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Engineering Wallah Civil Engineering

Short Notes
Subject : Hydraulic Machine
Chapter 01: Momentum EQ. & ITS Application
Momentum Eq. & Its Application:
1. Force on a stationary, Normal Flat Plate:
Fn = ρAV 2

Fn = ρA(V − u)2

5. Force on a moving curved plate

Fn = ρA(v − u)2 {1 + Cos θ}
2. Force on a Stationary Inclined flat plate:

Fn =  AV2 sin 6. Forces on a series of flat plate mounted on a wheel:

Fx = AV2 sin2 

Fy = AV2 sin .cos 

3. Force on a curved plate:
Fn = ρAV 2 (1 + Cos θ)

Fn = ρA ⋅ V(V − u)
2u(V−u)
η= V2

2u(V−u) v
%η= V2
= 50%, at u = 2
Note: This maximum efficiency can be further increased by
using curved plates Ex. – Pelton wheel, Turbine.
4. Forces on a moving flat plate:
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Chapter 02: Hydraulic Turbines Important Parts of Hydro Power Plant

Vapour Pressure and Cavitation Penstock:
The vapour pressure (Pv) of a pure substance is defined as • It is a pipe or channel that carries water down from
the pressure exerted by its vapour in phase equilibrium with the hydroelectric reservoir to the turbines.
its liquid at a given temperature. • Generally, they are made of steel, and water under
high pressure flows through the penstock.
• Grates or filters can be attached to the ends of the
penstock to trap large debris.
• The amount of water that is allowed to flow through
the penstock can be controlled with a sluice.
• During dry seasons, penstocks are generally allowed
to be wide open, while they are closed partially
Pliq  PV
To avoid cavitation during the wet season.
• Cavitation must be avoided in most of the flow Surge Tank:
systems but in some flow systems we use cavitation • A surge tank is a standpipe or storage reservoir at the
to their advantage e.g. high speed “supercavitating” downstream end of a closed feeder, dam, or barrage
torpedoes. pipe to absorb sudden rise of pressure, and quickly
• Only the reaction turbine and centrifugal pump are provide extra water during a brief drop in pressure.
subjected to cavitation. Tail Race:
• In the case of a reaction turbine, the chance of • It is a channel to carry water away from the turbine.
cavitation is at the turbine outlet and draft tube inlet. Draft Tube:
• In the case of a centrifugal pump, the chance of • A diffuser passage used in the reaction turbine only
cavitation is at the pump inlet or suction side. to carry water from the turbine house to the tail race.
Thoma’s Cavitation Factor (𝛔): It converts K.E. at the turbine outlet into pressure
• For reaction turbine: energy, as the area of the draft tube increases.
Hb − Hs [Hatm − Hv ] − Hs A↑ → V↓→ P↑
σ= =
H H a. Gross Head: Difference between head race level
Where and tail race level when no water is flowing.
o Hb = barometric pressure head Denoted by Hg.
o Hs = suction pressure head b. Net Head: It is also called effective head and is
o H = net head on turbine defined as the head available at the inlet of the
o Hatm = atmospheric pressure turbine turbine. Denoted by H.
o Hv = vapour pressure head 𝐻 = 𝐻𝑔 − ℎ𝑓
• For centrifugal pump: where,
Hb −Hs −ℎ𝐿𝑠 [Hatm −Hv]−Hs −ℎ𝐿𝑠
𝜎= 𝐻
= 𝐻 4 × 𝑓′ × 𝐿 × 𝑉 2
ℎ𝑓 =
Where, ℎ𝐿𝑠 = head loss due to friction 2×𝑔×𝐷
hf = head loss due to friction
Hydraulic Machines: 𝑓′ = 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
• There are two broad categories of hydraulic machines V = velocity of flow in penstock
1. Pumps D = diameter of penstock
2. Turbines L = length of penstock
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Efficiencies of Turbine Specific speed (Ns) of turbine:

