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Ship Construction

The document discusses various aspects of ship construction, including the design and arrangement of components such as chain lockers, bilge pumping systems, and structural parts like the keel and frames. It also explains terms related to ship stability, such as freeboard, rise and floor, and the effects of pitching and pounding in heavy weather. Additionally, it covers the differences between solid and open floors in double bottom tanks and the importance of watertight closures in ship design.

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130 views44 pages

Ship Construction

The document discusses various aspects of ship construction, including the design and arrangement of components such as chain lockers, bilge pumping systems, and structural parts like the keel and frames. It also explains terms related to ship stability, such as freeboard, rise and floor, and the effects of pitching and pounding in heavy weather. Additionally, it covers the differences between solid and open floors in double bottom tanks and the importance of watertight closures in ship design.

Uploaded by

gokulmai30
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© © All Rights Reserved
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a Subgoct an iat, the hie Construction (50 marks) — 9-2) © withthe aick an appropriate. drawing show the arrangements of « chain locker ancl the bitker endl securing ofedaib. frrcen ste beck specling ope collision Buik heal ape sper Brecker ve) \ yy stthener >! chain locter a stiffener Perferabec! Fale (tr discharging amter Revue Jay draineye qwell | - LL tawer Flat sell Fleer plate ie Insert place le ———— pin, raysece by Herning in chain \scker haveluhee! on forecasts cleck a Einel Link le— clench pin of archer fy l Pala PORT euicle Ri "7 suithead shifener \ [jerwstthendt 7 ‘1 lke — “split vin, te prevent eceiefeste li amr sensors : : ae 7) = a pacher cable ia ha. cate reluinieg inthis. he mented, in. smeegetien Ifthe lan View PA Brot while there is tension on the ancher chain, the operation ill be STBD elifhicult k DANGEROUS @ with the aicl single sketches, oleline falhusing terms a) Forwarcl & Aft perpendicular + FP: An imaginary Wine drawn ferPencticuloy te the waterline, Ta . § ¥ e Ee at the Point where feresicle of Ane Stem meets dhe stb. a 7 s AMP: An imaginary ine. cliavon. fet Penchicslar te the wler tne, ether Ut) uhere the aft side of the vacllor Post meets the Sik, or (2) iP a. rucbler Post isnot fitted, then ip is erawa. From the cenire fsthe kudder stock. 4) Camber : (Also calle Rouncl cb Beam): the erthwvartshia 7 ine curvature the clock Platings whch rises from the shuj’s dertine w sides towards Ye centrtline measured as the height of weel iz deck at the foe watt centrehne above the height & deck at the side usualy expresset in om). Tt causes. any wstter on clech te deuin athurt tship's sate the seuppes 2 thence overbearc : c) Freebourcl: the vertical distance, between the yer eels f the Deck Line, miclshy’s, vs ancl the present waterline, is ceuteel Present Free boare!. the vertical olddance between the upper edge af the Deck tine, melsings, anc. the Summer Leak Lire is callecl the Desiyned Freehoard. the term. can alse be used fer the verkical chstance. fram the cleck at any Part she ship to the Present waterline a) Rise & Floor: (Also calle Deactrise): the bottom a shell ship is Somedines sloped up frm the Keel foshe bilye to facclitate cbainaqe X 4o cause any | Kquiel ia DB tanks te meve towards the pump suction. In such cases, the ypuarel rise of the bottom shell Plating from the keel towards dhe dilyes is called’ Rise of Floor ic. mectsurect as the height of the ingale. of ws the bettom flaking at the shup5. side, above the upper eche ch the Keel, usually expressed in mm. the rise of Flor 15 small, 5mm being usual, ancl large cargo shies ten have wo. vise of flor. @. Sketch.a transom stern, showing the comections toshe sheen frame and name all the impertant Parts upper Deck «= versieal Bitkeners vibration Post steering Flat tremsem oY Pest deep “Ae _ aM Peak solid XX! C | <— suit heal Floats \ I cia fe Peak transom. Avelder. A X gt re Aue fea e = rank Floor trunk, deck a Tan : AM engine aan 7 Room Boss >} «| Stern Tube sole piece i} TF a verdical stiffeners i Pool peck To vee” pecte heen Flat efofol Desp. hasy conte guder >t ransom Sdern, Looking, Formcarel Ship Goasivuchen nS mid Odio half shipherss Section dia Bulk carer antl shew he structural parts including cleuble bottom tank. warek ones Lengituclinals Rouncecl genni sheerstrake Halch sicle Gircler —> Tank sile plube awe Upper Hopper congr eline Tank or To? SZ f Side Tank (154) / : Tank plating / sidle vertical site rears | lee Shel CARGO | plating Wold | * ef onny : \ v BRAS s 4 tot u é keel plate Double Beltom Tanks Bottom long itudeinak (oil, fuel, or ballost water) Bottom pleking @ with the. aicl of cliagram cleseribe the Bilge piping end. Pumping system ona cargo. shp : Cooma A cargo ships ane prowided with Panping. uraagements 5a thal ayy waerkiht space can be pamped. aut hen the ship is lideel up fo 5° & 1s onan even weet|tn the machaery espace, at least tus auctions must be available, one on each sicfe, one suction is connectecl 40 the bike main 8 the other to on inelapencleat Poser chaiven pump of ejector An Emergency bilge Suction must also be prided, usually connected tothe largest Gepacity Pump avai tabie} ore the Bike. well are waually placed at He After End of cach hotel» Pace STED, whecanse ships. are. normaly tvinmed by the sheen x ensiquendly the wether 1s callec eck in the bilge. weds. by. gravity Perforabecl Strom Boxes are Fitted on all except machitey and cluct keel suctten pipes.te prevent tatty £ any maderter! thet nay chock the pump/ piPes. in the some sage H tunnel sface, mucl boxes are fitted to the section. pipes. Te prevent the. acer dental Fading of He holds/ spaces, ol the Bilge suckin PiPes are Fitted w with None Reburn values which allow olor to flown thrush tem in one clirec tion only, pie the space MM valves slhal coun! tha She suctons must be of His byfe, Se thot whilst the biljes can be pumped. out itis imposible ty Fill them accidently Suction. pifes tun. fore safe along the. bilyes They may ran trough the lightening holes sip the dank.sicle brackets, but more often they are leol up S run along the tops of the bilges. a they must net Pass through deep tanks» double botlem tanks, or o/l fuel bunkers , unless thi i unaveicable [eage ships have at least two pewer-clriven. pumping units in the machinery. sface which ate connecdecl tothe main bine Tre anc at least wo suctions ane aver lables one on each sicle. One suction i connecdedl tothe bile main st the other to an indepenclent 2% power-driven Pum? or Ejector. fin Emeigeney sihe Suchon must also be Provicled »usvally connected te the lamest capacity Pamp available j Oprass yy name parts of fallewring. ty pes.of Ruckloy : a) Semi balanced. 5) Balanced, vertical wel Worizenteh web Uting twee ewatted-Hyroeyh Ruclder fp Radeler oon Bewriny pinvle Less than 20) of udleler ofea wd. of rudder stocle 0 > (strain Valance) cn Csey Heng. : ed aby: Rackley shock cS : Bolte Balheol Palin 5 por he \ Fale upper searing weviical web Rorizental web} Ruckeler » Axle Lithing tube Bos Tube 25-307 of welder aren = ew0 ef cudoley Sheek ore eo (balancecl) bower amen : feaning) —~aemping eleovance “ ship consruch en Sb Ro © vekhiribe wiih.the help ct crassiny bilge. pumping 4 PiPing enangement of a genteal cargo 5 @ dehine. the. folowing Aerms 2) Feecng. forts when Bulaarks are. fttel, they lene to hall back the wnker shipptel from o heavy see & his may Prove. olangerus Therefore » large openings kaon as Freeing forts ore cut in the bottom of the bulwarks , 42 allow the rapid olaunage of any sadee shyppeel, which coulel seriously affect she sebilty of the shp b) Length overll: the Maximum length of the ship» measured fram the extreme Farwarcl pte af the ship tothe extreme after Point (LOA). This length (0A) is impordant when ecking X becthing the shp- &) Paraltelmieldbe beely.