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Sampling Techniques

The document outlines various sampling techniques used in research, distinguishing between probability and non-probability sampling methods. It explains different types of sampling such as simple random, systematic, stratified, cluster, convenience, quota, purposive, and snowball sampling. Additionally, it discusses factors influencing sample size determination, including population size, desired confidence level, margin of error, and the chosen sampling technique.

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28 views25 pages

Sampling Techniques

The document outlines various sampling techniques used in research, distinguishing between probability and non-probability sampling methods. It explains different types of sampling such as simple random, systematic, stratified, cluster, convenience, quota, purposive, and snowball sampling. Additionally, it discusses factors influencing sample size determination, including population size, desired confidence level, margin of error, and the chosen sampling technique.

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letmeunveilmyself
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO

Sampling Techniques
Subject Expert
ROY B. GACUS
Selecting the Study Population
• Before you can choose your participants, you need to
define the population you want to learn about.
• This is the entire group of individuals or objects that your
research is interested in.
• For example, if you're studying the effects of a new
medication, your population might be all adults with a
specific condition
• Once you've defined your population, you can't study
everyone! Sampling involves selecting a smaller group
(your sample) that represents the broader population
Basic Types of Sampling
SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES

Probability Non-Probability
Sampling Sampling

Simple Random Systematic Convenience


Quota Sampling
Sampling Sampling Sampling

Purposive
Stratified Cluster Snowball
(Judgement)
Sampling Sampling Sampling
Sampling
Probability (Random) Sampling
•Every member of the population has a known
chance of being included in the sample. This
ensures representativeness and allows for
statistical generalization.
Simple Random Sampling
• In this case, everyone is chosen
entirely by chance and each
member of the population has
an equal chance, or probability,
of being selected.
• One way of obtaining a random
sample is to give everyone in a
population a number, and then
use a fishbowl and a paper by
draw lots
Systematic Sampling
• Individuals are selected at regular intervals from the sampling
frame. The intervals are chosen to ensure an adequate sample
size. If you need a sample size n from a population of size x, you
should select every x/nth individual for the sample.
• For example, if you wanted a sample size of 8 from a population
of BSN 1-5 which is 40, select every 40/8 = 5th member of the
sampling frame.
Stratified Sampling

• In this method, the population is first divided into


subgroups (or strata) who all share a similar
characteristic.
• For example, in a study of stroke outcomes, we may
stratify the population by sex, to ensure equal
representation of men and women.
• The study sample is then obtained by taking equal
sample sizes from each stratum.
Clustered Sampling
• The population is divided into subgroups, known as
clusters, which are randomly selected to be included in
the study.
• In single-stage cluster sampling, a simple random
sample of clusters is selected, and data are collected
from every unit in the sampled clusters.
• In two-stage cluster sampling, a simple random sample
of clusters is selected and then a simple random sample
is selected from the units in each sampled cluster.
Single-stage Cluster Sampling Two-stage Cluster Sampling
Non-Probability (Non-Random)
Sampling
•In this sampling, you do not start with a
complete sampling frame, so some individuals
have no chance of being selected.
Convenience Sampling
•Convenience sampling is perhaps the easiest
method of sampling, because participants are
selected based on availability and willingness
to take part.
•Useful results can be obtained, but the results
are prone to significant bias.
Quota Sampling
•Interviewers are given a quota of subjects of a
specified type to attempt to recruit.
•For example, an interviewer might be told to
go out and select 20 adult men, 20 adult
women, 10 teenage girls and 10 teenage boys
so that they could interview them about their
television viewing.
Judgement (or Purposive) Sampling
•Also known as selective, or subjective,
sampling, this technique relies on the
judgement of the researcher when choosing
who to ask to participate.
•This approach is often used by the media when
canvassing the public for opinions and in
qualitative research.
Snowball Sampling
•This method is commonly used in social
sciences when investigating hard-to-reach
groups.
•Existing subjects are asked to nominate further
subjects known to them, so the sample
increases in size like a rolling snowball.
•Snowball sampling can be effective when a
sampling frame is difficult to identify.
Choosing the Right Method
•The best sampling method depends on your
research question, population, resources, and
desired level of generalizability.
•Probability sampling is ideal for generalizing
findings, while non-probability methods might
be suitable for exploratory research or when
random sampling is impractical
Determination of Sample Size
• Sample size plays a crucial role in the reliability and
generalizability of your findings.
• Larger samples are generally more reliable but also require
more resources.
• Several factors influence the optimal sample size,
including:
• Population size: Larger populations generally require smaller
sample sizes as a percentage. Example: If your town has
1,000 people, you might need a smaller sample percentage
(2%) than if you have 100 (10%).
Determination of Sample Size
• Desired level of confidence: You need to be confident your
sample accurately reflects the population.
• Higher confidence demands larger samples.
• How sure do you want to be about your results? 99% sure
needs a bigger sample than 90%.
• Margin of error: This is the acceptable deviation from the
population value you're willing to tolerate.
• Smaller margins require larger samples. How close is "close
enough"?
• A smaller margin (like 1%) needs a bigger sample than a larger
one (5%).
Determination of Sample Size
• Sampling technique: Probability sampling generally allows
for smaller samples than non-probability sampling.
• Example: If you ask consumers about their satisfaction towards a
particular food item (probability sampling), you might need a
smaller sample than just asking your friends (non-probability
sampling).
• The sample size can be computed in different software and online
calculators such as: G*Power, Raosoft Sample Size Calculator,
Sample Size Calculator by ClinCalc, and Qualtrics Sample Size
Calculator
REFERENCE
•Lohr, S. L. (2010). Sampling: Design and analysis
(2nd ed.). Brooks/Cole
Thank You for Listening…!

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