Hydraulic Efficiency It is used to compare the performance of different
power delivered to runner R.P turbines and to select the turbines to be installed for a
ηh = =
power supplied at inlet W.P given situation.
Where N√P
Ns =
R. P. = Power delivered to runner & R. P = H 5/4
W u1vw1 ±u2vw2 N = R.P.M of shaft
( ) kW
g 1000
P = power (kW)
H = Net head (m)
for pelton turbine u1 = u 2
F1/2L−3/4T−3/2 
W.P = water power • Its dimensional formula  .
ρ×g×Q×H W×H
W. P = 1000
kW or 1000
kW Sp. Speed (NS) Turbine Selection
Where Ns < 30 Pelton wheel with single
W = weight of water striking the vanes jet
W = ρQg, where Q = volume of water/sec 30 < Ns < 60 Pelton wheel with multi
vw1 jet
= velocity of whirl at inlet 60 < Ns < 300 Francis turbine
vw2 Ns > 300 Kaplan/Propeller turbine
= velocity of whirl at outlet
u1 and u2 = tangential velocity of vane at inlet and • Specific head (Hs):
outlet for radial vane. H
Hs = 2 2
H = net head on the turbine ND
Mechanical Efficiency • Specific discharge (Qs):
power at the shaft of turbine S.P Q
ηm = = Qs =
power delivered by water to the runner R.P ND3
Volumetric Efficiency • Specific power (Ps):
volume of water actually striking the runner P
ηv = Ps =
volume of water supplied to the turbine ND3 5

Overall Efficiency • Ns, Hs, Qs and Ps remains constant for a turbine

shaft power and also for its model.
ηo = = ηm × ηh
water power
S. P
ηo = Classification of Hydraulic Turbine
ρQgH
1000 According to type of energy at inlet:
ηo =
S.P
× 1000, where S.P = Shaft of power • Impulse turbine: e.g. Pelton wheel, turgo impulse
ρQgH
• Reaction turbine: e.g. Francis, Fourneyron,
WP  RP  SP
Kaplan, Propeller
Speed Ratio (): According to direction of flow:
u1
ϕ= • Tangential flow turbine: e.g. Pelton wheel, turgo
√2gH
impulse
The range of speed ratio for Kaplan turbine for its
• Radial flow turbine: e.g. Francis and Fourneyron
most efficient operation is (1.4 – 2).
vf1
• Axial flow turbine: e.g. Kaplan and propeller
Flow Ratio (Ψ) =
√2gH • Mixed flow turbine
According to head at the inlet:
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• High head turbine [H > 300 m]: Pelton Wheel

• Medium head turbine [60 – 300 m]: Francis and
Fourneyron
• Low head turbine [H < 60 m]: Kaplan and
Propeller
According to specific speed of turbine:
• Low specific speed turbine (Ns < 60): Pelton
wheel B. Exit velocity triangles
•
1. α 2  90°
Medium specific turbine (Ns = 60 to 300): Francis
and Fourneyron
• u2 > vr2 cos β2
• High specific speed turbine (Ns > 300): Kaplan
v2
and propeller • = +ve(in the direction of blade velocity)

Velocity Triangle and For Turbines:

A. Inlet velocity triangle’s:

1. β < 90° 2. β = 90° (Blade is

radial at inlet)

2. α 2 = 90°
• It is also called radial discharge at outlet without
whirl.
• It is a common case of reaction turbine.
(u1  v1 )
(vf1 = v1 sin 1) u1 = v1
vf1 vr1
(v1 = v1 cos 1) tan 1 = =
v1 u1
vf1
tan 1 =
v1 v12 = u12 + vr21 = v
2
1
+ vf21

vf1 3. α 2  90°
tan 1 = • v2 = −ve
v1 − u1
• It is a common case of impulse turbine
3. β1 > 90°
a. It is a common case of Kaplan and propeller
turbine.
vf1
b. tan(180 − 1 ) =
u1 − v1

• Radial blade means → β1 = 90°

• Radial discharge means → α1 = 90°
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• Symmetrical blade means → β1 = β2 Pelton Turbines

• If flow is axial/tangential → u1 = u2 Velocity of triangle and work done for Pelton wheel
H = Hg – hf
• If flow is radial → u1 ≠ u2
4𝑓′𝐿𝑉 2
ℎ𝑓 = 2𝑔𝐷
Principle of rotating machine DN
u = u1 = u 2 =
It is also called Euler’s equation, 60
• Angular momentum of fluid at inlet = m v1 R1 v1 = cv 2gH
•
( )
Angular momentum of fluid at outlet = m v2 R2 u
W.D/s per unit weight of water = v1 + v2
• According to Newton’s 2nd law g
Torque (T) = rate of change of angular
momentum.
Power = T × 
P = ṁ(u1 vω1 − u2 vω2 )
This is the power developed by turbine and we
take v1 and v2 with their sign.