< that length at the ship over which the midship cess section of the ship teorainscanshint in arta x shape. Parallel Middle Bochy is net seen on all ship Yyfes and is. most gpparent on Tankers» Conlainte ships & Bulk carriers. ce, IF). cL) Air clraught: the werbical. chitance. From the waterline to she highest Point on the ship, when ot "Zerg Forwarel speed” 3+ inch cates the ability of the ship to pass under @ bridge Spanning a walerasoy that terms part of the intended wute. : _niathet L\ \ stringer Crone \ ti port CP sielashell FZ. \ plating % Kee Sicke Frame «—~ ¢)-Freeboard: ® Sketch & name the halt midship vss Secdian. of.» crude oi! canner. Double Hull. vlee =. deck peck oe plating Langituctinar cement ac s deck contre girder —o| * CENTRE auikheod “7, TANK Toner Hull > La <— siete tangituch’nls LTA Kot Bee, 38 Jio*T oto ox oe Bottom A f Hechin Bottom Sehicl Siche Bilge ae lengitucline — Floors grreler Keel uc Inne? bottom eo oe Toe oT soy » SBT = Segregated. Ballast Tank Ship Coastructon 1G @.Deseabe the Pouncting and explain how it can be compensated: Tn heavy weather, athen the ship is Heawing $e Pitebing , the vise of er bows occasionally synchtonises withthe Trough of a wave the Fore end then emerges. Fem the vfater, (lifted clear & the water) & then comes down heawily with « tremendous slamming ethect, known us Pouncling. the elect i> most severe ina Lightly ballashed condition and occur over an area ef the bottom shell, between the callision bulKheacl and a point about 257 of the ship length from the stem, known os the Pounding Region, anck can damaye the shigs Settom , espectaly in case fa. Full-Bowedl ship. [mes os pitching a —— v / summer lead ne ji Catlision Barkhienel "Y¥t y+ Pouncling or ” sytoa Slamming SS - 128% LOA...t0..30/.L0a the ship 15 strergtheneeh against posaling as Pallowss O inthe Peanching Region, the Bottom plating 1s made threker. @ Floors are filled at ery Kame @ extra Side cirdess are fitted. a the shocks «f the Pounding con be felt over the endire ship & each one is fllowesl by « short Period of vibration, the effect sf Powncing can usualy be temperect by « Redaction in Speecl, Filling the bottom compartments te weigh clown the ship and minimise dhe Pounding.» or changing the ships course such as 40 sechice the pitching x subsequently the Pouncling = D) Draw a. transverse Soli Fleer of a cleuble bottem tank..of modern. bulk.carrier cxad Compairif with an open Floor as well. 05 with waterdight Hear @In transversely framed clouble bottoms , the bottom shell tank 40? are supparkedt. at inkerwals.» by Trimsverse Plates. Krauin ts. Solid. Floars the name slightly elas the dat hee : structure since lage iGhtering holes “ore cut in them. hey ate sy filled ad « te yrcer o£ » th continuous plate, extencling from she centre girder to the margin plate en chole Av. Flat bor ~~ gaaey- betta a hf sHiening we) sap Manhole fis Citteners — Cinghatctinels—gefx SI ow 7 —y as ? / PN (ome Oreo oeiet ¢ ‘ s Lo ae Ae eonfinuces, | cenire_ gireler ghleni _ Miphtening Mole Betton Yoeles Langituctinals the solicl Floor is abo Caleel Plate Floor, because itis mace ct & Full PLATE » though it has. Several openings far the mentioned Purtoses, bat it i: sill a “plate” (nthe. open Floor, also cafe Bracket Flor, or skeleton. Floor , sn which the. midlele part of the floor plate is omitted &. it consists singly fal Ansles" 5 Plate. Brackets , Bars, ov similar Sections. at he top & bottom , running afwartships, aatha bracket at either encl.in the cuse ob the Bars, the lower bar is caida” Frame Bar’ & the wiper bar, a "Reverse. tor” the mildle. Past of this. Kine of Hoor is. completely een & hollovs anc sw resembles a kind of Skeleton, hence the 4erm open or Skeleton Fleer. @ the walertight Floor, 0s he name implies, is made cba completely solid % "Intace” Plate , without any. holes ar openings in it: the Floor Plate is thick enough so that the calor pressure cannot Pass throwyh the Plade or dent. it, hence the fer usaderdesht Hlece. Bracket ieee 2 might Reverse Bar r (Cr Solicl a Intact Plate - Hollow Pare | jor Frome Gar | Neer eee a Perry Watertight..cloer open. Floor Gertie tly sketchox eset the unrang em [where « underdight Cer is Peetraacl 9. by pipe werk, watertight closure areuect the fenetradion must be made by a coltar fully welled te the Pife (or other efemen) and the floor plate. | ‘ the Selick Hleers. ave fittecl at intervals to. give transverse strengths to support the Jengituclinals and alse 4o sapplert dhe. inner bettom. thy ow fitted al every frome space