các công thức biến đổi từ mệnh đề sang cụm từ như sau:
1) Nếu chủ từ 2 mệnh đề giống nhau:
Bỏ chủ ngữ và động từ chuyển về nguyên mẫu rồi thêm **-ing**.
- Ví dụ: Although Tom got up late, he got to school on time.

=> Despite/In spite of getting up late, Tom got to school on time.

2) Nếu chủ từ là danh từ + be + tính từ:
Đặt tính từ đứng trước danh từ, bỏ “be”
- Ví dụ: Although the rain is heavy,.......

=> Despite/In spite of the heavy rain, ......

3) Nếu chủ từ là đại từ + be + tính từ:
Đại từ đổi thành tính từ sở hữu, tính từ thành danh từ, bỏ **be**
- Ví dụ: Although he was sick,.......

=> Despite/In spite of his sickness,.......

4)Nếu chủ từ là đại từ + động từ + trạng từ:
Đại từ thành sở hữu, động từ thành danh từ, trạng từ thành tính từ đứng trước danh từ
- Ví dụ: Although he behaved impolitely,.....

=> Despite/In spite of his impolite behavior,......

5) Nếu câu có dạng: there be + danh từ:
Thì bỏ **there be**
-Ví dụ: Although there was an accident,.....

=> Despite/In spite of an accident,......

6) Nếu câu có dạng: It (be) + tính từ về thời tiết:
Đổi tính từ thành danh từ, thêm **the** phía trước, bỏ “It be”
- Ví dụ: Although it was rainy,.....

=> Despite/In spite of the rain, ……….

Các tính từ và danh từ thường gặp trong mẫu này:
- Foggy → fog (sương mù)
- Snowy → snow (tuyết)
- Rainy → rain (mưa)
- Stormy → storm (bão)
7) Nếu câu có dạng: Danh từ + (be) + V3/ed (câu bị động):
Đổi V3/ed thành danh từ, thêm “the” + danh từ vừa biến đổi + “of” + danh từ có sẵn
- Ví dụ: Although television was invented,.....

=> Despite/In spite of the invention of television, ……….

8) Phương pháp cuối cùng cũng là phương pháp dễ nhất:
Thêm “the fact that” trước mệnh đề.
- Phương pháp này áp dụng được cho mọi câu mà không cần phân tích xem nó thuộc mẫu nào, tuy nhiên
phương pháp này không được khuyến khích sử dụng nhiều vì các biến đổi trên giúp bạn rèn luyện cách sử dụng
các cấu trúc câu.
- Do đó, nếu câu nào cũng thêm **the fact that** rồi viết lại thì bạn sẽ không nâng cao được trình độ. Phương
pháp này chỉ áp dụng khi gặp câu quá phức tạp mà không có cách nào biến đổi. Một trường hợp khác mà bạn có
thể sử dụng là trong lúc thi gặp câu khó mà bạn quên cách biến đổi.
- Ví dụ: Although he behaved impolitely,..... => Despite/In spite of the fact that he behaved impolitely,.....
 ✍️BÀI TẬP: VIẾT LẠI CÂU SỬ DỤNG ALTHOUGH / DESPITE / IN SPITE OF
A. Từ Although ➝ Despite / In spite of (10 câu)
1. Although it was raining, they went jogging.
____________________________________________________________________
2. Although she was tired, she continued working.
____________________________________________________________________
3. Although he behaves rudely, people like him.
____________________________________________________________________
4. Although Tom got up late, he went to school on time.
____________________________________________________________________
5. Although the weather is cold, we are going hiking.
____________________________________________________________________
6. Although there was an accident, the road wasn’t closed.
____________________________________________________________________
7. Although the storm was strong, the fishermen didn’t stop.
____________________________________________________________________
8. Although he was sick, he still came to class.
____________________________________________________________________
9. Although I was angry, I kept quiet.
____________________________________________________________________
10. Although it was foggy, the plane landed safely.
____________________________________________________________________
🔄 B. Từ Despite / In spite of ➝ Although (10 câu)
11. In spite of her tiredness, she cooked dinner for the whole family.
____________________________________________________________________
12. Despite the rain, we enjoyed the trip.
____________________________________________________________________
13. Despite his rude behavior, she forgave him.
____________________________________________________________________
14. In spite of getting up late, he made it to the meeting.
____________________________________________________________________
15. Despite his sickness, he managed to finish the exam.
____________________________________________________________________
16. Despite the heavy traffic, they arrived on time.
____________________________________________________________________
17. Despite the fact that he’s shy, he’s a great presenter.
____________________________________________________________________
18. In spite of the cold weather, the children played outside.
____________________________________________________________________
19. Despite the storm, the match continued.
____________________________________________________________________
20. In spite of being nervous, she performed well.
____________________________________________________________________

✅ ĐÁP ÁN GỢI Ý
🔄 A. Although ➝ Despite / In spite of
1. Despite the rain, they went jogging.
2. In spite of being tired, she continued working.
3. Despite his rude behavior, people like him.
4. In spite of getting up late, Tom went to school on time.
5. Despite the cold weather, we are going hiking.
6. In spite of the accident, the road wasn’t closed.
7. Despite the strong storm, the fishermen didn’t stop.
8. Despite his sickness, he still came to class.
9. Despite being angry, I kept quiet.
10. In spite of the fog, the plane landed safely.

🔄 B. Despite / In spite of ➝ Although

11. Although she was tired, she cooked dinner for the whole family.
12. Although it was raining, we enjoyed the trip.
13. Although he behaved rudely, she forgave him.
14. Although he got up late, he made it to the meeting.
15. Although he was sick, he managed to finish the exam.
16. Although the traffic was heavy, they arrived on time.
17. Although he is shy, he’s a great presenter.
18. Although the weather was cold, the children played outside.
19. Although there was a storm, the match continued.
20. Although she was nervous, she performed well.

1–5: Nguyên nhân – kết quả

1. It was raining, so we stayed indoors.
2. She didn’t study, so she failed the test.
3. He was hungry because he skipped lunch.
4. I got up late, so I missed the bus.
5. She was tired, so she went to bed early.

6–10: Tương phản – đối lập

6. Although he’s rich, he’s not happy.
7. Although I was ill, I went to work.
8. The food was delicious, but the service was terrible.
9. She practiced a lot, but she didn’t win.
10. Even though they live far away, they visit us often.

11–15: Bổ sung thông tin

11. I like reading and writing.
12. The hotel is cheap. In addition, it’s clean.
13. He can play the guitar and the piano.
14. She speaks French. Moreover, she speaks German.
15. Tom is smart as well as hardworking.

16–20: Ví dụ – minh họa

16. I enjoy outdoor sports, such as hiking.
17. I like many fruits, for example, mango and watermelon.
18. Some countries are very modern, for instance, Japan.
19. We have different types of transport, such as buses and trains.
20. He enjoys playing sports, especially football.