P = ṁ(u2 vω2 − u1 vω1 )

• This is the power developed by the pump.

Significance of Euler’s equation:

vr1 = v1 − u
α1 = β1 = 0∘
vr2 = Kvr1
Where,
K = friction factor on bucket surface
β2 = 180 – deflection angle

Hydraulic Power (HP):

Degree of Reaction(R): H.P = ṁgH
It is defined as the ratio of pressure energy change to the
• Jet power or power at nozzle outlet,
total energy change, inside the rotor of a turbo machine. 1
J. P = 2 ṁv12
Or
It is a ratio of static pressure change to the total pressure • Rotor power or runner power,
change inside the rotor.  v2 − v22 
R  P = m(v1 –v2 )u = m  1
 2 
v12 − v22  
R =1−
2 • Shaft power,
( v1u1 − v2 u 2 ) S.P = torque(T) × angular velocity ( )
S.P = R.P – mechanical losses
Degree of reaction of impulse turbine is zero.
• Nozzle efficiency ( n),

Pelton Turbine ηn = Cv2

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• Hydraulic efficiency
2u(v1 + v2 )
h =
v12
• Max hydraulic efficiency:
(1 + cos 2 )
( h )max =
2
If β2 = 0 then, ( max)h = 100%
• Jet Ratio: It is defined as the ratio of the pitch
diameter (D) of the Pelton wheel to the diameter
of jet (d)
𝐷
𝑚 = 𝑑 , & m = 12 for most of the cases.
• Number of buckets on a runner is given by: 4. Draft tube:
D • A tube or pipe of gradually increasing area is
z = 15 + = 15 + 0.5 m
2d used for discharging water from the exit of the
• Number of jets: It is obtained by dividing the rate turbine to the tail race. This tube of increasing
of flow through the turbine by the rate of flow of area is called a draft tube.
water through the single jet. • This is used to increase net head available, and
• Degree of reaction of Pelton wheel is zero. this may cause cavitation, so we design it
carefully to avoid cavitation.
Radial Flow Reaction Turbine
• Radial flow turbines are those turbines in which Inward Radial Flow Turbine:
the water flows in the radial direction. • In inward radial flow turbines, the water flows
Main parts of a radial flow reaction turbine: over the moving vanes in the inward radial
1. Casing: direction and is discharge at the inner diameter of
• In the case of a reaction turbine, the casing and the runner.
runner are always full of water. • The outer diameter of runner is the inlet and the
2. Guide Mechanism: inner diameter is the outlet.
• It consists of a stationary circular wheel all- • Velocity triangles and W.D by water on runner,
round the runner of the turbine.
• The stationary guide vanes are fixed on the
guide mechanism.
• The guide vanes allow the water to strike the
vanes fixed on the runner without shock at
inlet.
3. Runner:
• It is a circular wheel on which a series of radial
curved vanes are fixed. The surface of the
vanes is made very smooth.
• They are keyed to the shaft.
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W.D/s per unit weight of water per second = Flow ratio:

1 vf 1
(v u1  v2u 2 ) =
g 1 2gH
Where, Discharge of the turbine
v1 = velocity of whirl at inlet Q = D1B1vf1 D2B2vf2
=
v = velocity of whirl at outlet
2 Where
πD1 N D1= diameter of runner at inlet
u1 = tangential velocity of wheel at inlet = 60
πD2 N B1= width of runner at inlet
u2 = tangential velocity of wheel at outlet = 60 vf1
= velocity of flow at inlet