inthe Engine Room Pouncling Region , and in way of boiler seats, er in way af_any chenge in depth of the clouble bottom i Eleuhove, the selicl floors may be spacecl up te 3m with the open fers at Frame Spaces between the soli floors. the watertight Floors are titted ciectly below every.main dransverse bulkhend ancl at the end at hothm tank spaces. allswance Fer Passage of inner bottom lengituclinals f sicle / gust ‘cenire uv / a gindir =p oa PAY 0 “fer Sonste | 7 soa a allowance for passage of the beHlors Vengitwclinerls with she hep of sketches. ceseribe she antangements for anchor. from hawie.pipe te chain locker: the-najoity ob vessels ave equiped with toro icdenheal sachenny equipment units, offering « cleyree. of reclinelancy. the ancher rs cannecteck do the chatn vin a p-shackle, san open tink anda swivel, enc its eased against dhe Forsarcl sicle shell, Somedioes ina specially wecesecl Pocket The ancher chain fastes through one shell , on t= the forecaste deck» via the Hawise pipe which is a cust iron bellmeuthecl tube, fitted into the howsehele to protect it from the wear k tear causect by the chain the forecastle deck, houses the wind lasses) which canbe of steam, electrical. or wo hydraulic tyPe , usecl to rais lower the cable x ancher. Various ihems of meoring equpmeat, such as bitte, Iairleads ete. are alsa arrangecl around. the oleck. eae. After rWaching on she cleck, dhe chain then travels over the Compresior, alse calleck. Bew or chain Stepper, which sheng casting with a curved hingecl lever, which may be usect te lock the chain in ony clesired Position 1 thus relieve the loacl from the ja windlass esther when the ancher is out or when it is slowedl, and alse. fostoP mavement the chain. eettee lashings. ike. Devil's Clow are ale. used to lash the chain on deck when required: the chair then passes on to the winellass drum, knowin as cable lifter or Gypsy, wath ° Snugs” on ih, shaped to. suit the chain, ancl hald , raise or lower the chain. the 2 Gypsy is of cle-clutchable type anes helel by the clutch plate when in gears oF by «manual Broke when about to be let ge From the Cops. he. chain then craps veekicaly clown , through the Spurling. or hein pipe, 40 ensure a clirect leucl forthe cable into vhe. chain bocker. the Spurling pipe has a similar purpose/charucherishes te that of the hause pipe. a Chain lecker isthe compartment in which dhe ancher chain is. stored. Ht ss nermally Fitkecl Aranedl of the cllsian builthead , with elimensions adepuste +9 house all the anchor cable & Still leave a censidermble empty space obeve Tuse lockers or o Central cliviclect single lecker is fitted fer storing the port xsTeD anchor cables. the chain locker sheull be ws tow as prackcable to reduce dhe height ab the centre ot grovity et the considerable mass of the cable. A ferforated false floor or grating is fiHteel athe battem of the chain locker to provicle a "Orainage well”, allowing waver x mucl 40 be pumpecl out From the space, and Keep the cable out of 5 mucl and water, the enc of the anchor chain is attachecl 4a a bulkheaed in the cham teak , » a. quick velease mechanism known aS the " Gitler Encl”, to netoun the walle when the windlass brake fark to hell, or to “slp" ancl let y the anchor & cable sn case of on Emergency ‘the: mechatiion..SMeuld.Sechle tohe--relen sen Prim ombsile. Whe chain ecko _ Cusually by durning wheal ex handle) Brake pt seu evils eas Orainege well Soe ag _—Eorecastle. ert @ Sketch & explain the sction of. Balan cect. Rudder in. steering... ship when about 25-397 of the rudeler “Area”. is. Forward of the Torn Anis, the rudblerigthen Known as a Ballance Rudder. abl stock sIn en unbalanced rwdeder, with the enhve area af the | 775% | aet rucbler, afe of the rudeler | peader ple, (Canning axis), the Arle wale pressure dries te force | Salencee | Ruchler othe blde of the recloler Ieee amicl ships thus exerts = net con sidlerable stress on the propeller rudeler steck W. Sleeving geo r TE some oree of the rucleler - ee ae 13 is ex tencled forwarel, of the turning. ois, then less © 3: Angle of Deflection torque will be. reyuired te turn the ruckler and. cansiguently the Size X cost ot the rudlder stock & steering gear will be reelu cect. dn the