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Chapter_2_2._Ratio_And_Proportion

The document covers key concepts of ratio and proportion, defining ratios, their properties, and various types such as compounded, duplicate, and triplicate ratios. It also explains the concept of proportion, including continued proportion and the relationships between terms. Additionally, it outlines properties of ratios and proportions, such as Invertendo, Alternendo, Componendo, and Dividendo.

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5 views2 pages

Chapter_2_2._Ratio_And_Proportion

The document covers key concepts of ratio and proportion, defining ratios, their properties, and various types such as compounded, duplicate, and triplicate ratios. It also explains the concept of proportion, including continued proportion and the relationships between terms. Additionally, it outlines properties of ratios and proportions, such as Invertendo, Alternendo, Componendo, and Dividendo.

Uploaded by

gannuchaubey25
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ratio and Proportion

Important Concepts-Ratio
x
1. The ratio between x and y is the fraction and written as x: y, where, y≠0
y
Here, the first quantity x is known as Antecedent and second quantity y is known as Consequent.

x
2. The ratio has no unit.
y

3. Ratio is taken only between positive quantities.

4. Ratio exists only between two quantities of the same kind.

5. The value of a ratio remains unchanged, if both the antecedent (Nr) and the consequent (Dr) are
multiplied or divided by the same quantity.

6. The ratio is in its lowest terms if the H.C.F of its both the terms is unity, 1.

7. Ratio a:b is not equal to b:a, unless a=b


b
8. If a quantity increases or decreases in the ratio a:b, the new resulting quantity is equal to times of
a
the original quantity.

9. Compounded Ratio is the ratio obtained by multiplying two or more ratios together
Let a : b and x : y be the two ratios then their compounded ratio be
a x ax
 = i.e., ax : by.
b y by
Compounded ratio of a:b, c:d and e:f is ace:bdf

10. Duplicate ratio is the compound ratio of two equal ratios.


Duplicate ratio of x: y is x2: y2.

11. Triplicate ratio is the compound ratio of three equal ratios.


Triplicate ratio of x : y is x 3 : y3.

12. Sub-duplicate ratio of x: y is x : y .


The sub-triplicate ratio of x: y is x1/3 : y1/3.

13. The reciprocal ratio is the ratio between the reciprocals of two quantities.
1 1
The reciprocal ratio of x: y is : i.e., y : x.
x y
Important Concepts-Proportion
a c
1. a : b :: c : d   .
b d
This is called cross product rule.
If four quantities a, b, c and d are such that the ratio a:b is equal to the ratio c:d then we say a, b, c and
d are in proportion. We express it by writing a:b :: c:d.Here, a and d are called extreme terms while b
and c are called the middle terms. Here, d is called the fourth proportional.
a b
2. Three numbers a, b and c are said to be in continued proportion if a:b::b:c that is   b2  ac .
b c

3. If a, b and c are in continued proportion then b is called the mean proportional or geometric mean of a
a b
and c. Thus,   b2  ac  b  ac .
b c
a b c d e
4. If a, b, c, d, e, f, … are in continued proportion if and only if,      ...
b c d e f

5. If a, b and c are in continued proportion, then ‘a’ is called the first proportional.

6. If a, b and c are in continued proportion, then ‘c’ is called the third proportional.

Some properties of Ratio and Proportion


a c b d
1. Invertendo: If a:b:c:d then b:a::d:c, that is   
b d a c

a c a b
2. Alternendo: If a:b:c:d then a:c::b:d, that is   
b d c d

a c ab c d
3. Componendo: If a:b:c:d then (a + b):b: :(c + d):d, that is   
b d b d

a c ab c d
4. Dividendo: If a:b:c:d then (a - b):b: :(c - d):d, that is   
b d b d

5. Componendo and Dividendo: If a:b:c:d then


a c ab c d
(a + b): (a - b):: (c + d): (c - d):, that is   
b d ab c d

a c a c
6. Convertendo: If a:b:c:d then a:(a - b)::c:(c - d), that is   
b d ab c d

7. For any two or more equal ratios, each ratio is equal to the ratio between sum of their antecedents and
sum of their consequents.
Therefore, we have,
a c ac
i  
b d bd
a c e ace
 ii    
b d f bdf

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