Degree of reaction (R): • If thickness of vanes are taken into

v2 −v2 consideration
R = 1 − (v2 −v2 )+(u21−u22)+(v2
1 2 1 2
2
r2 −vr1 ) • Q = (πD1 − nt)B1 × vf1
a) For the Pelton wheel: u1 = u2 , vr1 = vr2 P1 v21
• Head of the turbine is given by H = +
ρg 2g
R=0
Radial discharge
b) For actual reaction turbine the angle β is 90°
v2 = 0,v2 = vf2 • 2 = 90,v = 0 → radial discharge at the
2

cot 1 outlet
R =1−
2 ( cot 1 − cot 1 ) • 1 = 90 → radial discharge at the inlet

Hydraulic efficiency,
v1 u1 Outward Radial Flow Reaction Turbine:
h =
gH
• In which the water from the casing enters the
Velocity triangle: stationary guide wheel.
v1 = vf1 cosec 1 • The guide wheel consists of guide vanes that
v2 = vf2 direct water to enter the runner which is around
the stationary guide wheel.
v2 = 0
• The water flows through the vanes of the
runner in the outward radial direction and is
discharged at the outer diameter of the runner.
• The inner diameter of the runner is inlet and
outer diameter of runner is outlet.
• Same procedure as inward flow reaction
turbine.
• u1  u 2 as D1 < D2

Speed ratio:
u1
=
2gH
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Axial Flow Reaction Turbine:

• If the water flow parallel to the axis of the rotation
of the shaft, the turbine is known as axial flow
turbine.
• The following are the important type of axial flow
reaction turbine.
➢ Propeller turbine
➢ Kaplan turbine
• When the vanes are fixed to the hub and they are
not adjustable then the turbine is known as
propeller turbine but if vanes on the hub are
Francis Turbines
adjustable, the turbine is known as a Kaplan
• The inward flow reaction turbine having radial
turbine.
discharge at the outlet is known as Francis
• Kaplan turbine is capable of giving high
turbine.
efficiency at overload (upto 15-20 %) at normal
• Francis turbine is a mixed flow type turbine.
loads (upto 95%).
• It applies the principle of both reaction and
• Main parts of the Kaplan turbine:
impulse effect (Both P & V).
➢ Scroll casing
➢ Guide vane mechanism
➢ Hub with vanes or runner of the turbine
➢ Draft tube

• Q = ( D1 − nt ) B1vf1
• vf1 = vf 2 ,v2 = 0
• Net Head
P1 v12
• H1 = +
g 2 g

• H.P = mgh

R.P = mv1 u1
•
• ηh = R. P/H. P

• m = S.P / R.P vf = axial flow of component of velocity

Do N
v2 − v2 u=
• blade = 1 2 2 60
v1
Do = runner diameter
• ηo = ηm × ηh × η b Db = hub diameter
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Discharge: Draft tube theory:

π
( )
By Bernoulli equation,
Q= Do2 − Db2 Vf
4 P1 Pa v12 v22
= − Hs − ( − − hf )
• Velocity triangle, working principle, and ρg ρg 2g 2g
performance parameters are the same as Francis We can see that P1/g is less than the atmospheric
turbine. pressure,
Advantages of a Kaplan Turbine:
• Runner vanes are adjustable in Kaplan that why
it is a little more efficient than a propeller turbine.
• Very low head is required.
• Small no. of blades is used nearly 3 to 8 blades.
• Less resistance has to be overcome.
Disadvantages of Kaplan Turbine:
• Position of the shaft is only vertical direction.
• Speed of the turbine is 250 to 850. The efficiency of draft tube,
v 2v 2
• High-speed generator is required. ( 1− 2)−hf
2g 2g
ηd =
• Large flow rate must be required. v2
1
2g
Draft Tube: Unit Quantities:
• The draft tube is a pipe of gradually increasing The following are the three important unit quantities
area which connected the outlet of the runner to that must be studied under the unit head.
the tail race.
1. Unit head: Nu = N / H
• It is used for discharging water from the exit of
the turbine to the tail race. 2. Unit discharge: Qu = Q / H
• The purpose of the draft tube is
3. Unit power: Pu = P / H
3/2
➢ It permits a negative head to be established at
Use of unit quantities (Nu, Qu, Pu): If the turbine is
the outlet of the runner and thereby increases
working under different heads, the behaviour of the
the net head on the turbine.
turbine can be easily known from the values of the
➢ The draft tube increases the net head on the
unit quantities.
turbine. The turbine develops more power and
N1 N2
also efficiency of the turbine increases. Nu = =
√H1 √H2
Q1 Q2
Qu = =
√H1 √H2
P1 P2
Pu = =
H2 3/2 H2 3/2