have Byer, when the uke” Gruen, the ke pressure acts ypon the forward. Part i the rckler to exert « force (1) which increases the Aegle cf Deflection , & balancing anol thus s counkeractiny the woke presure acting onthe afer part which ach te veduce A ingle ef Deflection, so "thd there will be les presare o the sdeering gear i skering the ship will be easier Since at conten cing 1i\sthert wall be ne que onthe vucldler stock, as this rucldley is Known aS a Balancecl Ruclder Tt should, however, be netedl that the contre of a action. the suuder force ends 4o “move” with the rade angle it is thredare nat Pusible 40 Fully Balance » ruchler over a complete range of angles. "Balance is therefore only a "Generic" Aerm when usec in the context of describing rudder types. Mast rucblrs ob so caleel “Ealancecl Rudder” are ballanceel dor an anole of helm of about 15° and have about 257 of their area, forward at the rudder stocte. on the other hand, the area forwarcl of the rudder stock cannet be tea great a Percentage of the rucldler area as. his will at tow angles tend te. olrive the gear and result in yuclder instability, which dors net matter ery mach with "Power" steering gears but is less Satis Pctory with any dorm of divect hand gear Balanced. ruckters ave of Stambined constriction t thes. redluce she rag x the hish balancect area.inpreves monceuvring ehometeristics at los speech. Since the ameuat of torque ab Some ruclles angles (¢-9 151) is Zen» this leacls. te. instability with rualeler. fe vibrating within its cleorance. FLA.C/L..--— = = @Explen the purpose of Bilge. keel and «i th the help of sketches. Shows. how. they are attached 40. shipr hull . the main porpese of Bilge eels js 40. incense hycroelynumic. sesistance 40. Relling amet consequently b clamp the Relling Mebion of dhe ship. They have four main effects in s resisting tolligg namely.» Othey fer acerdain amount direct resistance tothe waler., but this.efPect. si Comparabively weak O they sly increase the ships feried of roll @ they set up coldy curvents. andl increase the "wave-making resistance” @ they incwease.ureley, fressure avte-nlntye of the shii hull dc this Presure acts in such a. olivection aS te clamp othe rolling. their effect is generally enhanced. by Ahead Speed & vice verse Other selakvely mina advantages of the Bike Keels are : Pretection for the bilge. in. cate af groanching, ancl. increaseel Longitudinal strength at the bilge | Bilge keels are empleyed in Pairs, one tor each sicke of the ship, running [ead slowin over the micelle. half to 4 of the Lon. they are fied. at Right Angles to the “Turn eof the bilge", bur ole net extenel beyond the extreme brenclth line of the ship, + prevent stage Bie keels are attacheol to the shyp’ hall in such a vray that if thy are ripped off, he ships shell plating will vemain. intact: On the opher hone, the Turn af the Bilge region is Fay highly stssed ans tn olisdance from the Neutral Axis ancl cracks » originated. in the Gilye Keel may Propayate inte the bilye Plite & cause Fua‘hure of the main. struchure, For these reasons , bilge keels ave usually Filtedl in two PARTS » the Goanection tothe shel Plesing, being. stronyer than the connection betarcen the two Parts. usually, a secdion such us an offset bulb plate is weloled toa flit bar ancl the flat = bar at the otherend, is weldicl 4o the shell plating by means of « Doubling plate, since the bike Plating is in e highty stressed tegen ane |< mouldedl Line fF saneclion { Sicle shell aie ieee orn of | 44 Hebe \ ies tilge Keel a ' (offset bulb Plate) | eM * mouldlect Line of Bottom shel tess sons connection In this way in the event of slomage » she aftcet bulb Plate will be torn of from the flat bar, than. the. Flat bax fram the shell plabing , ane a the event of eniyinading a crack. in the offset bulb plate, it will nel Ceannet). profag ute into the Plat bar or shell plsting : 2 In large ships whive the bilge ech ave very deep ona the under pressure is very. great» the bilge Keel ix made of a triangular web to withstand the walec pressure. Were, again the oxter Govnection is loss strong, than that othe shell phting, webs at intervals Ship Construction LPP 4 & @ Describe. following terms with aicl Plabe