Characteristic Curves of Hydraulic Turbine:

The following are the important characteristic curves of a
turbine.
1. Main characteristic curves or constant head
curves:
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Main characteristic curve for Pelton wheel 2. Operating characteristic curves or constant speed
curves:

3. Constant efficiency curve or Muschel curves or

ISO efficiency curves:
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Centrifugal Pump
• Centrifugal pump act as the reverse of inward flow
reaction turbine. This means that the flow in
centrifugal pumps is in a radial outward direction.
• Work on the principle of forced vortex flow.
v2 2 r 2
Rise in pressure head = 2g or , at outlet of
2g
impeller.
• Suitable for low suction head and high delivery
head.

Governing of Turbines:
It is defined as the operation by which the speed of the
Work done by centrifugal pump:
turbine is kept constant under all condition of
working. It is done by governor which regulated the • Water is entering radially for best efficiency of
pump.
rate of flow through the turbine according to the load
α1= 9° and vw1 = 0
condition.
N = Speed of impeller
D1 = Diameter of the impeller at the inlet
Chapter 03: Pumps u1 = tangential velocity of the impeller at the inlet
Pump D2 = Diameter at the outlet
D N D2 N
• The hydraulic machines which convert mechanical u1 = 1 , u 2 =
60 60
energy into hydraulic energy are called pump.
v1 and v2 = absolute velocity of inlet and outlet
Based on fluid flow pattern:
vr = relative velocity of fluid.
Continuous flow Intermittent flow
α = angle made by v in direction of flow
Dynamic pressure Positive displacement
pump pump
Mechanical energy → Mechanical energy →
Pressure energy Pressure energy
Due to centrifugal Due to translation
action
Ex: Centrifugal pump Ex: Reciprocating pump
Based on principle of Based on principle of
forced vortex. pumping of blood in
heart.
Suitable for low suction Suitable for high suction
head and high delivery head and low delivery
head. head.
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β = angle made by vr in the direction of flow

W.D per second per unit weight
1
= v2 u 2 – v1 u1 
g
v2 u 2
WD = v1 = 0
g
Ẇ
W ⋅ D by impeller per second = g
× v2 u2

W = weight of fluid per second = gQ

Q = Volume of water
Q = A × V = πD1 B1 vf1 = πD2 B2 vf2 , where B1 and 1. Suction Head (hs):
B2 = width of impeller. • Distance between pump centreline and sump level.
Velocity Triangles: 2. Delivery Head (hd):
Inlet Exit • Distance between pump centreline and the point to
a) α1 < 90° a) β2 < 90° which water is delivered.
Static Head (Hs) = hs + hd
3. Manometric Head (Hm):
𝑃 v2 𝑃 v2
• 𝐻𝑚 = [𝜌𝑔𝑑 + 2𝑔𝑑 ] – [𝜌𝑔𝑠 + 2𝑔𝑠 ]
If A1 = A2 ⇒ v1 = v2
Pd Ps
Hm = –
ρg ρg

By applying the energy equation between A and B

b) α1 < 90° vd2
H m = h d + h fs + h f d + h s + or
b) β2 < 90° 2g
u 2 = vw 2
v2 u 2
Hm = – losses
g
Performance parameter:
1. SP = T × 
2. Impeller Power = mv2 u2  v = 0 
 1 
3. H  P = mgH m
SP  RP  HP
c) α1 < 90° c) β2 < 90°
R.P HP
1. ηm = S⋅P 2. h =
RP
3. ηo = ηm = ηh 4. Speed ratio
u2
(ϕ) =
2gHm
vf 2 WHm
5. Flow ratio (ψ) = o =
2gH m 1000
S P
Definition of Heads and Efficiencies of a C.P:
Manometric Efficiency (ηman):
 13

Hm Hm 2. For high discharge:

man = =
Head Imparted by impeller v2 u 2
g
gHm
man =
v2 u 2
Minimum speed for starting a C.P:
• Rise in pressure Head in pump ≥ Hm
By forced vortex flow:
Pd P Qnet = Q1 + Q2 + .......... + Qn
– s ≥ Hm
ρg ρg

 u 22 – u12 

 2g


or
2g
(
2 2
)
R 2 – R12  Hm
Qnet = n  Q { If, Q1 = Q2 = .......... = Qn = Q

√2gHm Sp. Speed of C.P:

ωmin =
√R22 –R21 • It is the speed of geometrically similar pump
which would deliver unit discharge (Q = 1m3/s),
• The suction pressure at the pump inlet should not when working against unit head (H = 1m).
fall below vapour pressure of water to avoid cavitation.
N Q
• To increase the discharge at constant head pumps Ns =
are arranged in parallel. H3/4
m
• To increase the head at constant discharge pumps Specific Head: (Hs)
are arranged in series. • u α DN
Hm  DN
Multi-stage C.P:
Hm
1. For high head: pump arranged in series: Hs =
N 2 D2
Specific discharge (Qs):
• Q α ND3
Q
Qs =
ND3
Specific power (Ps)
• P α N3D5
P
Ps = 3 5
ND
Sp. Speed, Sp. Discharge, Sp. Power and Sp. Head
remain same for a pump and its model.
Priming of a C.P:
• Primary of a C.P is defined as the operation in
which the suction pipe, casing of the pump and the
portion of the delivery pipe upto the delivery value
n = Number of identical impellers
is completely filled up from outside source with
Hm = Head developed by each impeller
the liquid to be raised by the pump before starting
Total head developed = n  Hm the pump. The air from there part of the pump is
The discharge of each impeller is the same. removed and these part are filled with liquid to be
pumped.
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v2 u 2
Reason: Head generated by pump =
g
Characteristic curve of C.P:
• There curve predicts the behaviour and
performance of the pump. The important curves are:
Main characteristic curve:
• Consist variation of [Head (Hm), discharge (Q),
power (P)] with respect to speed.

Operating characteristic curve: NPSH {Net Positive Suction Head}:

• It consists of a variation of [H, P,] with respect to • It is the total head required at the pump inlet to
discharge. make the liquid flow through the suction pipe to the
• Input power curve for the pump shall not pass pump impeller without boiling or cavitation.
through the origin. It will be slightly away from the Ps vs2 Pv
[NPSH]actual = + − …(1)
origin from the y-axis. g 2g g
• Even at zero discharge some power is needed to = [Stagnation pressure head] – [Vapour
overcome mechanical losses. pressure head]
• at Q = 0, H = Hmax • [NPSH] should be minimum to avoid cavitation.
• at Q = 0, η =0

Patm Pv
[NPSH]act = – hs – hfs –
ρg ρg
Constant efficiency curve or Muschel curve:
• For obtaining η = C curve for a pump, the head v/s
discharge curves and η v/s Q curve for different speeds
are used.
 15

• W.D/Sec = weight of water lifted per second ×

Total height through which water is lifted.
ρgLAN
W. D/ sec = (hs + hd )
60
W.D / sec
P= kW
1000
ρgLAN
P= (hs + hd )
60,000

Note: For double-acting pump:

2LAN 2×ρgLAN
Q= w= 60
60
• To avoid cavitation:
LAN
[NPSH]act > [NPSH]required W ⋅ D| sec = 2ρg (hs + hd ) kJ/sec or kW
60
LAN
Reciprocating Pump: P = 2 × ρg 60,000 (hs + hd ) kW
• If the mechanical energy is converted into hydraulic Slip of reciprocating pump:
energy by sucking the liquid into a cylinder in which • It is defined as the difference between the
a piston is reciprocating, which exert a thrust on the theoretical discharge and actual discharge of the
liquid and increases its hydraulic energy. The pump pump.
is known as “Reciprocating pump”. Slip = Qth – Qact
Main parts of reciprocating pump:
But slip is mostly expressed as percentage slip
Q – Qact
%slip = th 100
Qth
 Q 
= 1 – act  100
 Qth 
%slip = (1 – cd) × 100
Where, cd = coefficient of discharge.
• Negative slip occurs when delivery pipe is short
and suction pipe is long and pump is running at high
speed.
Indicator Diagram:
• It is a graph between pressure head in the cylinder
1. A cylinder with a piston, piston rod, connecting and stroke length, for one complete revolution.
rod and a crank. Ideal indicator Diagram:
2. Suction pipe
3. Delivery pipe
4. Suction valve
5. Delivery valve
Discharge through a reciprocating pump
LAN
• Q=
60
LANρg
W = ρQg = 60
Work done by reciprocating pump
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• EF line → Represent atmospheric pressure head. • When the liquid enters the vessel, the air gets
Hatm = 10.3 of water compressed and when the liquid flow out the
hs = suction head vessel, the air will expand in the chamber.
• The air vessel is fitted to the suction pipe and to
hd = delivery head
the delivery pipe at a point close to the cylinder.
L = Length of stroke.
• To obtain a continuous supply of liquid at a
LAN
[W.D]p / sec = g ( hs + h d ) uniform rate.
60 • To save a considerable amount of work in
= kL( hs + hd )
ρgAN overcoming the frictional resistance in the suction
[k = ]
60 and delivery pipe.
 L( hs + hd ) …..(i) • To run the pump at high speed without separation.
Area of indicator Diagram = AB × BC • Air vessel are used to reduce the accelerating head.
= AB × (BF + FC)
= L × (hs + hd)

W.D by pump  Area of indicator Diagram

Effect of acceleration in suction and delivery pipe on
indicator diagram:

Chapter 04 : Miscellaneous Machines

The pressure head due to acceleration in the suction
pipe is given by equation Hydraulic Press:
 Ls A 2  • Hydraulic press is a device used for lifting
h as =   r cos 
 g as  heavy weights by the application of much
When: θ = 0, cos θ = 1 smaller force.
L A
has = s   r2 • It is based on Pascal’s Law, which states that
g as
When: θ = 90°, cosθ =0 the intensity of pressure in a static fluid is
has = 0 transmitted equally in all direction.
When: θ = 180, cosθ = –1 Working:
L A
has = – s r2
g as
Air Vessels:
• It is a closed chamber containing compressed air
in the top portion and liquid at the bottom of the
chamber.
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A × L = Volume of the accumulator.

Hydraulic intensifier:
• The device which is used to increase the intensity
of pressure of water by mean of hydraulic energy
available from a large amount of water at low
pressure, is called hydraulic intensifier.

W = weight to be lift
F = Force applied on the plunger
A = Area of ram
a = area of the plunger
P = Pressure intensity produced by Force ‘F’
W F
=
A a
Mechanical advantage: M.A = W/F

Hydraulic Accumulator:
• The hydraulic accumulator is a device used for
storing the energy of a liquid in the form of
pressure energy, which may be supplied for any
sudden or intermittent requirement.
The fluid or hydraulic coupling:
• The fluid or hydraulic coupling is a device used for
transmitting power from the driving shaft to the
driven shaft with the help of fluid.
• In this there is no mechanical connection between
the shafts.
• The power is transmitted from the driving shaft to
the driven shaft and the driven shaft is free from
engine vibration.
• The efficiency of the power transmission by
hydraulic coupling is 98%.
N
= B
NA
• Torque transmission is same:
TA = TB
• Slip of fluid coupling:
Capacity of accumulator = W.D in lifting the ram N – NB
=P×A×L S= A = 1– 
NA
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The hydraulic torque convertor:

• The hydraulic torque convertor is a device used for
transmitting increased torque at the driven shaft. 
• The torque transmitted at the driven shaft may be
more or less than the torque available at the driving
shaft.
• The torque at the driven shaft may be increased
about 5 times the torque available at the driving
shaft with an efficiency of about 90%.

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