Opp pulp Of @ oraw.a miclshiP cvs -Seedion of « cleuble skin oi! danker ancl name af farts. Year. Month. Date @-Deseribe vsith aie ab diagram. that..havw!wadertightness is achieved.ia uteather oleck steel hatch cvers.at coamings = [seer ee | steel contact Hatch i | coming |] if i the main element to achieve..utaleedightnes.i6-the Rubber. Pasking” callech. Rabber Sealing. or Rubber. Gasket. Mony clifleteat. typacd: Rubber. facking. are seusedl betuiren hatch cavers &.coaming.ce.cichien..uadectightness, Traditionally... Sponge : cubbee Packing. .uas.usec pressiag.it against the.edge..f.a. compression. bat. over. the. peas ships-became. larger tt thas having bigger movement. betiten the. coaming. Ae, hatch cavers. To. solve-dhis. issue,” Slicing’ rubber. packing is mostly.used necsadays...by pressing the sliding Hubber Packing. against «Flat surface, Hs system.allous. for hull. cooming olebirmations wat set still maintains. the. effective. wabertightnes.. the nather. picking. is. mocle.f hish. quality. makerial to. ensure along. life time.,.is tows friction. Fora shelter. sliding Aogether. sth «minimum. uceac. Tt js made UV resistance s applicable in. usicle Yowever Aempecature range tn.case it any. water penetvadesthrough. the. ebber packing, sil be collecteel ina." Diainage Charme!” which, prevents the wtaer. entering the held. sNon-Return "Drain values” are provided! just below the orainage chansel, oreuad. the hatch. coaming hat. allow. the wader shat hos. pene trecdecl the. rubber. packing +o..olraiin wey, bat eo. ot alles. any. stadte that. tay be. shippecl.rn heavy seas., te enter the Double Drainage channel. the achievement of the waberlighiness is heavily clpenclont on the " leel-to-shecl” conlact: Hatch covers art clesignecl te make. “Steel. te-Steel” contact between the side plate of sthe hatch cover athe top of the hatch coamiag, when clesedl. this sheehto- steel eandact determines Ae omouat £ compresion befeen the Wubber Packing 3 the compression bar- He thee is ne shelton steel conduct, As. mean that the fall sceight cf the hatch caver is dome ty the rubber pecking alene, which will wesule in among ote vibher packing y rapicl failure af the seal. Tt showkl be nected that there 1 a commen False Believe thal tightening of the hatch cover Cleats! VEX pone jeans waderdghines while the cleats. eresjeiak Wedges are used. only for “Securing” the hatch covers, ancl hatch cover manufacturers usually test for adele. without engoging cleats. ‘the International Least. Lines. Convention shades that : Weathorliphtness” means that ia any sec conchiticns, water vill nat pene trate. inte thes earge he lols & thas. the hatch. covers. aeeck nat to betes). Watertight bur * be “weathertight” in sucha uty that water will act penetrode the hells. ia anysea. condibans, a 7 7 es Ship Conshuchon fre ia @.with the aicl sketches, olescrihe following sho principal elimensions a) LOA: the maximum length o the ship » measured fires axkiome foiutasd.paitt.%o.the enttenn afters , — print of the shpis calech Length overall (L0A) which — <8 45 mporkan) ushen clocking K becthing the ship &) Extreme beam: the maximum beeactth of the ship, measuree from the extreme points on the "Oursicle’ eclye o the'shell = lacing on either sicle of the ship. For most merchant ships, Lex. Beam} the Extreme Beam usually occurs at Araie/shyps €) Extreme olepth s the manimucn depth of the ships measured a from the “Bottom. sicle” of the Keel tothe top of the Deck ~) Beam ot the “site” of the Uppermost Continusus Deck. For RT most merchant ships » the Extreme Ogth occurs at Amis hyps cl) extreme clrakts the maximum vertical distance » measured from the lousest Paint of the ship te the Summer load Ine is calecl the Extreme Dratt- In almost all merchant ships , the lowest Point sf the ship iz a point on the bottom sicle af the Keel, but in seme vessels it may be « point on the propeller blade or some other point the maxionum vertical distance tram the lwest Point & the ship to the present waterline is calle the maximum. Present olrake 2) Moulcleol beam: the maximum breadth of the ships measured between the "Inside Edges” of the : patg? sau] “ inside strakes"

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